Ondansetron is an antiemetic drug that works by blocking serotonin 5-HT3 receptors. It is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. It comes as tablets and syrup and has few drug interactions or side effects. Ondansetron is considered safe in pregnancy, though more studies are still needed.
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a neurotransmitter found in both the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan through two enzymatic steps. While most serotonin is found in enterochromaffin cells in the gut, it is also present in platelets and the brain where it functions as a neurotransmitter. Modulation of the serotonin system through drugs influences numerous physiological processes including mood, vomiting, pain perception, and migraine headaches.
1) Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting is a serious side effect that can negatively impact quality of life. The mechanisms involve the central nervous system including brainstem areas that control vomiting.
2) Antiemetic treatments target neurotransmitters like serotonin, substance P, and dopamine to prevent nausea and vomiting. Combination regimens are most effective depending on the emetogenicity of the chemotherapy.
3) Studies show the addition of newer drugs like NK1 receptor antagonists, olanzapine, and palonosetron to standard treatments improves control of both acute and delayed nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy.
The patient is presenting with symptoms consistent with migraine including severe unilateral headache, nausea, and flashing lights. The probable diagnosis is migraine. For acute treatment, medications like NSAIDs, triptans like sumatriptan, and ergot alkaloids like ergotamine may be used. Prophylactic treatments include beta blockers, TCAs, calcium channel blockers, and anticonvulsants.
This document discusses emetics, which induce vomiting, and antiemetics, which prevent vomiting. It describes the physiology of vomiting including the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. It explains the mechanisms and sites of action of various classes of antiemetic drugs including antihistamines, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dopamine antagonists, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, and others. It provides details on specific antiemetic drugs like metoclopramide, ondansetron, dexamethasone, and their indications, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects.
This document discusses various antiemetic agents used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by outlining common causes of nausea and vomiting and the pathophysiology involving the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem. It then summarizes the mechanisms and clinical uses of major classes of antiemetics including 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists, phenothiazines, substituted benzamides, anticholinergics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, and cannabinoids. Adverse effects and drug interactions are also briefly mentioned for each class.
Pharmaceutical prospectives of anti estrogen, m-tor, CDK 4/6 in Breast CancerNoha El Baghdady
This document discusses various treatments for breast cancer, including anti-estrogen therapies, mTOR inhibitors, and CDK 4/6 inhibitors. It describes how these drugs work and their side effects. For anti-estrogens, it compares aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole and tamoxifen. It also discusses managing side effects like hot flashes. For mTOR inhibitors, it provides details on everolimus, including dosing and drug interactions through CYP450 pathways. Finally, it compares the first three CDK 4/6 inhibitors approved - palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib - in terms of their pharmacokinetics, dosing, and drug interaction profiles.
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a neurotransmitter found in both the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan through two enzymatic steps. While most serotonin is found in enterochromaffin cells in the gut, it is also present in platelets and the brain where it functions as a neurotransmitter. Modulation of the serotonin system through drugs influences numerous physiological processes including mood, vomiting, pain perception, and migraine headaches.
1) Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting is a serious side effect that can negatively impact quality of life. The mechanisms involve the central nervous system including brainstem areas that control vomiting.
2) Antiemetic treatments target neurotransmitters like serotonin, substance P, and dopamine to prevent nausea and vomiting. Combination regimens are most effective depending on the emetogenicity of the chemotherapy.
3) Studies show the addition of newer drugs like NK1 receptor antagonists, olanzapine, and palonosetron to standard treatments improves control of both acute and delayed nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy.
The patient is presenting with symptoms consistent with migraine including severe unilateral headache, nausea, and flashing lights. The probable diagnosis is migraine. For acute treatment, medications like NSAIDs, triptans like sumatriptan, and ergot alkaloids like ergotamine may be used. Prophylactic treatments include beta blockers, TCAs, calcium channel blockers, and anticonvulsants.
This document discusses emetics, which induce vomiting, and antiemetics, which prevent vomiting. It describes the physiology of vomiting including the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. It explains the mechanisms and sites of action of various classes of antiemetic drugs including antihistamines, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dopamine antagonists, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids, and others. It provides details on specific antiemetic drugs like metoclopramide, ondansetron, dexamethasone, and their indications, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects.
This document discusses various antiemetic agents used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by outlining common causes of nausea and vomiting and the pathophysiology involving the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem. It then summarizes the mechanisms and clinical uses of major classes of antiemetics including 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists, phenothiazines, substituted benzamides, anticholinergics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, and cannabinoids. Adverse effects and drug interactions are also briefly mentioned for each class.
Pharmaceutical prospectives of anti estrogen, m-tor, CDK 4/6 in Breast CancerNoha El Baghdady
This document discusses various treatments for breast cancer, including anti-estrogen therapies, mTOR inhibitors, and CDK 4/6 inhibitors. It describes how these drugs work and their side effects. For anti-estrogens, it compares aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole and tamoxifen. It also discusses managing side effects like hot flashes. For mTOR inhibitors, it provides details on everolimus, including dosing and drug interactions through CYP450 pathways. Finally, it compares the first three CDK 4/6 inhibitors approved - palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib - in terms of their pharmacokinetics, dosing, and drug interaction profiles.
Emetics & Anti-emetics are used to induce or treat nausea and vomiting. There are various classifications and mechanisms of action. Emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting. Anti-emetics from different classes like antihistamines, antimuscarinics, dopamine antagonists, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and glucocorticoids are used to treat nausea and vomiting through various receptor mechanisms with some adverse effects. Combination therapy provides better efficacy with lower adverse effects.
This document discusses drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) and prevent vomiting (antiemetics). It lists common emetics like apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha, and their mechanisms and uses. Common antiemetics classes include prokinetics like metochlorpramide, antimuscarinics like hyoscine, antihistamines like cyclizine, neuroleptics like chlorpromazine, and 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron. Nursing considerations for antiemetic administration include assessing for contraindications, monitoring for side effects, and instructing patients on proper use.
The document discusses the physiology of vomiting and various emetics and antiemetics. It explains that vomiting is mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata which receives inputs from various areas. It then describes various emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha that directly stimulate the vomiting center. The rest of the document focuses on different classes of antiemetics like 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines and their mechanisms and uses in conditions like motion sickness, postoperative nausea, chemotherapy-induced vomiting and morning sickness.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It activates G protein-coupled serotonin receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. Serotonin is involved in various physiological processes like respiration, gastrointestinal motility, cardiovascular function, and central nervous system functions such as mood, sleep, and pain perception. Migraine is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches. Treatment involves acute medications for mild attacks and prophylactic drugs like beta-blockers for more frequent attacks.
This document discusses the neuroanatomy and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. It outlines the various receptor types involved in emesis, including dopamine, 5-HT3, opioid, histamine, and muscarinic receptors. It then describes different drug classes that act on these receptors, such as 5-HT3 antagonists, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, antihistamines, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride and other prokinetic agents. The mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of selected antiemetic medications are also summarized.
This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
Migraine is a common neurological disorder characterized by severe headaches. Common triggers include diet, hormones, environment, and stress. Migraine attacks involve a headache phase with throbbing pain that worsens with activity along with symptoms like nausea and sensitivity to light/sound. Some people experience an aura phase before the headache with visual or sensory disturbances.
Treatment involves managing triggers, acute treatments like triptans to stop headaches, and preventive medications for those with frequent attacks. Preventive options include beta blockers, anti-seizure medications, and antidepressants, with the goal of reducing attack frequency and severity. Proper acute and preventive treatment along with lifestyle modifications can help manage migraine.
This document summarizes organophosphorous (OP) poisoning. OP compounds are commonly used as agricultural insecticides and were historically developed as chemical warfare agents. They work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to excess acetylcholine in the body. Clinical effects range from acute cholinergic crisis to intermediate muscle weakness to delayed neuropathy. Diagnosis is based on history of exposure and clinical features. Treatment involves atropine to control muscarinic effects, pralidoxime to reactivate acetylcholinesterase, benzodiazepines for seizures, and supportive care. Prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent respiratory failure, intermediate syndrome, or delayed neuropathy.
This presentation is about the neurotransmitter 5-HT (serotonin), we focused on its definition, biosynthesis, storage and destruction, with mentioning its both central and peripheral effects, and lastly the serotonin receptors in the human body, as well as their agonist and antagonists.
Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Nepal. OP compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Common presentations include excessive sweating, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchospasm, bradycardia, hypotension. Treatment involves atropine to block muscarinic effects, pralidoxime to reactivate acetylcholinesterase, benzodiazepines for seizures, and supportive care. Prognosis depends on severity of cholinergic crisis, and intermediate syndrome occurring 1-4 days later can cause respiratory failure if not properly managed.
This document discusses different types of emetics and antiemetics. It begins by describing the mechanism of vomiting and pathways involved. It then categorizes emetics based on their site of action - centrally acting (apomorphine, morphine), peripherally acting (mustard, tartar emetic), or both (ipecacuanha). Various centrally, peripherally and dual acting emetics are then described in more detail. The document concludes by covering different classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and adjuvant antiemetics.
This document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It describes how emetics work by stimulating the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, while antiemetics work to prevent vomiting by blocking receptors in the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone. It provides examples of common emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha that act centrally or peripherally. It also discusses classes of antiemetics like antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists; and examples within each class like ondansetron, metoclopramide, and aprepitant. Adverse effects and therapeutic uses are also summarized for
This document discusses anti-emetic drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by describing the physiology of vomiting and the mechanisms of emesis. It then covers the mechanisms and classifications of various anti-emetic drugs, including 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics, neurokinin receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, and others. It concludes by discussing the different types of vomiting and the anti-emetic drugs used to treat conditions like motion sickness, morning sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea, post-operative nausea, and vomiting of varied origin.
This document discusses serotonin (5-HT), its pharmacological actions, and drugs that affect the serotonin system. Serotonin acts on various systems in the body like the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Drugs can affect serotonin by inhibiting or enhancing its synthesis, reuptake, storage, or degradation. Some drugs are serotonin receptor agonists or antagonists that target specific receptor subtypes. Serotonin receptor antagonists are used to treat conditions like migraines, nausea/vomiting, and schizophrenia.
Levodopa is the immediate precursor to dopamine and can cross the blood-brain barrier to be converted into dopamine in the brain. It is used to treat Parkinson's disease by stimulating dopamine receptors, especially D2 receptors. When taken with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa, less levodopa is broken down peripherally, increasing the amount that reaches the brain. Common side effects include nausea, dyskinesias, psychiatric issues, and fluctuations in response. Long term use can lead to diminished effectiveness and problematic side effects.
The document discusses nausea and vomiting in palliative care, outlining various causes, mechanisms, assessments, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies. Common causes of nausea and vomiting include gastric stasis, bowel obstruction, chemotherapy, increased intracranial pressure, vertigo, and side effects of medications like opioids. Management involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, providing anti-emetics to target specific receptors and pathways involved in nausea and vomiting, and employing non-pharmacological measures for symptom relief and improved quality of life.
The document discusses nausea and vomiting in palliative care, outlining various causes, mechanisms, assessments, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies. Common causes of nausea and vomiting include gastric stasis, bowel obstruction, chemotherapy, increased intracranial pressure, vertigo, and side effects of medications like opioids. Management involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, providing anti-emetics to target specific receptors and pathways involved in nausea and vomiting, and employing non-pharmacological measures for symptom relief and improved quality of life.
This document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It describes the process of emesis and the neurotransmitters involved like serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, and histamine. It discusses the vomiting center in the brainstem and various emetic and antiemetic drugs. Emetic drugs discussed include apomorphine, ipecacuanha, and mustard. Antiemetic drug classes covered are anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and NK1 receptor antagonists. Individual drugs like ondansetron, metoclopramide, domperidone, and aprepitant are described in detail
This document provides information on various cardio-diabetic drugs produced by ASIAN Pharmaceuticals including Presin, LRTN, LRTN-H, R-Stat, Lipostat, Asclot, Oretic, Linaglip and Diaglim. It also includes sections on the structure and function of the heart, types of blood vessels, common heart conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease and heart attacks. Pathophysiology of hypertension and management approaches like lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies using drugs like amlodipine, losartan, and hydrochlorothiazide are summarized.
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel or heart chamber that blocks normal blood flow. There are two main types - venous thrombosis in veins and arterial thrombosis in arteries. Thrombosis can be caused by injury, immobility, inherited disorders, cancer, and certain medications. Risk factors include older age, smoking, obesity, and family history. Symptoms depend on the location of the clot but may include pain, swelling, chest pain, or numbness. Treatment involves blood thinners and procedures to open blocked vessels to prevent complications like stroke and heart attack.
Emetics & Anti-emetics are used to induce or treat nausea and vomiting. There are various classifications and mechanisms of action. Emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting. Anti-emetics from different classes like antihistamines, antimuscarinics, dopamine antagonists, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and glucocorticoids are used to treat nausea and vomiting through various receptor mechanisms with some adverse effects. Combination therapy provides better efficacy with lower adverse effects.
This document discusses drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) and prevent vomiting (antiemetics). It lists common emetics like apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha, and their mechanisms and uses. Common antiemetics classes include prokinetics like metochlorpramide, antimuscarinics like hyoscine, antihistamines like cyclizine, neuroleptics like chlorpromazine, and 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron. Nursing considerations for antiemetic administration include assessing for contraindications, monitoring for side effects, and instructing patients on proper use.
The document discusses the physiology of vomiting and various emetics and antiemetics. It explains that vomiting is mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata which receives inputs from various areas. It then describes various emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha that directly stimulate the vomiting center. The rest of the document focuses on different classes of antiemetics like 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines and their mechanisms and uses in conditions like motion sickness, postoperative nausea, chemotherapy-induced vomiting and morning sickness.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It activates G protein-coupled serotonin receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. Serotonin is involved in various physiological processes like respiration, gastrointestinal motility, cardiovascular function, and central nervous system functions such as mood, sleep, and pain perception. Migraine is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches. Treatment involves acute medications for mild attacks and prophylactic drugs like beta-blockers for more frequent attacks.
This document discusses the neuroanatomy and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. It outlines the various receptor types involved in emesis, including dopamine, 5-HT3, opioid, histamine, and muscarinic receptors. It then describes different drug classes that act on these receptors, such as 5-HT3 antagonists, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, antihistamines, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride and other prokinetic agents. The mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of selected antiemetic medications are also summarized.
This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
Migraine is a common neurological disorder characterized by severe headaches. Common triggers include diet, hormones, environment, and stress. Migraine attacks involve a headache phase with throbbing pain that worsens with activity along with symptoms like nausea and sensitivity to light/sound. Some people experience an aura phase before the headache with visual or sensory disturbances.
Treatment involves managing triggers, acute treatments like triptans to stop headaches, and preventive medications for those with frequent attacks. Preventive options include beta blockers, anti-seizure medications, and antidepressants, with the goal of reducing attack frequency and severity. Proper acute and preventive treatment along with lifestyle modifications can help manage migraine.
This document summarizes organophosphorous (OP) poisoning. OP compounds are commonly used as agricultural insecticides and were historically developed as chemical warfare agents. They work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to excess acetylcholine in the body. Clinical effects range from acute cholinergic crisis to intermediate muscle weakness to delayed neuropathy. Diagnosis is based on history of exposure and clinical features. Treatment involves atropine to control muscarinic effects, pralidoxime to reactivate acetylcholinesterase, benzodiazepines for seizures, and supportive care. Prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent respiratory failure, intermediate syndrome, or delayed neuropathy.
This presentation is about the neurotransmitter 5-HT (serotonin), we focused on its definition, biosynthesis, storage and destruction, with mentioning its both central and peripheral effects, and lastly the serotonin receptors in the human body, as well as their agonist and antagonists.
Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Nepal. OP compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Common presentations include excessive sweating, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchospasm, bradycardia, hypotension. Treatment involves atropine to block muscarinic effects, pralidoxime to reactivate acetylcholinesterase, benzodiazepines for seizures, and supportive care. Prognosis depends on severity of cholinergic crisis, and intermediate syndrome occurring 1-4 days later can cause respiratory failure if not properly managed.
This document discusses different types of emetics and antiemetics. It begins by describing the mechanism of vomiting and pathways involved. It then categorizes emetics based on their site of action - centrally acting (apomorphine, morphine), peripherally acting (mustard, tartar emetic), or both (ipecacuanha). Various centrally, peripherally and dual acting emetics are then described in more detail. The document concludes by covering different classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and adjuvant antiemetics.
This document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It describes how emetics work by stimulating the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, while antiemetics work to prevent vomiting by blocking receptors in the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone. It provides examples of common emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha that act centrally or peripherally. It also discusses classes of antiemetics like antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists; and examples within each class like ondansetron, metoclopramide, and aprepitant. Adverse effects and therapeutic uses are also summarized for
This document discusses anti-emetic drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. It begins by describing the physiology of vomiting and the mechanisms of emesis. It then covers the mechanisms and classifications of various anti-emetic drugs, including 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics, neurokinin receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, and others. It concludes by discussing the different types of vomiting and the anti-emetic drugs used to treat conditions like motion sickness, morning sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea, post-operative nausea, and vomiting of varied origin.
This document discusses serotonin (5-HT), its pharmacological actions, and drugs that affect the serotonin system. Serotonin acts on various systems in the body like the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Drugs can affect serotonin by inhibiting or enhancing its synthesis, reuptake, storage, or degradation. Some drugs are serotonin receptor agonists or antagonists that target specific receptor subtypes. Serotonin receptor antagonists are used to treat conditions like migraines, nausea/vomiting, and schizophrenia.
Levodopa is the immediate precursor to dopamine and can cross the blood-brain barrier to be converted into dopamine in the brain. It is used to treat Parkinson's disease by stimulating dopamine receptors, especially D2 receptors. When taken with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa, less levodopa is broken down peripherally, increasing the amount that reaches the brain. Common side effects include nausea, dyskinesias, psychiatric issues, and fluctuations in response. Long term use can lead to diminished effectiveness and problematic side effects.
The document discusses nausea and vomiting in palliative care, outlining various causes, mechanisms, assessments, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies. Common causes of nausea and vomiting include gastric stasis, bowel obstruction, chemotherapy, increased intracranial pressure, vertigo, and side effects of medications like opioids. Management involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, providing anti-emetics to target specific receptors and pathways involved in nausea and vomiting, and employing non-pharmacological measures for symptom relief and improved quality of life.
The document discusses nausea and vomiting in palliative care, outlining various causes, mechanisms, assessments, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies. Common causes of nausea and vomiting include gastric stasis, bowel obstruction, chemotherapy, increased intracranial pressure, vertigo, and side effects of medications like opioids. Management involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, providing anti-emetics to target specific receptors and pathways involved in nausea and vomiting, and employing non-pharmacological measures for symptom relief and improved quality of life.
This document discusses emetics and antiemetics. It describes the process of emesis and the neurotransmitters involved like serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, and histamine. It discusses the vomiting center in the brainstem and various emetic and antiemetic drugs. Emetic drugs discussed include apomorphine, ipecacuanha, and mustard. Antiemetic drug classes covered are anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and NK1 receptor antagonists. Individual drugs like ondansetron, metoclopramide, domperidone, and aprepitant are described in detail
This document provides information on various cardio-diabetic drugs produced by ASIAN Pharmaceuticals including Presin, LRTN, LRTN-H, R-Stat, Lipostat, Asclot, Oretic, Linaglip and Diaglim. It also includes sections on the structure and function of the heart, types of blood vessels, common heart conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease and heart attacks. Pathophysiology of hypertension and management approaches like lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies using drugs like amlodipine, losartan, and hydrochlorothiazide are summarized.
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel or heart chamber that blocks normal blood flow. There are two main types - venous thrombosis in veins and arterial thrombosis in arteries. Thrombosis can be caused by injury, immobility, inherited disorders, cancer, and certain medications. Risk factors include older age, smoking, obesity, and family history. Symptoms depend on the location of the clot but may include pain, swelling, chest pain, or numbness. Treatment involves blood thinners and procedures to open blocked vessels to prevent complications like stroke and heart attack.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system, with a focus on the stomach. It describes the structures and functions of the stomach, including details on gastric juice production and acid secretion. The mechanisms of acid regulation and some common acid peptic disorders are summarized. Information is also provided on the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole and prokinetic drug domperidone, including their indications and rationale for combined use in treating upper gastrointestinal disorders.
HYPERURICAEMIA + all related brand training material.pptxPabitra Thapa
Uric acid is produced when the body breaks down purines. Febuxostat is a new drug for treating hyperuricemia and gout that works by selectively inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase, unlike allopurinol which non-selectively inhibits several enzymes. Febuxostat has been shown to effectively lower uric acid levels at recommended doses without needing dose adjustments for mild to moderate kidney or liver dysfunction, as opposed to allopurinol which requires dosage adjustments for renal impairment. Management of gout focuses on long-term urate-lowering therapy to maintain uric acid levels below target thresholds to prevent further crystal formation and promote crystal dissolution.
1. Pharmacoeconomics evaluates the costs and outcomes of drug therapy and helps healthcare decision-makers determine which services and drugs provide the best value.
2. There are several types of pharmacoeconomic analyses including cost-minimization analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis.
3. These analyses help compare the relative costs and benefits or cost-effectiveness of different treatment options to inform decisions about allocating limited healthcare resources.
Lipids are hydrophobic substances made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are obtained through diet or synthesized in the body. Lipids are digested in the mouth, stomach and intestines with the help of enzymes. They are emulsified and absorbed in the small intestine before being transported around the body within lipoproteins such as chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. High LDL and triglycerides increase the risk of conditions like atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke by promoting plaque buildup in arteries. Fenofibrate is a drug that can help lower triglycerides and LDL cholesterol and raise HDL levels to reduce cardiovascular risks.
This document discusses various marketing concepts for pharmaceutical care services. It defines marketing and discusses key aspects like identifying customer needs and wants, market segmentation, targeting specific customer groups, developing product offerings to meet customer needs, and positioning brands. It also covers analyzing the marketing environment using tools like SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, and Porter's five forces model. The goal of marketing planning is to develop strategies and action plans to achieve organizational objectives through creating and delivering customer value.
The document discusses Ondansetron tablets and syrup, which contain the active ingredient Ondansetron used to treat nausea and vomiting. It provides details on the physiology and mechanisms of vomiting, including the role of serotonin and dopamine receptors. It describes the indications, pharmacokinetics, safety profile and dosing of Ondansetron as an antiemetic for conditions like chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and hyperemesis gravidarum.
Allergies are an abnormal response of the immune system to usually harmless substances called allergens. During an allergic reaction, the body produces antibodies that attach to immune cells and cause the release of chemicals like histamine, resulting in symptoms. Common symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and hives. Severe allergic reactions called anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. Zellar contains the active ingredient fexofenadine hydrochloride, which is a non-sedating antihistamine used to treat symptoms of allergic rhinitis and skin conditions like hives.
Allergies are an abnormal response of the immune system to usually harmless substances called allergens. During an allergic reaction, the body produces antibodies that attach to immune cells called mast cells. When the allergen is encountered again, it causes the mast cells to release chemicals like histamine that produce symptoms. Common symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and skin rashes. Severe allergic reactions called anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and require immediate medical care. Fexofenadine is an antihistamine used to treat symptoms of allergic rhinitis and skin conditions like hives. It works by blocking histamine receptors and is generally well-tolerated with
Carboxymethylcellulose is an eye lubricant used to provide temporary relief from dryness, burning, irritation, and discomfort. It works similarly to natural tears by maintaining proper lubrication of the eyes and protecting against further irritation. Potential side effects include irritation, redness, pain, and blurred vision. Refresh Tears Drops should be administered by placing 1-2 drops directly in the eye and closing it for 1-2 minutes while applying pressure to prevent draining.
This document discusses treatments for detrusor overactivity (OAB), including anticholinergic/antimuscarinic drugs and mirabegron. It provides statistics on the prevalence and projected increase of OAB worldwide. Anticholinergics work by blocking muscarinic receptors in the bladder to reduce contractions. Mirabegron is a beta-3 adrenergic agonist that works differently by activating beta-3 receptors to relax the detrusor muscle. The document reviews the mechanisms and side effect profiles of various anticholinergic drugs and mirabegron as alternatives or additions for treating OAB.
Overactive bladder is a condition characterized by urinary urgency and frequency. It affects approximately 17% of the US population. Symptoms include sudden urges to urinate that are difficult to control, waking multiple times at night to urinate, and leaking urine with urges. Antimuscarinic drugs are commonly used to treat overactive bladder by relaxing the bladder muscle. Mirabegron is a newer treatment that works through beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonism rather than antimuscarinic effects. It was approved in 2012 as the first oral treatment for overactive bladder that does not have antimuscarinic side effects like dry mouth.
King Jai Singh of Alwar State visited a Rolls Royce showroom in London in casual dress and was insulted by the salesmen who didn't recognize him as royalty. Later, he returned in royal attire and purchased all six cars in the showroom. Upon returning to India, he had the cars used to transport city waste, damaging Rolls Royce's reputation worldwide. Rolls Royce's sales declined rapidly until they apologized and offered the king six free cars to stop using theirs for waste transport.
The document discusses the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan. It provides a history of ARB development starting in 1986. It describes how telmisartan is a highly selective AT1 receptor antagonist with a long half-life of 24 hours, ensuring blood pressure control throughout the day. The document highlights telmisartan's advantages over other ARBs, such as its lack of metabolism by CYP enzymes, avoiding drug interactions. It also notes telmisartan's partial agonist activity at PPARγ receptors, which may provide metabolic benefits for conditions like diabetes. The document concludes with sections on targeting key physician specialties and applying a marketing mix to promote telmisartan.
The nervous system contains specialized cells called neurons that coordinate animal actions and transmit signals between body parts. It performs three basic functions: receiving sensory input, integrating the input, and responding to stimuli. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by bone and tissue. The PNS connects the CNS to other body parts and contains nerves made of neuron bundles. Neurons transmit signals as electrochemical impulses via neurotransmitters released at synapses between neurons.
The respiratory system consists of organs and structures involved in gas exchange. Its main functions are to provide oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide. Key organs include the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in alveoli surrounded by capillaries. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are conditions where airflow from the lungs is obstructed, causing symptoms like breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing.
This document provides information about depression and mood disorders. It discusses the causes of depression including genetic, environmental, personality, and biological factors such as imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. It describes symptoms of major depressive disorder and outlines different forms of depression including major depression, minor depression, dysthymia, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder. The document also discusses treatment options for mood disorders and lists some antidepressant products manufactured by Asian Pharmaceuticals including tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
This document defines dosage forms and discusses various routes of drug administration. It provides details on:
1) The need for dosage forms such as accurate dosing, protection, taste masking, and controlled release.
2) Classification of dosage forms by route of administration (oral, topical, rectal, parenteral), physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and type.
3) Advantages and disadvantages of different routes including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, topical and others. Time of onset of effect for different routes is also compared.
Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological activity of one drug is altered by another substance like another drug, food, or chemical. There are several types of drug interactions including drug-drug, drug-food, chemical-drug, drug-laboratory test, and drug-disease. Drug interactions can increase or decrease a drug's effects, cause new side effects, or impact a test. The mechanisms of drug interactions are pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic in nature. Pharmacokinetic interactions alter how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, or excretes a drug. Pharmacodynamic interactions impact a drug's effects or side effects at its site of action. Factors like multiple drug therapy, diseases,
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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8. • Physiology of Emesis:
Vomiting Centre
Pharynx
Liver
Cerebral Cortex
CTZ
GUT
Vomiting
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
9. • Emesis is a reflex phenomenon. It is a
complex process involving several organ
systems. It is controlled by vomiting centre
(VC) in the brain. the centre receives
inputs from gastrointestinal tract, liver,
vestibular apparatus and the CTZ.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
10. • The CTZ responds to any chemical stimuli
(due to drugs or toxins) which in turn
activates VC. the main pathway from the
gut to the VC is via the vagus nerve.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
11. Role of serotonin in emesis
• Recent research has emphasized the importance of
serotonin (5- HT) receptors (specifically the 5-HT3
receptor ) in controlling emesis.
• Until recently dopamine (D3) receptors were considered
the most important.
• But it was found that the dopamine receptor antagonist
metoclopramide, when given in high doses, was also a
serotonin receptor antagonist.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
12. • Probably the blockade of this serotonin receptor is responsible
for its antiemetic effect. Simultaneoulsy 5-HT3 receptors were
identified in brain and gastrointestinal tract.
• 5-HT3 receptors are densely located in areas known to be
involved in the emetic reflex.
• There are 5- HT3 receptors on vagal afferent terminals which
innervate the gastrointestinal mucosa and on the same vagal
afferent nerves located in the brain stem
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
13. • mechanism of serotonin (5- HT) in chemotherapy induced vomiting
Chemotherapy and
Radiation therapy
Act on rapidly dividing
cells of the gut mucosa
Cell damage, cell death
Release of 5-HT
Activation of 5-HT3 receptors
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
Vomiting
Centre
Vomiting
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
14. central mechanism of serotonin in
chemotherapy induced vomiting?
• The direct action of cytotoxic drugs or the
peripheral activationof vagal afferents
causes 5-HT
• to be released from these neurons. This
then activates 5-HT3 receptors located
withn the vomiting centre.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
15. • The Vagus Nerve is a Cranial Nerve (Number X) that starts in the medulla
oblongata of the brainstem and travels downward to various organs of the
body.
• It has been called the "wandering nerve" because of the many areas that it
innervates. The Vagus Nerve has two major components, efferent fibers
and afferent fibers.
Efferent fibers are those that travel away from the origin of the nerve, the
central nervous system (CNS).
• Vagus Nerve efferents from the brainstem to organs like the lungs, heart,
and those of the gastrointestinal tract. These fibers send signals that assist
in the control of those and other organs. These efferent fibers make up
about 10% of the Vagus Nerve.
The afferent fibers carry sensory information from the organs back to the
brainstem which is part of the central nervous system (CNS).
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
18. • Post-operative nausea and emesis continue to
be frequent occurrence even when conventional
antiemetic therapies are used prophylactically.
• No single mechanism can be invoked to explain
post-operative nausea or emesis.
• The frequency of post-operative emesis is
influenced by factors such as the patient’s age
and sex, type of surgery, duration of the surgical
procedure, anesthetic technique and the
patient’s ambulatory status.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
19. • ANTIEMETIC DRUGS
• Antiemetic in common use are blockers of
one or more of neurotransmitters. The
main antiemetics used in the treatment of
radiotherapy and chemotherapy induced
emesis are given
• Metoclopramide , Haloperidol, Droperidol ,
Domperidone
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
20. • Metaclopramide
• Metaclopramide is a widely used anti- emetic.
• The anti- emetic action of metaclopramide involved is the
antagonism of dopamine receptors.
• Metoclopramide also possessed weak 5- HT3 receptor
antagonistic activity in high doses.
• It is this activity which is responsible for its antiemetic
effect in cancer chemotherapy.
• Faster gastric emptyingby increasing peristalsis.
• Increases lower Esophageal sphinter pressure thus
preventing eophageal reflux.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
21. • extrapyramidal effects of metaclopramide?
• Metaclopramide, the dopamine antagonist anti-
emetic agent (which is widely used in high doses
in preventing cancer chemotherapy induced
nausea and vomiting) causes extrapyramidal
reactions.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
22. EPS
• These are restlessness, involuntary
shaking of the limbs, totricollis (spasms of
neck), rolling movements of the eyeballs
agitation, foot tapping, inability to sit still,
tremors, unstable gait.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
24. • Receptor
• a molecule that recognizes specifically a second small
molecule whose binding brings about the regulation of a
cellular process…in the unbound state a receptor is
functionally silent
• protein molecule usually found embedded within the
plasma membrane surface of a cell that receives chemical
signals from outside the cell
• Agonist
Drug or any substance that produce stimulation of
receptor
• Antagonist
That block the stimulation of agonist
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
25. What are 5- HT3 receptor antagonists?
• What are 5- HT3 receptor antagonists?
• It is clear that 5-HT (serotonin) is the principal
neurotransmitter of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
induced emesis and it exerts its reaction by acting on the
5- HT3 receptor subtype.
• Therefore, there are a number of 5- HT3 receptor
antagonists which have been developed. These
compounds are Ondansetron, Tropisetron, Granisetron,
Pancopride and Zacopride.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
26. 5- HT3 Antagonist
• These brings about their acting by
inhibiting the 5- HT3 receptors.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
27. • Indications:
• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.
• Inpost operative nausea and vomiting
– as prophylaxis
– -rescue therapy.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
28. • Hyperemesis gravidarum
• Nausea and vomiting are common in pregnancy, occurring in
70-85% of all gravid women.
• Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe and intractable form of
nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
• It may result in weight loss; nutritional deficiencies; and
abnormalities in fluids, electrolyte levels, and acid-base
balance.
• The peak incidence is at 8-12 weeks of pregnancy, and
symptoms usually resolve by week 20 in all but 10% of
patients. Uncomplicated nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is
generally associated with a lower rate of miscarriage, but
hyperemesis gravidarum may affect the health and well-being
of both the pregnant woman and the fetus.)
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
29. • Pharmacokinetics: Oral bioavailability of Ondansetron
is 60-70% due to first pass metabolism. It is hydroxylated
by CYP1A2, CYP2S6 and CYP1A3 but no clinically
significant drug interactions have been noted. It is
eliminated in the urine and faeces, mostly as
metabolites; t1/2 being 3-5 hours and duration of action
4-12 hours.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
30. • Drug Interactions:
• Ondansetron can be safely
coadministered with cytotoxic drugs,
corticosteroids, anaesthetics and
antibiotics.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
31. • Safety profile:
• ONDA is safe and well tolerated. Main
side effects are headache, flushing or
warmth in the head or epigastrium.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
32. • Dose:
• PostOperative: Adult: 16 mg taken 1 hr
before anaesthesia followed by doses of 8
mg at 8 hr interval.
• Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy: Days
2-5: 8 mg orally twice daily for upto 5 days.
• Emetogenic Chemo/Radiotherapy: Days
2-5: 8 mg orally twice daily for upto 5 days
• Children: 4 mg orally twice daily
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
33. • chemotherapy induced nausea and
vomiting
• Nausea and vomiting usually begin within the
first 4 hours after administration of
chemotherapeutic agents, peaking at 4-10
hours and generally subsiding by 12-24
hours(acute emesis) .
• However, emesis starting from 24 hours and
lasting for 2-5 days may occur with high dose
cisplastin and cyclophosphamide. (delayed
emesis)
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
35. • Pregnancy:
• Category B
• Reproduction studies have been
performed in rats and mice.
• It was not found to be mutagenic .
• No evidence of impaired fertility or harm to
the fetus.
• There are, however, no adequate and well
controlled studies in pregnant women.
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
36. • Dose
• 8 kg to 15 kg: 2 mg
• 15 kg to 30 kg: 4 mg
• Greater than 30 kg: 6 mg to 8 mg
• Adult: 4-16 mg twice a day
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
37. PREGNANCY SAFETY INDEX.
Category A:
Controlled studies in
women fail to
demonstrate a risk to
the foetus ; and the
possibility of foetal
harm remains remote.
Eg: Folic
acid,Electrolyte, Vit. B
complex, C,D,E
Category B: Either
animal reproduction
studies have not
demonstrated a foetal
risk but there are no
controlled studies in
pregnant women.
Calcium,
Cephalosporins
Pantoprazole,Paraceta
mol
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
Manager-MPD)
38. Category C
Either studies in animals have revealed
adverse effect in the foetus but there are no
controlled studies in women.
Omeprazole, Salbutamol
Category D
There is positive evidence of
human foetal risk, but the
benefits from use in pregnant
women may be acceptable
despite the risk.
Tetracycline, Lorazepam
Category X
Demonstrated fetal abnormalities
in human and animals.
Contraindicated in women who
are or may become pregnant.
Norgestrel, Warfarin, Nimesulide,
Northisterone, Thalidomide
Pabitra Thapa (Sr. Product
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