This white paper discusses optimizing rail crew scheduling, rostering, and management. It describes how crew scheduling, which assigns crews to train workings, rostering, which builds employee schedules, and day-of operations management are complex tasks that can be streamlined. The paper introduces OPCrew software, which uses optimization algorithms to automatically generate crew schedules and rosters faster and with more equitable distributions of work, while reducing costs up to 5%. OPCrew provides benefits like scenario analysis, performance reporting, and flexible management of crew assignments on the day of operations.
OPCrew - Rail Crew Scheduling Rostering and ManagementMatthew Parkinson
This white paper discusses rail crew scheduling, rostering, and management. It describes the complex process of scheduling train crews to cover all train workings while optimizing costs and crew equity. The paper introduces OPCrew, a software system developed by Opcom that uses optimization algorithms to automatically generate crew schedules and rosters. OPCrew enables significant cost savings, faster scheduling cycles, and more effective day-of-operation management compared to traditional methods. It provides a unique system for optimized rail crew scheduling and rostering.
The document discusses the European Train Control System (ETCS), including its history, components, levels, functions, and deployments. ETCS uses digital train-track communication through balises or radio to monitor train movement and provide automatic train protection. It has been implemented at various levels across Europe and is being introduced in India to improve safety. Future plans include further expansions within India and transitioning to successor systems as technology advances.
The document discusses various aspects of signalling systems used in Indian metro rail networks such as Kolkata Metro, Delhi Metro, and Bangalore Metro. It describes signalling equipment like point machines, track circuits, and different types of signals including cab signals, fixed signals, and flag signals. The document also provides information on interlocking, train control systems, and operation control centres used for train movement and safety.
Communications-based train control (CBTC) is a railway signaling system that uses telecommunications between the train and track equipment for traffic management and infrastructure control.
The document discusses railway signalling systems. It describes how signals are used to safely regulate train movements and maximize track utilization. Early systems used policemen and hand signals, while modern signalling was introduced in England in 1842 using fixed semaphore signals and detonators. Signals communicate different instructions like stop, caution, or proceed using aspects like colored lights, positions of arms, or detonator explosions. The classification, types, and locations of various signals are also outlined.
Multimodal Transportation Concept and Framework.pdfManojMba2
The document discusses various transportation concepts including unimodal, intermodal, combined, and multimodal transport. It defines these terms and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The document also examines the roles of multimodal transport operators and how they differ from agents, with operators assuming principal responsibility under contracts of carriage.
The document discusses integrated transport services and cashless transactions using smart cards. It describes how public transport is moving from fragmented systems with different fares to integrated networks. Smart cards and contactless payments are highlighted as ways to facilitate cashless travel on public transport. Examples of integrated smart card systems in cities like Hong Kong, London, and Singapore are provided. The benefits of integrated e-ticketing include easier travel across modes and collection of travel data. Challenges to implementing such a system in India are also outlined.
India is one of the leading developing countries in the world community today. But, the main obstacle it is facing is its large population and mass transportation. One of the most important aspects where our country is concentrating to work on, for its development is mass transportation. Mass transportation plays a vital role as we always have to think about moving of a large population in very denser area. That's why our Government is planning to implement the new technologies in mass public transportation. There are many new technologies in mass transportation such as Metro rail, Mono Rail, Underground railway, Sky bus Technology, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) etc. In this seminar, we aim to explore Sky Bus Technology.
OPCrew - Rail Crew Scheduling Rostering and ManagementMatthew Parkinson
This white paper discusses rail crew scheduling, rostering, and management. It describes the complex process of scheduling train crews to cover all train workings while optimizing costs and crew equity. The paper introduces OPCrew, a software system developed by Opcom that uses optimization algorithms to automatically generate crew schedules and rosters. OPCrew enables significant cost savings, faster scheduling cycles, and more effective day-of-operation management compared to traditional methods. It provides a unique system for optimized rail crew scheduling and rostering.
The document discusses the European Train Control System (ETCS), including its history, components, levels, functions, and deployments. ETCS uses digital train-track communication through balises or radio to monitor train movement and provide automatic train protection. It has been implemented at various levels across Europe and is being introduced in India to improve safety. Future plans include further expansions within India and transitioning to successor systems as technology advances.
The document discusses various aspects of signalling systems used in Indian metro rail networks such as Kolkata Metro, Delhi Metro, and Bangalore Metro. It describes signalling equipment like point machines, track circuits, and different types of signals including cab signals, fixed signals, and flag signals. The document also provides information on interlocking, train control systems, and operation control centres used for train movement and safety.
Communications-based train control (CBTC) is a railway signaling system that uses telecommunications between the train and track equipment for traffic management and infrastructure control.
The document discusses railway signalling systems. It describes how signals are used to safely regulate train movements and maximize track utilization. Early systems used policemen and hand signals, while modern signalling was introduced in England in 1842 using fixed semaphore signals and detonators. Signals communicate different instructions like stop, caution, or proceed using aspects like colored lights, positions of arms, or detonator explosions. The classification, types, and locations of various signals are also outlined.
Multimodal Transportation Concept and Framework.pdfManojMba2
The document discusses various transportation concepts including unimodal, intermodal, combined, and multimodal transport. It defines these terms and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The document also examines the roles of multimodal transport operators and how they differ from agents, with operators assuming principal responsibility under contracts of carriage.
The document discusses integrated transport services and cashless transactions using smart cards. It describes how public transport is moving from fragmented systems with different fares to integrated networks. Smart cards and contactless payments are highlighted as ways to facilitate cashless travel on public transport. Examples of integrated smart card systems in cities like Hong Kong, London, and Singapore are provided. The benefits of integrated e-ticketing include easier travel across modes and collection of travel data. Challenges to implementing such a system in India are also outlined.
India is one of the leading developing countries in the world community today. But, the main obstacle it is facing is its large population and mass transportation. One of the most important aspects where our country is concentrating to work on, for its development is mass transportation. Mass transportation plays a vital role as we always have to think about moving of a large population in very denser area. That's why our Government is planning to implement the new technologies in mass public transportation. There are many new technologies in mass transportation such as Metro rail, Mono Rail, Underground railway, Sky bus Technology, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) etc. In this seminar, we aim to explore Sky Bus Technology.
Module 3 Intelligent Transport Systems.pptxSilasChaudhari
1. The document discusses Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and provides details about various ITS technologies and applications. It covers topics like smart vehicles, fuels, GIS, GPS, navigation systems, traffic management, mobility services, and e-ticketing.
2. Key aspects of ITS mentioned include improving mobility and safety, reducing congestion, improving traffic flow, minimizing environmental impacts, and enhancing safety. Technologies discussed include vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-cloud connectivity, electric vehicles, and alternative fuels like biofuels and hydrogen cells.
3. GIS has an important role in ITS for applications like transportation planning, traffic modeling, accident analysis, route planning, and environmental impact assessment.
Crew scheduling is an important factor in airline cost management as crew costs are typically the second largest expense after fuel. Better crew scheduling can reduce these controllable costs. When scheduling crews, airlines must create pairings of flight legs assigned to individual crews, starting and ending at the same crew base. Crews are then assigned to these pairings while considering qualifications, pre-assigned activities, and minimizing costs without reducing quality of life. Different crew scheduling methods like assigned lines, bid lines, and preferential bidding involve tradeoffs between efficiency and job satisfaction. Constraints like flight times, crew duties and rest periods, qualifications, and seniority must also be considered for an optimal schedule.
Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are computer-controlled, non-manned vehicles used to transport materials around manufacturing facilities and warehouses. AGVs use guidance systems like wire embedding, lasers, or inertial navigation to follow predetermined routes. AGVs are useful for repetitive, long-distance material handling and can improve efficiency by reducing costs compared to other transport methods. Proper traffic management and load transfer systems ensure safe coordination of multiple AGVs within facility operations.
Scheduling plays an important role in the efficient operation of BEST, Mumbai's public bus system. BEST schedules over 4,000 buses across 365 routes. Key aspects of BEST's scheduling include: (1) carefully planning new routes and bus stops to maximize access and efficiency, (2) determining optimal timetables for each route based on demand and policies, (3) using scheduling software to assign drivers and cut runs efficiently based on timetables. The goal is to provide frequent, predictable service while making the best use of resources.
Indian Railways is a vital part of India's economy and has played an important role in unifying the country. It is organized under the Ministry of Railways and divided into 16 zones across the 63,028km network. Recent developments include converting lines from meter gauge to broad gauge, upgrading locomotives to higher speeds, and expanding services and routes. The railways also play a key role during national emergencies and natural disasters through transport and relief efforts. Research and upgrades are ongoing to modernize signaling, tracks, and rolling stock.
Traffic information systems collect and process current traffic data and disseminate it to users. They can be centralized, with a central authority collecting, processing, and sharing data, or decentralized, where each vehicle collects and shares local data. Key elements include data collection, processing, and dissemination. Decentralized systems avoid issues with centralized systems like limited coverage and high costs. One example is SOTIS, where each vehicle monitors local traffic and shares data with surrounding vehicles via wireless links. This allows comprehensive coverage without fixed infrastructure. Driving route-based visual TIS provides personalized traffic information to each user based on their specific route.
Presentation on INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM by jaswinder singhJaswinder Singh
This document provides an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It defines ITS as using information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes like safety, productivity, travel reliability and choices. ITS aims to address issues caused by increasing traffic congestion. It discusses various intelligent transport technologies like sensors, wireless communication and computational tools. It also describes ITS applications for emergency notification, road enforcement, variable speed limits and collision avoidance. Finally, it provides examples of planned ITS implementations in Chandigarh, India involving GPS vehicle tracking and a passenger information display system.
transportation is the back bone of countries economical development. providing good and effective transportation facility will help in developing countries economy. transportation will save time, money, and work can be done easily. intelligent transportation system provides more benefits to the nation.
Fleet management involves optimally planning, supervising, and controlling fleet operations using available resources and information systems. It has various applications like vehicle tracking, health and safety monitoring, and route planning. Route planning arranges transport orders into vehicle tours using methods like the traveling salesman problem (TSP), vehicle routing problem (VRP), and pickup and delivery problem (PDP). GPS tracking uses satellites to track vehicle positions for fleet management. It provides advantages like improved efficiency, reduced costs, and transport transparency.
This presentation summarizes the Indian railway signal system. It introduces the Indian railway network as the 4th largest in the world comprising over 115,000 km of track. It then describes the key components of the railway signaling system including block signals, fixed signals, mechanical signals, color light signals and cab signals. It also discusses interlocking systems which use mechanical and electrical devices to coordinate signaling and ensure safe train movements. The presentation concludes by covering communication systems used for train traffic control such as microwave transmission and optical fiber communication.
Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Sheriff El-Badawy ( Introduction )Hossam Shafiq I
This document appears to be lecture slides for a transportation and traffic engineering course. It includes definitions of transportation engineering and traffic engineering. It outlines the course contents which cover topics like transportation planning, traffic flow characteristics, highway geometric design, and traffic control devices. It also defines key concepts like trips, transportation systems, land use and its relationship to transportation, and highway functional classification. The overall aim of the course is to introduce students to the fundamentals and principles of transportation and traffic engineering.
Alternative Approach to Permanent way Alignment DesignConstantin Ciobanu
The speaker presented a comparison between the Track
alignment design approach based on NR standards and the one based on the European Norms and the Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), highlighting the main area where these approaches are different and touching the subject of the safety design factors embedded in the track alignment design
procedures.
The main topics:
Cant parameters definition, the origin of the 11.82 cant constant. ways of applying cant.
Track geometry recording. Quality Standard deviation. Inherent standard deviation. The advantage of using rolling SDs. Quality bands for low and high speed.
Cant over a reverse transition - the orphan rule of lifting the reversing point to improve the quality of riding.
Designing a sudden change in curvature. Virtual transition - TRK2049. The rules of the European Norm for track geometry EN 13803-1&2
The significance of transition shift.
A TMS is a part of Supply Chain Management specially designed for a broader goal to ease and automate transportation operation by allowing <a href="https://www.lotus-containers.com/de/">shipping companies</a> to gain valuable insight of every point of distribution to enhance efficiency and increases productivity.
The document discusses various aspects of toll plaza design and operation. It describes how tolls are collected to recover construction and maintenance costs. It also discusses different toll collection methods like manual, coin machines, and electronic toll collection. The optimal number of toll booths is determined using queuing theory to minimize total delay time from queuing and merging. Level of service for toll plazas is based on density and volume-to-capacity ratios. Numerical examples calculate total delay times and the optimum number of toll booths given traffic flow and toll booth parameters.
This document provides an overview of transportation management within supply chain management. It discusses key concepts in transportation management including modes of transportation, selection methods, costs, fleet sizing and configuration, routing and scheduling. The document also briefly touches on multimodal transportation and futuristic directions, noting how technology is improving transportation but physical movement of goods still relies on traditional modes like road, rail, air and waterways.
Automatic bottle filling system using microcontrollerShubham Patel
This document presents an automatic bottle filling system using a microcontroller. The system consists of a conveyor section to move bottles, a filling section with sensors, and a control section using a microcontroller. As bottles pass on the conveyor, IR sensors count them and stop them for filling. A DC water pump then fills each bottle to a user-defined volume before the conveyor moves it along. The microcontroller controls the sensors, pump, and conveyor motor to automate the filling process. The system aims to reduce human effort in filling bottles while allowing customizable fill levels through a simple control interface.
Vactrain is a proposed design for very high speed train transportation using magnetic levitation trains in an evacuated tunnel. This would allow trains to travel very large distances in very short times. There are proposals for tracks over bridges, underground like subways, and under oceans using submerged floating tunnels. Maintaining the vacuum is challenging and requires removing air and preventing leaks. Traveling at very high speeds of 5000 mph could produce g-forces, but these could be minimized by a straight line path. While a vactrain could provide very fast intercontinental travel with few disadvantages, the tremendous initial costs of billions to trillions of dollars and challenges of earthquakes make it an difficult concept to realize.
WebXpress is an IT Solutions company offering services in the domain of Logistics. We have multiple number of IT solutions in our basket to cater
the growing requirements of the Logistics sector:
1. Transportation Management System
2. Fleet Management System
3. Warehouse Management System
4. E-Commerce Solution
5. Business Intelligence
6. Mobile Solutions
7. Finance and Accounting System
WebXpress has a large customer base, to name a few, Linfox, Agility, Safexpress, ColdEX, Kelvin, Future Supply Chains, DTDC, Surat Goods Transport, Agarwal Packers and Movers and many more.
If you want to know more about our company please visit
www.webxpress.in
El documento trata sobre la autoestima femenina. Argumenta que a medida que las mujeres envejecen y acumulan más conocimiento e información, esta información se distribuye por todo su cuerpo en lugar de caber solo en su cabeza, por lo que no están gordas sino que son cultas. También enumera varias razones por las que las mujeres son perfectas, como que no se quedan calvas, tienen días especiales, pueden usar diferentes colores y más.
This document discusses ways to improve cybersecurity cooperation between the governments of the United States and Japan. It examines how the two governments are currently organized for cybersecurity issues and how they coordinate. There are gaps in how policies and plans are implemented in practice for information sharing, law enforcement, and incident response. The document provides recommendations in four areas: 1) Establishing exchange positions between cybersecurity teams in the US and Japan and increasing videoconferences and meetings. 2) Improving cooperation between US and Japanese militaries on network security. 3) Leveraging existing frameworks for disaster response to improve public-private cooperation on cyber incidents. 4) Surveying private sector collaboration to share best practices.
Module 3 Intelligent Transport Systems.pptxSilasChaudhari
1. The document discusses Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and provides details about various ITS technologies and applications. It covers topics like smart vehicles, fuels, GIS, GPS, navigation systems, traffic management, mobility services, and e-ticketing.
2. Key aspects of ITS mentioned include improving mobility and safety, reducing congestion, improving traffic flow, minimizing environmental impacts, and enhancing safety. Technologies discussed include vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-cloud connectivity, electric vehicles, and alternative fuels like biofuels and hydrogen cells.
3. GIS has an important role in ITS for applications like transportation planning, traffic modeling, accident analysis, route planning, and environmental impact assessment.
Crew scheduling is an important factor in airline cost management as crew costs are typically the second largest expense after fuel. Better crew scheduling can reduce these controllable costs. When scheduling crews, airlines must create pairings of flight legs assigned to individual crews, starting and ending at the same crew base. Crews are then assigned to these pairings while considering qualifications, pre-assigned activities, and minimizing costs without reducing quality of life. Different crew scheduling methods like assigned lines, bid lines, and preferential bidding involve tradeoffs between efficiency and job satisfaction. Constraints like flight times, crew duties and rest periods, qualifications, and seniority must also be considered for an optimal schedule.
Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are computer-controlled, non-manned vehicles used to transport materials around manufacturing facilities and warehouses. AGVs use guidance systems like wire embedding, lasers, or inertial navigation to follow predetermined routes. AGVs are useful for repetitive, long-distance material handling and can improve efficiency by reducing costs compared to other transport methods. Proper traffic management and load transfer systems ensure safe coordination of multiple AGVs within facility operations.
Scheduling plays an important role in the efficient operation of BEST, Mumbai's public bus system. BEST schedules over 4,000 buses across 365 routes. Key aspects of BEST's scheduling include: (1) carefully planning new routes and bus stops to maximize access and efficiency, (2) determining optimal timetables for each route based on demand and policies, (3) using scheduling software to assign drivers and cut runs efficiently based on timetables. The goal is to provide frequent, predictable service while making the best use of resources.
Indian Railways is a vital part of India's economy and has played an important role in unifying the country. It is organized under the Ministry of Railways and divided into 16 zones across the 63,028km network. Recent developments include converting lines from meter gauge to broad gauge, upgrading locomotives to higher speeds, and expanding services and routes. The railways also play a key role during national emergencies and natural disasters through transport and relief efforts. Research and upgrades are ongoing to modernize signaling, tracks, and rolling stock.
Traffic information systems collect and process current traffic data and disseminate it to users. They can be centralized, with a central authority collecting, processing, and sharing data, or decentralized, where each vehicle collects and shares local data. Key elements include data collection, processing, and dissemination. Decentralized systems avoid issues with centralized systems like limited coverage and high costs. One example is SOTIS, where each vehicle monitors local traffic and shares data with surrounding vehicles via wireless links. This allows comprehensive coverage without fixed infrastructure. Driving route-based visual TIS provides personalized traffic information to each user based on their specific route.
Presentation on INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM by jaswinder singhJaswinder Singh
This document provides an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It defines ITS as using information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes like safety, productivity, travel reliability and choices. ITS aims to address issues caused by increasing traffic congestion. It discusses various intelligent transport technologies like sensors, wireless communication and computational tools. It also describes ITS applications for emergency notification, road enforcement, variable speed limits and collision avoidance. Finally, it provides examples of planned ITS implementations in Chandigarh, India involving GPS vehicle tracking and a passenger information display system.
transportation is the back bone of countries economical development. providing good and effective transportation facility will help in developing countries economy. transportation will save time, money, and work can be done easily. intelligent transportation system provides more benefits to the nation.
Fleet management involves optimally planning, supervising, and controlling fleet operations using available resources and information systems. It has various applications like vehicle tracking, health and safety monitoring, and route planning. Route planning arranges transport orders into vehicle tours using methods like the traveling salesman problem (TSP), vehicle routing problem (VRP), and pickup and delivery problem (PDP). GPS tracking uses satellites to track vehicle positions for fleet management. It provides advantages like improved efficiency, reduced costs, and transport transparency.
This presentation summarizes the Indian railway signal system. It introduces the Indian railway network as the 4th largest in the world comprising over 115,000 km of track. It then describes the key components of the railway signaling system including block signals, fixed signals, mechanical signals, color light signals and cab signals. It also discusses interlocking systems which use mechanical and electrical devices to coordinate signaling and ensure safe train movements. The presentation concludes by covering communication systems used for train traffic control such as microwave transmission and optical fiber communication.
Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Sheriff El-Badawy ( Introduction )Hossam Shafiq I
This document appears to be lecture slides for a transportation and traffic engineering course. It includes definitions of transportation engineering and traffic engineering. It outlines the course contents which cover topics like transportation planning, traffic flow characteristics, highway geometric design, and traffic control devices. It also defines key concepts like trips, transportation systems, land use and its relationship to transportation, and highway functional classification. The overall aim of the course is to introduce students to the fundamentals and principles of transportation and traffic engineering.
Alternative Approach to Permanent way Alignment DesignConstantin Ciobanu
The speaker presented a comparison between the Track
alignment design approach based on NR standards and the one based on the European Norms and the Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), highlighting the main area where these approaches are different and touching the subject of the safety design factors embedded in the track alignment design
procedures.
The main topics:
Cant parameters definition, the origin of the 11.82 cant constant. ways of applying cant.
Track geometry recording. Quality Standard deviation. Inherent standard deviation. The advantage of using rolling SDs. Quality bands for low and high speed.
Cant over a reverse transition - the orphan rule of lifting the reversing point to improve the quality of riding.
Designing a sudden change in curvature. Virtual transition - TRK2049. The rules of the European Norm for track geometry EN 13803-1&2
The significance of transition shift.
A TMS is a part of Supply Chain Management specially designed for a broader goal to ease and automate transportation operation by allowing <a href="https://www.lotus-containers.com/de/">shipping companies</a> to gain valuable insight of every point of distribution to enhance efficiency and increases productivity.
The document discusses various aspects of toll plaza design and operation. It describes how tolls are collected to recover construction and maintenance costs. It also discusses different toll collection methods like manual, coin machines, and electronic toll collection. The optimal number of toll booths is determined using queuing theory to minimize total delay time from queuing and merging. Level of service for toll plazas is based on density and volume-to-capacity ratios. Numerical examples calculate total delay times and the optimum number of toll booths given traffic flow and toll booth parameters.
This document provides an overview of transportation management within supply chain management. It discusses key concepts in transportation management including modes of transportation, selection methods, costs, fleet sizing and configuration, routing and scheduling. The document also briefly touches on multimodal transportation and futuristic directions, noting how technology is improving transportation but physical movement of goods still relies on traditional modes like road, rail, air and waterways.
Automatic bottle filling system using microcontrollerShubham Patel
This document presents an automatic bottle filling system using a microcontroller. The system consists of a conveyor section to move bottles, a filling section with sensors, and a control section using a microcontroller. As bottles pass on the conveyor, IR sensors count them and stop them for filling. A DC water pump then fills each bottle to a user-defined volume before the conveyor moves it along. The microcontroller controls the sensors, pump, and conveyor motor to automate the filling process. The system aims to reduce human effort in filling bottles while allowing customizable fill levels through a simple control interface.
Vactrain is a proposed design for very high speed train transportation using magnetic levitation trains in an evacuated tunnel. This would allow trains to travel very large distances in very short times. There are proposals for tracks over bridges, underground like subways, and under oceans using submerged floating tunnels. Maintaining the vacuum is challenging and requires removing air and preventing leaks. Traveling at very high speeds of 5000 mph could produce g-forces, but these could be minimized by a straight line path. While a vactrain could provide very fast intercontinental travel with few disadvantages, the tremendous initial costs of billions to trillions of dollars and challenges of earthquakes make it an difficult concept to realize.
WebXpress is an IT Solutions company offering services in the domain of Logistics. We have multiple number of IT solutions in our basket to cater
the growing requirements of the Logistics sector:
1. Transportation Management System
2. Fleet Management System
3. Warehouse Management System
4. E-Commerce Solution
5. Business Intelligence
6. Mobile Solutions
7. Finance and Accounting System
WebXpress has a large customer base, to name a few, Linfox, Agility, Safexpress, ColdEX, Kelvin, Future Supply Chains, DTDC, Surat Goods Transport, Agarwal Packers and Movers and many more.
If you want to know more about our company please visit
www.webxpress.in
El documento trata sobre la autoestima femenina. Argumenta que a medida que las mujeres envejecen y acumulan más conocimiento e información, esta información se distribuye por todo su cuerpo en lugar de caber solo en su cabeza, por lo que no están gordas sino que son cultas. También enumera varias razones por las que las mujeres son perfectas, como que no se quedan calvas, tienen días especiales, pueden usar diferentes colores y más.
This document discusses ways to improve cybersecurity cooperation between the governments of the United States and Japan. It examines how the two governments are currently organized for cybersecurity issues and how they coordinate. There are gaps in how policies and plans are implemented in practice for information sharing, law enforcement, and incident response. The document provides recommendations in four areas: 1) Establishing exchange positions between cybersecurity teams in the US and Japan and increasing videoconferences and meetings. 2) Improving cooperation between US and Japanese militaries on network security. 3) Leveraging existing frameworks for disaster response to improve public-private cooperation on cyber incidents. 4) Surveying private sector collaboration to share best practices.
Con "big data" podemos lograr un cambio importante en como funcionan nuestras empresas, podemos conocer todo de nuestros clientes por ejemplo, pero así como big data nos da gran poder, también implica una gran responsabilidad.
Esta es la parte 1 de la ecuación: gran poder.
El documento habla sobre la arquitectura de Facebook y la necesidad de equilibrar la transparencia y la opacidad. Señala que los elementos más transparentes en Facebook son los autorreferenciales mientras que los más opacos son los heterorreferenciales. También sugiere que Facebook necesita alternar entre la opacidad y la transparencia a medida que aumenta el uso práctico para mantener el equilibrio.
Alan Ball escribió el guión de la película American Beauty, por el cual recibió el Oscar. La película presenta la historia de Lester Burnham, un hombre de mediana edad insatisfecho con su vida familiar y laboral que se obsesiona con una compañera de su hija.
Este documento presenta la nueva plataforma Movistar Developers Platform de Telefónica para desarrolladores en México. Se ofrecen tres APIs iniciales y un share de ingresos del 70% por descargas. El documento también describe un taller para desarrolladores y un concurso con premios para crear nuevas aplicaciones usando las APIs.
El documento describe la iniciativa Open Movilforum de Telefónica, la cual tiene como objetivo estimular la creatividad de los desarrolladores y fomentar la creación de nuevos productos y servicios. Open Movilforum proporciona una comunidad, herramientas de desarrollo, entornos de prueba y capacidades de red para que los desarrolladores puedan crear e implementar aplicaciones móviles innovadoras.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones paso a paso para registrarse en SlideShare y publicar una presentación. Primero, se debe hacer clic en "Signup" para crear una cuenta con nombre, correo electrónico y contraseña. Luego, se debe hacer clic en "Upload" y seguir los pasos para seleccionar la presentación, agregar un título, descripción, categoría y lenguaje antes de publicarla.
Presentaccion De Internet De Paco Hijof.pe.lo.capi
Paco explora las diferentes funciones de Internet, incluyendo buscar imágenes, páginas web e información, conectarse a múltiples sitios, y usarlo para completar tareas y proyectos escolares.
Choose best forensic accounting los angeleslosangelescpa
If you are looking for the professional Forensic Accounting services in Los Angeles, then no look further. Come to Velin and Associates, Inc where you can find a wide range of Forensic Accounting Los services in Angeles at affordable prices.
This document provides an overview of the candidate's career objectives and experience in human resources roles. Some key points:
- The candidate has over 7 years of experience in HR roles including talent acquisition, training and development, performance management, employee engagement, and statutory compliance.
- Their most recent role was as Senior Executive HR at Inyantra Technologies from July 2015 to present, where they managed various HR functions such as salary administration, talent management, and training.
- Prior to this, they worked as Senior Executive HR at Mold Tek Packaging from October 2012 to July 2015, where they also handled HR responsibilities like payroll, performance reviews, and employee events.
- The candidate aims to join a
Este documento describe diferentes opciones para financiar una empresa, incluyendo préstamos sin y con garantía, préstamos hipotecarios, proveedores, dueños de casa, capital de riesgo, prestamistas especializados y compañías financieras. Explica factores clave como el tamaño de la empresa, la cantidad de años en el negocio y el monto requerido. También ofrece consejos para conseguir financiamiento como prepararse para responder preguntas y ser un buen cliente después de obtener el dinero.
1) El documento describe brevemente la historia de las redes neuronales artificiales, desde los primeros intentos de imitar el cerebro en el siglo 19 hasta la creación de la primera red neuronal artificial por Minsky y Edmonds en 1951.
2) Explica que Minsky se inspiró en Skinner para crear su primera idea sobre inteligencia artificial, que fue una red neuronal compuesta por 300 tubos de vacío e imitaba el cerebro de una rata.
3) Resalta que el cerebro humano posee más de diez millones de neuronas presentes al nacer, aunque con el
Estados Unidos es una república federal presidencialista con capital en Washington D.C. Tiene 50 estados y varios territorios. Su idioma oficial es el inglés. Barack Obama es el presidente y su economía es la más grande del mundo aunque tiene una gran deuda nacional.
El documento habla sobre la apreciación cinematográfica. Define apreciación como reconocer y estimar el mérito y valor de algo. Menciona hitos históricos del cine como Thomas Edison, Eadweard Muybridge y los hermanos Lumière. También discute la importancia de analizar películas de manera objetiva y respetuosa, enfocándose en por qué algo es bueno o malo en lugar de usar juicios de valor. Finalmente, enfatiza la necesidad de descubrir matices sutiles en lugar de solo repetir lo evident
The evaluation report summarizes the findings of an evaluation of St. Mungo's Peer Advice Link (PAL) service. Key findings include:
1) Clients who recently moved into their tenancy were more aware of PAL and what it does compared to longer-term clients.
2) The longer clients are in PAL-supported housing, the more they interact with community groups/relatives and less with support workers.
3) Most clients felt PAL helped them in at least one area like reducing isolation, improving access to services, or increasing meaningful occupation.
2016-09 Customer Insight Visualizations to Drive Business DecisionsPaul Santilli
The document discusses how data visualization techniques can help organizations quickly understand and act on customer insights data. As customer data volumes grow massively, visualizations provide efficient ways to interpret information and make fast decisions. Good visualizations communicate insights like customer sentiment, priorities, and performance over time in easy-to-understand formats. They allow companies to identify key areas to improve customer satisfaction without extensive data analysis. Effective visualizations tell a clear story, use simple and structured designs, and highlight important metrics and comparisons.
Un sistema operativo es un software que gestiona los recursos de un ordenador como la memoria, los dispositivos de entrada y salida y los archivos. Está formado por un núcleo central y módulos como el administrador de memoria y el sistema de entrada y salida. Algunos ejemplos son Windows y Linux, con distribuciones como Debian, Ubuntu y Knoppix.
IRJET- Advance Approach for Load Balancing in Cloud Computing using (HMSO) Hy...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new hybrid multi-swarm optimization (HMSO) algorithm for load balancing in cloud computing. It aims to minimize response time and costs while improving resource utilization and customer satisfaction. The HMSO algorithm uses multi-level particle swarm optimization to find an optimal resource allocation solution. Simulation results show that the proposed HMSO technique reduces response time and datacenter costs compared to other algorithms. It also achieves a more balanced load distribution across resources.
The document summarizes the services and results of a consulting firm in helping trucking companies improve performance and profitability through operational and organizational changes. Key points include:
- The firm has worked with multiple trucking companies of varying sizes to reduce costs, improve revenue, and operational metrics like uptime and efficiency.
- Engagements involve analyzing current operations ("trapped value analysis") to identify improvement opportunities, creating an implementation roadmap, and embedding new processes and systems ("performance integrated management system").
- Changes focused on safety, technology, productivity, and data-driven decision making to enable on-time and profitable delivery.
This document provides a summary of work done to optimize the machine maintenance schedule for Chrysler's Kokomo Transmission Plant. The current schedule is manually created in Excel and results in high machine downtime. The team analyzed the current schedule, standardized maintenance documents, and developed a new concurrent schedule. Their proposed schedule reduces downtime by scheduling similar tasks concurrently, saving an estimated $8.6-12.1 million per year. The team recommends Chrysler implement their new concurrent schedule along with adjusting labor staffing levels.
This document is a resume for Faramarz Sadighi. It lists his contact information, education history including a master's degree in industrial engineering and bachelor's degree in industrial engineering, thesis topics, work experience including roles as a manager and expert in industrial engineering departments for several manufacturing companies in Iran, training courses completed, college projects, and software skills. It provides details on his responsibilities and accomplishments in roles related to production planning, inventory control, systems analysis, and quality assurance.
On Increasing Fuel Efficiency by Operator Assistance Systems in a Wheel LoaderReno Filla
This document discusses the potential for increasing fuel efficiency and productivity in wheel loaders through an operator assistant system. An empirical study found large variations between operators, with some achieving fuel efficiencies up to 200% higher and productivities up to 700% higher than others. The document argues that an operator assistant system could help all operators achieve the levels of the most efficient operators. It suggests a system that recommends optimal operations to the operator, with some automated functions, as a good starting point. Fuel efficiency improvements of 20-40% and productivity increases of 40-80% are estimated to be possible.
Conoco on Path to Reliability Centered Loop Management: Enhancing ROA on the WayARC Advisory Group
Conoco on Path to Reliability Centered Loop Management: Enhancing ROA on the Way
Process manufacturers have invested heavily in manufacturing plants and
automation systems. A typical manufacturing plant may have hundreds or
even thousands of regulatory control loops to enable safe and efficient operations.
The most complex units often have advanced process control and
optimization schemes implemented on top of these regulatory control
loops. All of these systems have a need for
tighter process control to enable more effective
use of assets that result in higher ROA and ultimately
better business performance and
profitability.
Unfortunately, automation effectiveness deteriorates
over time. The lack of a structured
methodology for control loop maintenance is a
contributing factor that erodes performance. A
manufacturing plant typically has only two or three control engineers who
each have responsibility for a large of number of loops, yet they often have
no means of identifying where to focus their efforts so that their work has
the largest economic impact on plant performance.
Serco provides expertise in transit operations and maintenance. They have experience as a shadow operator during project planning and design to help ensure designs are optimized for operations. Serco also has extensive experience directly operating and maintaining transit systems around the world, including as the operator of the Dubai Metro since 2007. They emphasize the benefits of early operator involvement to result in designs that are fit for long-term operations and maintenance needs.
OPT Runner - A multi-stop, pick up and delivery vehicle route optimizer for planning and daily scheduling. Using constraint parameters from customers business systems, this tool is customized to the application to output information to cut operational costs.
ICMA Leadership Team Capstone Project (1)Lynne Ladner
This document provides a summary of a capstone project conducted for the City of Lee's Summit, Missouri. The project analyzed the Central Building Services (CBS) and Central Vehicle Maintenance (CVM) divisions to evaluate staffing levels, management practices, outsourcing opportunities, cost allocation methods, and leading practices. For CBS, recommendations included reorganizing the division, improving customer service, and creating a sustainable plan for facilities projects. For CVM, recommendations were to add a mechanic, explore high maintenance costs for emergency vehicles, establish service request procedures, implement customer satisfaction reviews, and enhance organizational communications about fleet services.
Which of the following is a focusing step of drramuaa129
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
A company must perform a maintenance project consisting of seven activitiesramuaa124
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
A company must perform a maintenance project consisting of seven activitiesyearstart1
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
A simple project listing of five activities and their respective time estimat...yearstart1
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
A simple project listing of five activities and their respective time estimat...ramuaa124
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
In designing a lean production facility layout, a designer should do which of...ramuaa127
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management effic...johann11379
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2. An activity-system map is which of the following? A diagram that shows how a company's strategy is delivered to customers A timeline displaying major planned events A network guide to route airlines
A facility layout schematic noting what is done where A listing of activities that make up a project
3. Which of the following is a total measure of productivity?
Fleet management can be defined by three basic components: Equipment assignment
and optimization, Production monitoring, and Position and material monitoring. Equipment assignment
and optimization is the primary reason many construction companies choose to implement fleet
management systems in the first place. By enabling the scheduling and assignment of all types of
equipment from multiple manufacturers as well as shift change management from a central office
location. The second critical element, production monitoring, is the ability to review information on
machine cycle time, payload, loading performance and other key operational parameters. Fleet
management provides visibility in real time to this kind of data which can be tracked by individual
machine or operator, groups of machines, specific sites or an entire fleet enabling miners to make timely
changes to improve loading performance and increase payload predictability. Position and material
monitoring is the third key component. At its most basic level, fleet management is about monitoring
equipment location for an entire fleet but beyond that, it also helps to ensure that machines are in the
right location and that the amount and type of material they are moving is accurate. The study revealed
to analyze performance factors such as dump movement and haul road congestion to boost overall site
productivity.
Models have been developed to help managers make better decisions about waiting line operations. Waiting line models use mathematical formulas to determine performance measures like average wait times and number of customers in the system. Burger Dome wants to study its single-server waiting line to reduce wait times and improve service. Waiting line models can indicate when improvements, like adding servers, are needed. Spreadsheets can easily implement waiting line models to analyze systems.
This document presents a mathematical model for analyzing a generic single channel, multi-phase production line. The model aims to minimize system costs by reducing idle machine times and work-in-process inventory levels between machines. The model accounts for machine cycle times and calculates the times at which products enter and exit each machine in the production line. It assumes deterministic arrival rates and develops equations to determine the optimal level of service to minimize the total expected costs of providing service and of waiting for service.
The second speaker for our session on Business Intelligence dashboards was Andy Evans, Enterprise Asset Management Systems, who explained how performance reporting has improved reliability and reduced costs at Tube Lines
Presentation also available on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwVfjVp5t9k
Similar to OPCrew - Rail Crew Scheduling Rostering and Management (20)
2. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
1
OVERVIEW
This paper will explore the complex process of train crew management and present an
approach to streamlining the process and optimizing the outcomes.
Crew Management. Scheduling, rostering and on-the-day management of train crew are some of the
many complex tasks that a rail organization must perform. Given that most rail companies are facing
an increasingly competitive environment, it is critical that they have excellent systems and processes for
operating and managing all aspects of their operations. By optimizing and streamlining their crew
scheduling, rostering and day-of-operation management, rail companies can successfully target a major
component of their rail operations. Opcom has developed an optimization approach to crew planning
and has incorporated this into deployable software (OPCrew) which can be used to realize increased
operational efficiency.
OPCrew is a unique system for automatic, optimized rail crew scheduling and rostering. It enables
significant cost savings, reduced crew planning cycle times, more equitable crew rostering and
comprehensive management information. The system has been specifically developed for the rail
industry and is suitable for both urban and long-distance rail crew scheduling.
Benefits
• In comparison to traditional methods, the cycle time for producing a full set of data for new
timetables is drastically reduced.
• The crew schedules and rosters produced can result in significant cost savings. As crew costs are
a significant part of the total operator costs, the saving can be large. Savings in crew costs of over
5% have been achieved.
• The crew rosters produced are significantly more equitable.
• Accurate reports on key performance indicators are given by the system.
• The reduced cycle time allows a range of ‘What if?’ scenarios to be examined including the:
o Crewing implications of proposed timetable changes
o Effect on scheduling costs of a change to the proportion of different shift types
o Effect of changes to award rules (useful as a tool in enterprise bargaining)
o Optimal depot staffing levels
o Economics of new depot facilities
• Day-of-operation crew management is more effective.
3. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 The Issue........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 The Proposal.................................................................................................................................. 3
2 THE CREW MANAGEMENT PROCESS.............................................................................................. 4
2.1 Crew Scheduling ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Crew Rostering............................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Day-of-Operation Management ..................................................................................................... 5
3 AN OPTIMISATION APPROACH......................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Schedule Optimisation................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Roster Optimisation....................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 The Process ................................................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Inputs to the Process .................................................................................................................... 8
3.5 A Unique Approach........................................................................................................................ 9
4 AN OPTIMAL SYSTEM: OPCREW.................................................................................................... 11
4.1 The OPCrew Navigator................................................................................................................. 11
4.2 The OPCrew Infrastructure Editor............................................................................................... 11
4.3 Timetable Management Subsystem (TMS)................................................................................. 12
4.4 Crew Scheduling Subsystem (CSS)............................................................................................ 12
4.5 Schedule Set Optimisation.......................................................................................................... 13
4.6 Rostering Subsystem .................................................................................................................. 14
4.7 Train Crew Assignment Subsystem (TCAS)............................................................................... 16
5 THE CASE FOR DEPLOYMENT........................................................................................................ 18
5.1 Benefits......................................................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Why Opcom.................................................................................................................................. 19
6 GLOSSARY....................................................................................................................................... 20
4. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
3
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Issue
Creating the train crew schedules and rosters that are required to support the operation of train
workings can be a labor intensive and complex task.
Some train operators have unwieldy non-integrated legacy systems for this task, include crew
scheduling with train scheduling, or construct crew schedules and rosters manually. This makes it
difficult to:
• React to frequent or short notice changes in the train timetable
• Analyze the impact of a range of operational scenarios on crew
• Construct optimized crew schedules and rosters
• Manage the range of changes presented on the day-of-operation.
Rail companies are facing increased competitive pressures due to ownership changes (eg
privatization), the vertical disaggregation of traditional rail companies and the associated granting of
open access to rail infrastructure and the movement of integrated logistics businesses with established
clients into the rail sector. Therefore to remain competitive rail companies must ensure that they have
excellent systems and processes for operating and managing their assets and operations.
1.2 The Proposal
As a result of the increasing requirement to be more competitive, rail companies must exploit and
enhance their competitive advantage as rail specialists. They must have best-in-class rail operations
and take steps to increase planning and operational efficiency.
Rail companies can target planning and operational efficiencies by optimizing and streamlining their
crew scheduling, rostering and day-of-operation management. To help companies realize these
efficiencies Opcom has developed an optimization approach to crew planning and has incorporated this
into a deployable system called OPCrew.
The deployment of OPCrew allows a rail company to enhance the efficiency of its operations and
provide the flexibility that is required to face the challenges of its business environment. OPCrew
provides the ability to quickly produce efficient crew schedules and rosters, coupled with the capability to
manage crew operations flexibly and accurately on the day-of-operation. Additionally, it provides the
ability to examine a wide range of operational and crew scenarios and quantify their impact on
operational and business performance.
5. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
4
2 THE CREW MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Crew scheduling, rostering and operational management drives the utilization of a critical resource –
train crew. Given that the train workings are driven by the need to meet demand, track access and
rolling stock utilization, the next downstream area to generate efficiency is crew management. The
complexity of the crew management process makes it a target not only for automation, but also for
optimization. To maximize the potential to extract efficiency improvements it is necessary to consider
the process end-to-end.
Figure 1. The Crew Management Process
Given the increasing costs associated with training and retaining crew, and the competitive advantage
that well trained, experienced and motivated crew provide to a rail company it is appropriate that, as a
resource, they are managed in a dedicated manner. For over a decade Opcom has focused on how to
increase the efficiency of crew management. To understand the Opcom approach, the underlying crew
management process must be considered. The process area that is targeted for improvement starts
directly after train movements have been planned and goes through to crew administration.
2.1 Crew Scheduling
The task of crew scheduling involves the construction of days of work for crew (crew diagrams)
covering all revenue generating trips and other train workings so that:
• The crewing requirements of each piece of work in the timetable are satisfied
• Each crew member may operate all the work assigned to them within the terms of the appropriate
industrial award and other agreements
• Crew lifestyle attributes are catered for
• An agreed measure of performance is optimized
Master Schedules
Master Timetable Master Schedules Master SchedulesMaster Rosters
Master Schedules
Daily Schedules
Master Schedules
Daily Rosters
Master Schedules
Daily Timetables
Crew RosteringTrain Planning Crew Scheduling
Day-of-OperationTrainCrew
Management
CrewAdministration
Master Schedules
Master Timetable Master Schedules Master SchedulesMaster Rosters
Master Schedules
Daily Schedules
Master Schedules
Daily Rosters
Master Schedules
Daily Timetables
Crew RosteringTrain Planning Crew Scheduling
Day-of-OperationTrainCrew
Management
CrewAdministration
6. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
5
Many crew configurations are possible. A crew can consist of a driver only, a driver and a guard (or
conductor), or a driver and cabin crew. The major contributions to the measure of performance are
usually the number of crews and the total paid hours.
2.2 Crew Rostering
The objective of rostering is to construct periods of work for crew, covering all schedules so that:
• The crewing requirements of each schedule are satisfied
• Each crew member may operate all the work assigned to them within the terms of the appropriate
industrial award and other agreements
• Crew lifestyle attributes are catered for
• An agreed measure of performance is optimized
Similar to scheduling, the major contributions to the measure of performance for rosters are usually the
number of crews and the total paid hours.
A roster can be viewed as consisting of three layers:
• Master. The master roster is the planned roster that would always operate if there were no
operational or crewing changes.
• Period. The period roster is a planned roster for an operational period that is updated to allow for
changes to the work to be covered and is updated for known crewing changes such as planned
annual leave and also updated to satisfy crew requests such as swapping work between crew. The
system manages such things as rotating crew on roster lines when moving from one period to
another.
• Daily Roster. The daily roster begins life as a copy of the period roster and is then updated to allow
for changes up to and including the day of operation. Note that when the period or daily roster is
being changed, the historical daily roster may be used when checking the legality of the current
roster.
2.3 Day-of-Operation Management
Day-of-operation management starts with the planned daily roster and finishes with another roster layer
containing the work actually performed. As operational changes occur throughout the day the planned
daily roster is updated based on decisions made by crew managers. All relevant information must be
available for appropriate crew management decisions to be made. Moreover, the impact of those
decisions must be determined and reflected in subsequent planned daily rosters.
At the end of the day-of-operation a record of the actual activities worked must then be passed to the
appropriate administration systems.
7. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
6
3 AN OPTIMISATION APPROACH
Opcom has developed an approach to crew management that utilizes computerized optimization to
produce rail crew schedules and rosters for actual operational implementation. The optimization
approach can also be used to conduct strategic scenario analysis providing answers to ‘What if?’
questions. The fundamentals of our optimization approach are outlined below.
3.1 Schedule Optimization
A crew schedule consists of tasks. Tasks are the indivisible pieces of work that are to be scheduled.
These represent the rows of a set-covering problem. A task is usually part of one or more timetabled
trips, and usually starts and ends at a relief point. A task may also include preparation or stabling
activities, and the turnaround activities at the end of the line. There are many rules that are captured in
the system concerned with the very precise definition of tasks.
Each task may be operated by one or more depots. The available depots are determined by road
knowledge and traction knowledge.
Travel information is pre-calculated. The information calculated includes:
• Depot-to-Task, how to travel to each task from each depot
• Task-to-Depot
• Depot-to-Crib-to-Task, how to travel to a task from a depot, but fit in a crib first
• Task-to-Crib-to-Depot
• Task-to-Task, how to travel from one task to another task and whether it is possible to crib in the
interim
Traveling can include walking, going by taxi, or as a passenger on another train. For best solutions the
travel model must be very detailed.
A schedule is a collection of tasks. The core of the system is the routine that checks a schedule for
legality and cost. It makes use of travel information for this, and also restricts its search to those depots
and shift types that are legal for all trips. After quick checks on total mileage and that all the tasks can
connect, the main task is to determine where to put the crib. When all other checks pass, a final check
is made on miscellaneous restrictions. These include specific to rail company items such as limits on
the number of a type of trip or activity.
3.2 Roster Optimization
A roster is an assignment of work (schedules) to staff over a period of time.
Within rostering there are two major optimization steps, generation of the roster patterns and assigning
schedules to the lines of work:
• Roster Pattern – A roster pattern is generated to cover all the work in the schedule set with the
minimum number of crew lines given the number of days-off required in the period and the pattern
the days-off must take.
• Roster Lines - Once an optimal roster pattern has been generated schedules are assigned to the
blank lines of work satisfying hard and soft rules. Hard rules include the total number of hours
8. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
7
required in a single line (i.e. the target work hours for crew in a roster period) and that there is
proper shift separation within a line (i.e. and early shift can not follow a late shift). The soft rules
minimize the variability between each roster line to ensure that lines are equitable and limit the
variation in sign-on times on different days within a line.
3.3 The Process
A useable framework for the problem must be established so that the algorithms can be applied. The
stages that Opcom uses to define and perform an optimization are:
• Stage 1: Understand the applicable award rules for crew and load the timetable data into
Opcom’s computer software
o Liaison with the client to establish requirements and analysis of the available data to
ensure its completeness and correctness
o Loading of the train workings, rules and other client supplied data into the OPCrew data
set
o Loading of timetable data into the OPCrew timetabling system, either by direct electronic
transfer or manually
• Stage 2: Calculate the crew schedules
o Utilization of the OPCrew software to automatically generate crew schedules
• Stage 3: Develop roster pattern
o Based on legal patterns develop the roster shift patterns for the master roster (eg after
five consecutive late shifts three days off must be given before early shifts can be
started).
• Stage 4: Generate the lines of work
o Assign the optimized schedules to the patterned roster to produce the “no-name” roster.
• Stage 5: Assign crew to lines
o Based on crew availability assign the crew to the period roster (in a bidding and bumping
roster allocation system, the “no-name” roster would be posted at this stage).
• Stage 6: Manage Changes
o Update the crew schedules and rosters based on timetable and crew availability
changes. Previously used crew schedules can be reapplied to new timetables and a re-
link operation performed to ensure that any new work is covered.
• Stage 7: Manage the day-of-operation
o Using the daily roster and other provided information, manage the day-of-operation
changes.
• Stage 8: Capture actuals and manage performance
o Record the actual daily roster and feed information into administrative systems.
o Generate reports and KPIs eg:
§ Crew utilization
§ Task breakdown
9. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
8
§ Variation report for planned against actual daily rosters
3.4 Inputs to the Process
The major inputs into the process are the:
• Working Timetable - Each service in the working timetable is generally referred to as a train or
trip (also contains other train movements such as empty trips)
• Train Workings - Associated with the timetables is a list known as the Train Working (or Train
Roster) that assigns the rolling stock to cover the timetable. Each entry in this working is referred to
as a run, which is a sequence of trips assigned to a particular set of rolling stock
• Operational constraints - Timetables list the route each train must follow through the network and
the arrival and departure times for each stop along the route. However, crew schedules must also
take into account the times needed by crew to perform extra functions associated with crewing a
train such as the time taken:
o To walk between the sign-on or sign-off point and the train
o To prepare a train at the start of a run
o To secure a train at the end of its run
o For crew to take mandatory rest breaks known as ‘crib’
o To walk from a train to a designated lunch room and return
o For crew to travel passenger from one train to another
• Work hours - An upper limit on the number of hours that a crew can be rostered to perform
• Extra tasks – There is a need to schedule crew to cover trains not listed in the working timetables.
These extra services arise from various operational considerations including the need to move
between stabling points and stations and to shut down trains after cleaning
• Award rules - Almost any kind of award structure can be catered for in the model used by OPCrew.
The details of the award include things such as:
o The duration of a block of work
o The minimum and maximum allowable breaks between blocks
o Sign-on/sign-off allowances
o Limits on corridor running
o The minimum and maximum worked time and paid time
o The times when overtime applies
o Walking times
o Preparation times, etc
• Intangible Factors - In addition to the actual payment rates for crew, a range of notional values for
intangible factors can be used to guide the optimization process towards a desired objective. These
are determined after establishing the client’s goals. For example, short shifts may be required at
certain depots and certain times of day.
10. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
9
3.5 A Unique Approach
At Opcom we believe that we have developed a unique approach to train crew management. The three
principles that we have applied throughout the development of our approach are:
• Automation is not optimization – There is obviously merit in using systems to capture and
manipulate data and to automate a previously onerous manual process. Indeed a large portion of
our approach is underpinned by such techniques. However, in order for all the efficiency
improvement opportunities to be revealed it is necessary to use higher-level techniques. Opcom’s
optimization approach provides for greater efficiencies than simple automation. By combining our
algorithmic and systems expertise in our optimization approach we have been able to mine greater
value from the crew management process.
• Trains have different operational, and hence crew, characteristics than buses and aircraft
- It is feasible to modify an existing crew scheduling and rostering system that has been developed
for use in another industry for use in rail operations. For example, some of the basic algorithms
used in Opcom’s approach are the same as those used in bus scheduling. However, the unique
operational characteristics and constraints of rail operations are best addressed by an approach
that has been developed for the rail industry. Opcom’s approach has been developed specifically
for, and in conjunction with, the rail industry.
• Urban and long-distance trains have different optimization drivers – Opcom has developed
a modified optimization engine for long distance trains in order to address their particular
characteristics. Table 1 indicates some of the basic differences between the urban and the long
distance train crew problem.
Table 1. Urban versus Long Distance Train Crew Problem Characteristics
Urban Crew Scheduling Long Distance Crew Scheduling
1. Multiple Depots Multiple Depots
2. Road Knowledge Required Road Knowledge Required
3. Sign On/Off at same Depot Out and Back Pairs (Roster Returns)
Cross-over jobs (driver swaps with
oncoming train to start & finish at same
depot)
4. Shifts up to 9 hours maximum Shifts up to 12 hours (Typical returns are:
8-10 hours out, 8-12 hours rest, 8-12
hours return)
5. Key difference: 24 hour pattern Key difference: Multiple day cycle (eg 7
day)
6. 2 – 4 blocks per day (up to 10 pieces of
work per day)
2 – 4 blocks per return (typically 2 – 4
pieces of work)
7. Aim: Minimize cost. This approximates to Aim: Minimize cost, but must also keep
11. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
10
minimizing shift numbers spare travel to a minimum
12. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
11
4 AN OPTIMAL SYSTEM: OPCREW
As Opcom’s approach to optimizing crew management developed so did the system framework that was
used for deployment. The end result of this development is OPCrew. OPCrew is a system for
automatic, optimized rail crew scheduling and rostering. It embodies Opcom’s approach to crew
management and enables the benefits associated with that approach, that is significant cost savings,
reduced crew planning cycle times, more equitable crew rostering and comprehensive management
information. The system has been specifically developed for the rail industry and is suitable for both
urban and long-distance rail crew scheduling.
OPCrew is a complete rail crewing software package that combines the automatic construction of crew
schedules and rosters with a day-of-operation system. OPCrew is used to maintain all facets of train
crewing. The system gathers together timetables, schedules and rosters into the one electronic
environment and also allows easy access to reports based on all types of information. The major
elements of the system are described below.
4.1 The OPCrew Navigator
The Navigator is an application that presents the individual objects (timetables, schedules, rosters)
within the OPCrew Database to the user. It is primarily used to manage the timetables, rosters and
schedule sets held in the OPCrew database.
The Navigator provides a link between the objects within the OPCrew database and the Editors
(Timetable Editor, Infrastructure Editor, Schedule Set Editor and Roster Editor) that are designed to
allow the user to view and edit these objects.
The Navigator provides the means for users to cut, copy, rename, paste, delete, publish and change the
permissions of the objects within the database that are visible to the user. It also allows users to create
new timetables, rosters and schedule sets.
Figure 2. OPCrew Navigator
4.2 The OPCrew Infrastructure Editor
The OPCrew Infrastructure Editor is used to build and maintain the physical infrastructure of the rail
system. It is used to edit and maintain:
13. Rail Crew Scheduling and Rostering
12
• Network locations
• Roads
• Sections (network arcs)
• Train types
• Crew depots
• Railway lines
The OPCrew Infrastructure Editor is launched from the OPCrew Navigator.
4.3 Timetable Management Subsystem (TMS)
The objective of the TMS is to maintain timetables that require crew schedules and rosters. Users can
manipulate timetables to reflect any changes due to daily train changes or permanent timetable
changes.
The OPCrew Timetable Editor is used to:
• Import data from timetable planning systems (Capture/Proving)
• Edit OPCrew timetables
• Edit train workings
The Timetable Editor incorporates a Timetable Reporter that provides comprehensive information on
the timetable. The available reports are:
• Train usage
• Starting and stabling
• Validation
4.4 Crew Scheduling Subsystem (CSS)
The objective of the CSS is to construct days of work for crew (crew diagrams/schedules) covering all
passenger carrying trips and other train workings. The Crew Schedule Editor contains:
• A flexible crew rule definition module
• World leading optimization technology
• Full GUI editing
• Decision support tools
• Schedule legality and distance checking
• Trip coverage checking
• KPI and other reports including:
o Complete schedule set
o Individual schedules for issue to crew
o Train coverage
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o Activity Analysis
o Crew Analysis
o Staff Usage
o Crib Usage
o Starting and Stabling Trains
Figure 3. Schedule Set Editor
4.5 Schedule Set Optimization
Schedule Set Optimization is the process where a timetable is used to produce a complete set of crew
schedules to operate the timetable. The schedules produced will:
• Have the minimal overall “cost”
• Obey all the rules specified in the Schedule Set Editor Rules
• “Cover” all of the trips in the timetable
Optimization can be performed at two levels:
• Full Optimization - When a full optimization is run from a current baseline the exiting schedules
are used as a start point and manipulated accordingly. Alternatively a full optimization can be run
without a baseline and a completely new set of optimized schedules are generated. This operation
is performed on a copy of the existing schedule set so exiting data is lost.
• Partial Optimization - A partial optimization affects only a subset of the existing schedules.
4.5.1 Inputs
The Schedule Set Optimization Module takes as its inputs the timetable, the train workings and the rules
governing the crew.
In dealing with train workings, the system allows for:
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• Attach and divide
• Working day variations
• Roads (for alternative paths)
• Relay drivers
• Shunt comments
• Standby times
• Partial coverage
• Preparation or stable overrides
Many rules are catered for including:
• Shift categories and restrictions
• Train types and allowances
• Roads and road knowledge
• Mileage
• Walking rules
• Depots, crib points, relief points and transfer points
• Non-timetabled work
• Restrictions on repetitive work
4.5.2 Outputs
The output of the optimization consists of Outputs:
• Crew schedule sets
• Key Performance Indicators for the sets
• A wide variety of reports
4.6 Rostering Subsystem
The objective of Rostering System is to construct periods of work for crew covering all schedules. The
rostering system considers a roster to consist of three layers: Master, Period and Daily. Where
relevant, rules are checked independently of the period. For example the system will look at the work a
driver did in the last period when checking to see if a work assignment is legal in the current period.
4.6.1 Features
OPCrew allows for:
• A flexible roster rules module
• Automatic construction of rosters
• Allowed day off patterns
• Transitions
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• Road knowledge
• Leave
• Full GUI editing including legality checking
• Display of roster and schedule costs and allowances
• Display of fatigue levels
• Multiple roster management
Roster decision facilities include support for:
• Constructing a new roster starting with just the work to be covered and rules governing the amount to
be worked in a roster cycle
• Updating the roster on a day to adjust for schedule changes
• Updating the roster on a day to account for a major change such as operating a public holiday on
that day
• Suggesting which relief or crew should cover work that is uncovered due to crew absences
• Suggesting which crew should cover work by working overtime
• Checking the roster for breaches of conditions including:
o Separation between sign-off on one day and sign-on the next
o Maximum days worked in a row
o Maximum days worked in any period
o Distribution of weekends off over the roster
o Distribution of overtime work
o Fatigue restrictions
o Undesirable work patterns
o Rotation of crew between lines
o Road knowledge of crew
For all checking and decision support functions the user can choose to check either using the planned
roster or using the most recent information. For example when choosing which relief driver to allocate
an uncovered schedule to, the system can use the most recent planned and historical daily roster
information and if its available will consider the work actually performed on the day of operation.
The roster editor also includes facilities for:
• Multi user editing – A roster can be edited simultaneously by multiple users. For example a clerk can
update crew availability details or crew holiday information while rosterers are preparing a roster.
The roster will automatically show work as uncovered as soon as the absence or holiday is entered.
• Managing crew properties.
• Managing crew absences.
• Managing the roster for relief and standby staff.
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• Managing schedules - For example, at a glance the user can see which schedules have been
modified or which schedules are uncovered. The user can also add new unplanned schedules
directly into the rostering system or update the roster with a new set of schedules for a particular
date.
4.7 Train Crew Assignment Subsystem (TCAS)
The TCAS is the day-of-operation crew management system within OPCrew. It has been designed to
present all the necessary information to manage crew on the day-of-operations. Operational activities
may include the allocation of new work to available crew or identifying and reallocating work that is
uncovered due to a crew absence. TCAS data is derived from the relevant roster(s) for the day and
includes all timetable, schedule and daily Rostering information. It also includes fatigue indexes, next
shift and mileage data.
TCAS can:
• Display all details relating to a piece of work:
o The schedule arriving at a depot, the platform number, the schedule that is relieving the
current schedule
o The run (Zig-Zag) of connected trips for a train
o The available crew, broken down into standby, passenger and report work activity types
o The full schedule activities for a schedule
o Uncovered work through crew being unavailable (late, sick etc)
o Crew details, such as phone number, next shift and fatigue levels
• Uncover pieces of work unable to be worked by a crew member
• Cover uncovered pieces of work by available crew
• Print modified schedules
• Create new pieces of work not in the timetable or schedule
• Update the roster with the actual work on a schedule to allow for complete fatigue management.
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Figure 4. The Train Crew Assignment System (TCAS)
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5 THE CASE FOR DEPLOYMENT
5.1 Benefits
The deployment of OPCrew not only delivers the operational effectiveness and agility that train
companies require but it also enables a reduction in operating costs.
Specific benefits that can be realized are:
• Crew schedule and roster preparation time is significantly reduced
• The crew schedules and rosters produced using OPCrew can result in significant cost savings.
Savings in crew costs of over 5% have been achieved
• The crew rosters produced are significantly more equitable
• The reduced cycle times allow a range of ‘What if?’ scenarios can be examined. Examples of these
include:
o The crewing implications of proposed timetable changes
o The effect on scheduling costs of a change to the proportion of different shift types
o The effect of changes to award rules
o Optimal depot staffing levels
o The economics of new depot facilities
• The system provides accurate reports on key performance indicators that allow effective
management of targeted performance areas
• Increased effectiveness of day-of-operation crew management
5.1.1 What others have learnt
Opcom has worked with both urban and long-distance train operators to develop and refine our
methodology and software. For the last ten years Opcom has tackled assignments such as:
• Crewing consultancies
• Productivity Studies
• Train crewing agreement study
• Enterprise bargaining case studies
• Crewing for new timetables
• Freight crewing
• Crewing & rosters for new services and lines
• Crewing & rosters for special events (eg Sydney Olympics)
While working with our clients some common themes have emerged with regard to Opcom’s approach
to crew management. As a result of adopting our approach our clients have realized that:
• An integrated approach to crew management allows significant benefits to be gained
• The extra benefits to be gained from optimization over automation are substantial
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• The ability to quickly perform scenario analysis is particularly useful in a changing business
environment
5.2 Why Opcom
Opcom Pty Ltd is an Australian optimization and information technology company that operates
internationally. Opcom focuses on optimization software for transportation applications, which are
defined broadly to include public transport by road and rail, product distribution, private vehicle travel and
emergency services deployment.
Opcom assists its clients to achieve significant operational efficiencies and service level improvements
through efficient resource management and timely availability of information.
Opcom has established a strategy for success centered on the following four main product areas:
• Rail crew scheduling, rostering and related functions
• Public transport journey planning systems for use in call centers and on the Internet
• Distribution and logistics network analysis
• Vehicle routing and travel directions
5.2.1 Differentiators
Opcom’s competitive advantage is based on our ability to combine advanced optimization algorithms,
system development expertise and industry knowledge. This unique combination allows us to meet our
customers’ complex requirements quickly and effectively. Specifically Opcom is differentiated by:
• Strong rail industry experience
• Expertise in resource allocation and scheduling
• Experience in management of large IT projects
• OPCrew is a proven system
• Opcom’s scheduling and rostering engines are advanced software developed specifically for
railways
• Opcom has written and owns the software source code making modifications possible
• High caliber support is available for the use of the software
• Opcom delivers projects to budget
In 1999, Opcom was the winner of the Queensland IT&T Awards for Excellence for its Public Transport
Journey Planning project within the Transport Category.
The company was also a finalist in the Information Industries Category at the Premier of Queensland
Export Awards for 1999 and 2000.
In 2000, Opcom was awarded the Emerging Exporter Award from the Australian British Chamber of
Commerce.
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6 GLOSSARY
Item Definition
Tasks The indivisible pieces of work that are to be scheduled
Schedule A collection of tasks
Public Timetable Contains the list of scheduled passenger services (not a complete list of all
train movements)
Working Timetable Contains all train movements. Each service in the working timetable is
generally referred to as a train or trip
Train Working (or
Train Roster)
Assigns the rolling stock to cover the timetable. Each entry in this working is
referred to as a run
Crib A mandatory crew rest break
Trip A service in a working timetable
Master Roster The planned roster that would always operate if there were no operational or
crewing changes
Period Roster The planned roster for an operational period that is updated to allow for
changes to the work to be covered and is updated for known crewing changes
such as planned annual leave and also updated to satisfy crew requests such
as swapping work between crew
Daily Roster The daily roster starts as a copy of the period roster and is then updated to
allow for changes up to and including the day-of-operation
TCAS Train Crew Assignment System – used for day-of-operation crew
management
Run A sequence of trips assigned to be worked by a particular set of rolling stock
Roster Return (or
Barracks Shift)
A full shift outbound, followed by a rest period, and then a full shift inbound
(generally applies to long distance rail)
Cross-over Crew from a pair of trains heading in opposite directions swap so that the
crews finish their shift from where they started (generally applies to long
distance rail)
Zig-Zag A schematic display of a run