What difference does openness make to ethics? This session will examine this question both from the perspective of research into OER and the use of open resources in teaching and learning. An outline of the nature and importance of ethics will be provided before the basic principles of research ethics are outlined through an examination of the guidance provided by National Institutes of Health (2014) and BERA (2014). The importance and foundation of institutional approval for OER research activities is reiterated with a focus on underlying principles that can also be applied openly.
I argue that with a shift to informal (or extra-institutional) learning there is a risk that we lose some clarity over the nature and extent of our moral obligations when working outside institutional frameworks – what Weller (2013) has termed "guerilla" research activity. Innovations of this kind could be free of licensing permissions; they could be funded by kickstarter or public-private enterprise; or they could reflect individuals working as data journalists. But we might also speak of "guerilla" education for innovations taking place on the fringes of institutional activity – from using social media to going full-blown "edupunk" (Groom, 2008). These innovations which employ variants of opennesss can also bring out morally complex situations.
I show how the principles underlying traditional research ethics can be applied openly while noting that, whether working within or outside institutions, there is almost no existing guidance that explains the ethical implications of working openly. Similar issues are raised with MOOC, which operate outside institutions but while drawing on institutional reputations and values. With this in mind I sketch out scenarios we are likely to encounter in the future of education:
- Issues around privacy, security and big data
- Intellectual property conflicts
- Ensuring fair treatment of class students and equivalent online students
- Meeting obligations to content creators
- The ethical status of MOOCs and their obligations to their students
- Moral dimensions of open licenses
- The ethics of learning analytics and the data it produces
I argue that, while models for ethical analysis have been proposed (e.g. Farrow, 2011) more attention should be paid to the ethics of being open. I conclude with an examination of the idea that we have a moral obligation to be open, contrasting prudential and ethical approaches to open education. At the heart of the OER movement, I argue, is a strong moral impulse that should be recognized and celebrated rather than considered the preserve of the ideologue: openness is not reducible to lowering the marginal cost of educational resources. Openness is a diverse spectrum and to leverage its true potential we need to reflect deeply on how technology has the power to challenge the normative assumptions we make about education.
A workshop I ran on the idea of Guerrilla research - that is no (low) cost research that relies on free tools, open data, etc and doesn't require permission
"Social networking and gaming capacities of OER": Output 3 slidesExplOERer
"Social networking and gaming capacities of OER" is the set of activities (or Output) number 3 of the European project ExplOERer. Presenter: Katerina Zourou
What difference does openness make to ethics? This session will examine this question both from the perspective of research into OER and the use of open resources in teaching and learning. An outline of the nature and importance of ethics will be provided before the basic principles of research ethics are outlined through an examination of the guidance provided by National Institutes of Health (2014) and BERA (2014). The importance and foundation of institutional approval for OER research activities is reiterated with a focus on underlying principles that can also be applied openly.
I argue that with a shift to informal (or extra-institutional) learning there is a risk that we lose some clarity over the nature and extent of our moral obligations when working outside institutional frameworks – what Weller (2013) has termed "guerilla" research activity. Innovations of this kind could be free of licensing permissions; they could be funded by kickstarter or public-private enterprise; or they could reflect individuals working as data journalists. But we might also speak of "guerilla" education for innovations taking place on the fringes of institutional activity – from using social media to going full-blown "edupunk" (Groom, 2008). These innovations which employ variants of opennesss can also bring out morally complex situations.
I show how the principles underlying traditional research ethics can be applied openly while noting that, whether working within or outside institutions, there is almost no existing guidance that explains the ethical implications of working openly. Similar issues are raised with MOOC, which operate outside institutions but while drawing on institutional reputations and values. With this in mind I sketch out scenarios we are likely to encounter in the future of education:
- Issues around privacy, security and big data
- Intellectual property conflicts
- Ensuring fair treatment of class students and equivalent online students
- Meeting obligations to content creators
- The ethical status of MOOCs and their obligations to their students
- Moral dimensions of open licenses
- The ethics of learning analytics and the data it produces
I argue that, while models for ethical analysis have been proposed (e.g. Farrow, 2011) more attention should be paid to the ethics of being open. I conclude with an examination of the idea that we have a moral obligation to be open, contrasting prudential and ethical approaches to open education. At the heart of the OER movement, I argue, is a strong moral impulse that should be recognized and celebrated rather than considered the preserve of the ideologue: openness is not reducible to lowering the marginal cost of educational resources. Openness is a diverse spectrum and to leverage its true potential we need to reflect deeply on how technology has the power to challenge the normative assumptions we make about education.
A workshop I ran on the idea of Guerrilla research - that is no (low) cost research that relies on free tools, open data, etc and doesn't require permission
"Social networking and gaming capacities of OER": Output 3 slidesExplOERer
"Social networking and gaming capacities of OER" is the set of activities (or Output) number 3 of the European project ExplOERer. Presenter: Katerina Zourou
How and Why Venture Capitalists Should Say No To An Investment OpportunityAvalon Ventures
No is the most frequent and likely the most important word VCs should use. There are a variety of ways to say No and a number of ways VCs can be better at it. Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures explains four tips for other venture capitalists.
How To Set Expectations With Investor DirectorsAvalon Ventures
Setting expectations with investor directors is critical for your board, and you should expect the same from an investor whether or not he is a member of your board. This deck is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board.
Understanding the Purpose of Your Board of DirectorsAvalon Ventures
This deck is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board. This is Part 1. In its simplest form, the board of directors is a group of elected or appointed members charged with the responsibility of overseeing your company’s activities.
There is no one-size-fits-all definition of what “early stage” means and it varies among industries. Typically, it means a VC firm is either the catalyst for starting a company or the first, and often only, institutional investor. Early stage investing involves a few other key themes detailed by Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures.
The Entrepreneur's Guide to Composing Your BoardAvalon Ventures
This post is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board. Some of the first—and most important—decisions you will make when raising venture capital involve negotiating the size and composition of your board. In this deck, Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures provides top advice.
5 Things to Remember In the Changing Landscape of VCAvalon Ventures
The VC landscape has changed more in the past three years than in my almost 20 years as a VC. For entrepreneurs, there’s never been a better time to start something. For early stage VCs, the investing space is becoming more competitive, which is healthy and good for the startup ecosystem. VCs who see themselves as stewards, or coaches of their founder’s creativity and talent, will retain their value. By contrast, VCs who seek to control companies, slavishly adhering to a numbers game, may very soon find themselves replaced by other sources of investing that allow them to retain more ownership of their idea. Here are five things VCs need to remember in the changing landscape.
4 Indicators That A VC Is Right For Your StartupAvalon Ventures
Today there are more funding options for early stage startups than ever before. This increase in venture funding is mainly due to the emergence of non-traditional investors such as hedge funds and mutual funds. In this slide deck you will learn how to determine which VC is right for your startup.
There is a lot of talk about creating “category-defining companies” in the modern business world. Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures defines four common characteristics in the founders of truly category-defining companies, passion sitting at the top of the list.
"Open Pedagogy" for eLearning PioneersRobin DeRosa
Using OER as a springboard to rethink pedagogy. Prepared for Saudi women leaders in education for eLearning Pioneers 2015, at the University of New Hampshire.
Choosing The Right Approach For Running A Great Board MeetingAvalon Ventures
There are many different ways to run a board meeting, and it’s important to choose a style and approach that works best for you. It’s important to talk to other CEOs to learn what has worked best for them. It may also be useful for you to consult with the other directors on your board to understand their preferences. The frequency and structure of your board meetings will need to evolve as the business grows and becomes more complicated, more formal, and harder to manage. This deck is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board.
3 Reasons Why Your Startup Is Struggling To Raise Venture CapitalAvalon Ventures
Now it’s a great time to start a company. Not only is there more capital available, but the costs to start a company have decreased significantly. Yet many companies are still unable to raise funding early enough to get off the ground. If you are finding yourself in that position, you’re likely wondering why you’re having trouble raising funds if the market is doing so well. There are three common mistakes that early stage companies make when pitching to VCs.
Presentation of my preliminary research findings at SRHE Digital University Network seminar "Critical Perspectives on 'Openness' in Higher Education" - SRHE, London, 18-Nov-2016
How to Improve Your Venture Capital Pitch In 5 WaysAvalon Ventures
If you are the founder of a tech startup, it’s likely that at some point you will need to pitch a venture capital firm to raise money. Here are a few simple tips from Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures to help you prepare for and improve your pitch to venture capitalists.
Entrepreneurs are incredible people. They are a rare breed of resilience and passion who press on even when there’s one reason to keep on and nine to stop. Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures explains how to spot a true entrepreneur
Janet May's Assessing Online Learning Process Maturity: the e-Learning Maturi...Alexandra M. Pickett
SLN SOLsummit 2009 presentation - by Janet May
http://slnsolsummit2009.edublogs.org
"The E-Learning Maturity Model" (eMM) provides a means by which institutions can assess and compare their capability to sustainably develop, deploy and support e-learning" (Marshall, 2007). The model focuses on inputs and processes, and has its underpinnings in a software development nd deplyment framework that emphasizes capacity building and creating scalable processes. This presentation will describe the model and how Penn State World Campus has implemented it to assist in strategic planning and quality improvement. Audience members will gain an understanding of eMM, how it has been used internationally as a quality assurance process and benchmarking tool, and its benefits. The results of the first iteration of eMM at PSU World Campus will be introduced giving audience members concrete advice on how to begin the process.
For an online Gasta session - the internet was designed to be robust in a crisis, and the pandemic crisis has revealed frailties in the education system. Distance education has many of the design features of the internet and offers a more resilient structure possibly
How and Why Venture Capitalists Should Say No To An Investment OpportunityAvalon Ventures
No is the most frequent and likely the most important word VCs should use. There are a variety of ways to say No and a number of ways VCs can be better at it. Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures explains four tips for other venture capitalists.
How To Set Expectations With Investor DirectorsAvalon Ventures
Setting expectations with investor directors is critical for your board, and you should expect the same from an investor whether or not he is a member of your board. This deck is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board.
Understanding the Purpose of Your Board of DirectorsAvalon Ventures
This deck is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board. This is Part 1. In its simplest form, the board of directors is a group of elected or appointed members charged with the responsibility of overseeing your company’s activities.
There is no one-size-fits-all definition of what “early stage” means and it varies among industries. Typically, it means a VC firm is either the catalyst for starting a company or the first, and often only, institutional investor. Early stage investing involves a few other key themes detailed by Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures.
The Entrepreneur's Guide to Composing Your BoardAvalon Ventures
This post is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board. Some of the first—and most important—decisions you will make when raising venture capital involve negotiating the size and composition of your board. In this deck, Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures provides top advice.
5 Things to Remember In the Changing Landscape of VCAvalon Ventures
The VC landscape has changed more in the past three years than in my almost 20 years as a VC. For entrepreneurs, there’s never been a better time to start something. For early stage VCs, the investing space is becoming more competitive, which is healthy and good for the startup ecosystem. VCs who see themselves as stewards, or coaches of their founder’s creativity and talent, will retain their value. By contrast, VCs who seek to control companies, slavishly adhering to a numbers game, may very soon find themselves replaced by other sources of investing that allow them to retain more ownership of their idea. Here are five things VCs need to remember in the changing landscape.
4 Indicators That A VC Is Right For Your StartupAvalon Ventures
Today there are more funding options for early stage startups than ever before. This increase in venture funding is mainly due to the emergence of non-traditional investors such as hedge funds and mutual funds. In this slide deck you will learn how to determine which VC is right for your startup.
There is a lot of talk about creating “category-defining companies” in the modern business world. Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures defines four common characteristics in the founders of truly category-defining companies, passion sitting at the top of the list.
"Open Pedagogy" for eLearning PioneersRobin DeRosa
Using OER as a springboard to rethink pedagogy. Prepared for Saudi women leaders in education for eLearning Pioneers 2015, at the University of New Hampshire.
Choosing The Right Approach For Running A Great Board MeetingAvalon Ventures
There are many different ways to run a board meeting, and it’s important to choose a style and approach that works best for you. It’s important to talk to other CEOs to learn what has worked best for them. It may also be useful for you to consult with the other directors on your board to understand their preferences. The frequency and structure of your board meetings will need to evolve as the business grows and becomes more complicated, more formal, and harder to manage. This deck is for entrepreneurs as part of a series of observations and tips on building an effective board.
3 Reasons Why Your Startup Is Struggling To Raise Venture CapitalAvalon Ventures
Now it’s a great time to start a company. Not only is there more capital available, but the costs to start a company have decreased significantly. Yet many companies are still unable to raise funding early enough to get off the ground. If you are finding yourself in that position, you’re likely wondering why you’re having trouble raising funds if the market is doing so well. There are three common mistakes that early stage companies make when pitching to VCs.
Presentation of my preliminary research findings at SRHE Digital University Network seminar "Critical Perspectives on 'Openness' in Higher Education" - SRHE, London, 18-Nov-2016
How to Improve Your Venture Capital Pitch In 5 WaysAvalon Ventures
If you are the founder of a tech startup, it’s likely that at some point you will need to pitch a venture capital firm to raise money. Here are a few simple tips from Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures to help you prepare for and improve your pitch to venture capitalists.
Entrepreneurs are incredible people. They are a rare breed of resilience and passion who press on even when there’s one reason to keep on and nine to stop. Brady Bohrmann of Avalon Ventures explains how to spot a true entrepreneur
Janet May's Assessing Online Learning Process Maturity: the e-Learning Maturi...Alexandra M. Pickett
SLN SOLsummit 2009 presentation - by Janet May
http://slnsolsummit2009.edublogs.org
"The E-Learning Maturity Model" (eMM) provides a means by which institutions can assess and compare their capability to sustainably develop, deploy and support e-learning" (Marshall, 2007). The model focuses on inputs and processes, and has its underpinnings in a software development nd deplyment framework that emphasizes capacity building and creating scalable processes. This presentation will describe the model and how Penn State World Campus has implemented it to assist in strategic planning and quality improvement. Audience members will gain an understanding of eMM, how it has been used internationally as a quality assurance process and benchmarking tool, and its benefits. The results of the first iteration of eMM at PSU World Campus will be introduced giving audience members concrete advice on how to begin the process.
For an online Gasta session - the internet was designed to be robust in a crisis, and the pandemic crisis has revealed frailties in the education system. Distance education has many of the design features of the internet and offers a more resilient structure possibly
Using the work of the OER Research Hub at the Open University, different types of OER users are identified. The different strategies for reaching these audiences are considered
Explores the idea that the openness approach has broken through to mainstream practice, but that the battle around the direction open education will take is just beginning.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Was going to give my usual open scholarship talk, which looks at benefits and issues, but is largely positive. But when I sat down to do it I felt it didn’t fit any more. So you are getting a talk that is partly me thinking through some issues. I hope that this process is useful for you also and not just catharsis for me
We live in a very changed world now – post-truth is the word of the year, in the UK politicians compare experts to astrologers, fake news spreads more readily through social media than real news, in the US Trump was elected largely not on expertise but precisely because he lacked expertise.
As well as being troubling times generally, all of these issues speak to education, and open scholarship in particular. So I wanted to explore what was the role of open practice in this new context.
I used to do unqualified talks about the benefits of open scholarship, but over the years shades of grey have crept in. But I still believe lots of the original benefits also. It is not a cse of being pro or anti open practice. I think we need to do a difficult cognitive feat when considering open scholarship, which is to hold two sometimes contradictory views in our heads. You have to simultaneously be both a dog and a cat person. So I have framed this talk as a set of paradoxes.
So before we start, what do I mean by open practice? I won’t go in to much detail as I have whole other talks on that.
It covers fairly formal approaches such as open access publishing, OERs, open data, etc
But more broadly it covers the public sharing of the academic process and profile – whether that is through twitter, blogs, preprints, MOOCs, etc.
Best viewed as a collection of practices, each one of which any individual may be on a continuum of – rather like those slider dashboards you have in things like FB
So my first paradox is around the way in which open practice can really democratise space. For instance, many of the conferences I have been to over the past two or three years have featured keynote speakers who are not eminent professors with a long list of publications, but people who have established an online identity. They have interesting things to say online, have established powerful networks and communities and often give the best keynotes. They are also often women and people in professional positions who wouldn’t normally get to feature in a list of keynote speakers. That’s just one example, but it is possible to build up a network of very influential people regardless of who you are. It is a democratised, open space where traditional hierarchies don’t carry as much value
But remember we are holding paradoxes now – it is also absolutely true that the same sort of groups who are marginalised in real life are marginalised online. There have been lost of studies of people swapping gender identities for example, and a man writing as a woman will get more abuse than when he writes as a man, and vice versa. The same for POC, etc. Plus if you have a real life power and network, you can transfer that online. Many of us will have experienced confusion at how a ‘guru’ will state something either entirely bland or old and it will be treated as great wisdom. The matthew effect also states that power will accrue more to someone who already has power, so if you have 100K followers, you get more simply for existing.
I wrote a book called the Battle for Open and I argued in that that openness was now part of the mainstream, as evidenced by MOOC coverage, open access policies, open source, etc
But at the same time we now have a very protective culture, and also one that punishes people for making public statements.
On a similar note, openness in education has proven very effective – open textbooks are showing improved cost savings, retention and performance. Despite some of our reservations, millions of people have learnt via MOOCs and OERs.
But at the same time we now have a culture that is positively hostile to education and knowledge in palces. For example, climate change has probably been the most active area of open science. There are countless open data sets, blogs, open access papers, OERs, all educating about the science of climate change. And yet the US policy is now strongly climate change denial, and that obviously chimes with a sufficient number of the population. So we can’t say openness in our most prolific area has been an overwhelming success
There are paradoxes within openness also
Some approach it through the lens of policy, effectiveness studies, clear definitions, cost benefits, etc
And for others it is more a mindset – all the formalised elements are an anathema to the spirit of openness which is about trying things, sharing and experimenting.
These are two quite different schools and the extent to which they can be seen as one church is debatable
Open scholarship is genuinely a welcoming, warm place. I used to go to conferences and stand in a corner, now I walk around hugging people I’ve come to know online. People are usually willing to help you think throygh an idea, even if it’s ill formed, and construct excellent debate (as I’ve found in my blog comments this year). These are not “less than” working or friendships you have in real life, or real life friends in waiting but valuable, supportive and a key part of scholarly practice
But it can be also a very dangerous and unpleasant space. Particularly if you explore issues that attract that kind of attention – if you write about feminism, race, immigration, etc then you will experience actual death threats (especially if you are not a white male). And this has become more extreme over the past year.
Papers that are tweeted and blogged tend to get cited more, OA citation advantage, blogs to reach new audiences, etc
But equally we have fake news, and the absence of meaningful discourse on places like twitter
So, here are a set of paradoxes, or at least tensions. How should we approach them?
Taking into account the positives and negatives I touched upon, create online identities that you feel comfortable with. That could be just open access publications, or a blog or a full open identity. But being open to an extent is a counter to the “ivory tower” argument
It may seem unlikely at times, but I think our role is to show a model of how you can debate issues in a rational manner
Build it and they will come is not a solution in itself as we’ve seen. But it can be part of a solution
Without dumbing down we can certainly communicate through different styles and media now – so the academic paper may be in academic language, but an accompanying blog post or video can be more approachable
We have to learn the tactics of the trolls and anti-knowledge brigade, and know how to defend ourselves. This can be technical issues, ways of responding, support from institutions, etc
It isn’t good enough to ignore the online space, as it is where the offline world is being shaped. So as academics we need to understand how this operates (for example what are the tactics used by the Alt-right to radicalise young white men) and then put in effective strategies to combat them
Eg learn how to make open articles the top searches in Google
It is not a case of developing alternatives to twitter and facebook, but either establishing good communities in these spaces or using other tools as “additional” tools and communities. We have experience of social media now so we have a clearer picture of what we want from our online world
Even now I suspect there are Vice Chancellors at some universities thinking “how can we tap into this anti-expert sentiment?”. It is vital that unis, and particularly leaders in education maintain their values regarding the development of knowledge, the power of learning. Things will change again, persisting itself will be vital.
So one last paradox to ponder
In many respects I couldn’t in all good conscience encourage someone to develop a strong open scholarship identity because it has become a risky place
But at the same time it is vital that we do so, we have to be in this space for our own existence, but also for the good of society too