The document discusses the difference between ontologies and taxonomies. An ontology is a logical theory that provides an explicit, partial account of a conceptualization, while a taxonomy is a classification based on similarities. The document provides examples of taxonomies and partonomies, and explains that while taxonomic knowledge is important for ontologies, an ontology goes beyond classification to define logical relations and properties of concepts.

3. Web to humans The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat : And Other Clinical Tales by Oliver W. Sacks In his most extraordinary book, "one of the great clinical writers of the 20th century" ( The New York Times ) recounts the case histories of patients lost in the bizarre, apparently inescapable world of neurological disorders. Oliver Sacks's The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat tells the stories of individuals afflicted with fantastic perceptual and intellectual aberrations: patients who have lost their memories and with them the greater part of their pasts; who are no longer able to recognize people and common objects; who are stricken with violent tics and grimaces or who shout involuntary obscenities; whose limbs have become alien; who have been dismissed as retarded yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents. If inconceivably strange, these brilliant tales remain, in Dr. Sacks's splendid and sympathetic telling, deeply human. They are studies of life struggling against incredible adversity, and they enable us to enter the world of the neurologically impaired, to imagine with our hearts what it must be to live and feel as they do. A great healer, Sacks never loses sight of medicine's ultimate responsibility: "the suffering, afflicted, fighting human subject." Find other books in : Neurology Psychology Search books by terms : Our rating : +book +sacks

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8. Assertional knowledge Document Book Novel Short story Document String Title 1 2 Living being Human Man Woman Document Human Author 1 2 Human String Name 1 2 Hemingway is the author of &quot;The old man and the sea&quot;

9. Assertional knowledge Document Book Novel Short story Living being Human Man Woman Document String Title 1 2 Document Human Author 1 2 Human String Name 1 2 man1 MAN novel1 NOVEL name1 &quot;Hemingway&quot; STRING NAME author1 AUTHOR &quot;The old man and the sea&quot; title1 STRING TITLE

11. Ontological vs. assertional knowledge Ontological knowledge Document Book Novel Short story Living being Human Man Woman Document String Title 1 2 Document Human Author 1 2 Human String Name 1 2 man1 MAN novel1 NOVEL name1 &quot;Hemingway&quot; STRING NAME author1 AUTHOR &quot;The old man and the sea&quot; title1 STRING TITLE Assertional knowledge

13. Ontological vs. assertional knowledge Ontological knowledge Document Book Novel Short story Living being Human Man Woman Document String Title 1 2 Document Human Author 1 2 Human String Name 1 2 man1 MAN novel1 NOVEL name1 &quot;Hemingway&quot; STRING NAME author1 AUTHOR &quot;The old man and the sea&quot; title1 STRING TITLE Assertional knowledge

14. Ontological vs. assertional knowledge Ontological knowledge C#21 C#145 C#158 C#164 C#97 C#178 C#203 C#204 C#21 chr [ ] R#12 1 2 C#21 C#178 R#15 1 2 C#178 chr [ ] R#7 1 2 101011 C#203 110101 C#158 11010 1010011101 chr [] R#7 010010 R#15 1010011010011101010010 101010 chr [] R#12 Assertional knowledge

18. Taxonomy & partonomy Thing Mineral objects Organic objects Stones Individual Limb Arm Forearm Upper arm Hand Human Taxonomy Partonomy Hierarchical model of the shape of the human body. D. Marr and H.K. Nishihara, Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes, Proc. R. Soc. London B 200, 1978, 269-294).

21. Summary A C B Cube (X) : The entity X is a right-angled parallelepiped with all its edges of equal length. Table : A global object which is a furniture composed of an horizontal flat top put down on one or more legs. On (Cube : X, Cube: Y / Table) : a relation denoting that a cube X is on top of another Cube Y or on top of the Table ontology Cube ( A ) Cube ( B ) Cube ( C ) On( A , Table ) On( C , A ) On( B , Table ) state of affairs