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he Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)[1] is an IP routing protocol optimized for mobile ad hoc networks, which can also be used on other wireless ad hoc networks. OLSR is a proactive link-state routing protocol, which uses hello and topology control (TC) messages to discover and then disseminate link state information throughout the mobile ad hoc network. Individual nodes use this topology information to compute next hop destinations for all nodes in the network using shortest hop forwarding paths.
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OLSR | Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is an IP routing protocol optimized for mobile ad hoc networks, which can also be used on other wireless ad hoc networks. OLSR uses hello and topology control (TC) messages to discover and then disseminate link state information throughout the mobile ad hoc network.
Contents which are covered here:
Classification of Ad-Hoc Routing Protocol
Link State Routing
Problems of Link State Routing
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
1 Hop and 2 Hop Neighbors
Hello Packet
MPR Selection
Topology Table
MPR Information Declaration
*** Animated figure/diagram might not be visible in PDF view. Please consider it. ***
OLSR Model, OLSR Protocol, Optimized Link-State Routing Protocol
Comparison between aodv and olsr protocol
The document compares the AODV and OLSR routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. AODV is a reactive protocol that establishes routes on demand, while OLSR is a proactive protocol that maintains routes to all nodes. OLSR generally has lower latency than AODV but higher overhead. Both protocols elect multipoint relays to reduce flooding. AODV uses less bandwidth but requires route discovery, while OLSR maintains all routes continuously.
Zone Routing Protocol
ZRP divides routing into intrazone and interzone routing. Intrazone routing uses a proactive approach to route packets within a node's routing zone. Interzone routing uses a reactive approach where the source node sends route requests to peripheral nodes when the destination is outside its zone. The optimal zone radius depends on factors like mobility and query rates, with smaller radii preferred for higher mobility. ZRP aims to reduce routing overhead through techniques like restricting floods and maintaining multiple routes.
Open shortest path first (ospf)
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
This document summarizes several reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Reactive protocols create routes only when needed by a source. Dynamic Source Routing uses route requests and replies to find paths, while Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm builds and maintains a directed acyclic graph rooted at destinations. Some protocols aim to improve quality of service or support real-time data streams through techniques like bandwidth estimation and mobility prediction. Source Routing with Local Recovery reduces overhead by allowing intermediate nodes to perform local error recovery using route caches when possible.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching
- MPLS stands for Multi-Protocol Label Switching and was originally introduced to improve router forwarding speeds and meet bandwidth management requirements in IP networks.
- MPLS uses labels to forward packets based on their destination rather than long IP addresses. Label Edge Routers assign labels and interface with external networks, while Label Switch Routers in the core switch packets based on their labels.
- MPLS establishes Label Switched Paths between ingress and egress routers to efficiently route packets through the network based on forwarding tables that map incoming to outgoing labels. This allows traffic engineering and quality of service control.
AODV (adhoc ondemand distance vector routing)
This document discusses reactive routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), focusing on the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. It describes how AODV works by broadcasting Route Request packets when a route is needed, and nodes responding with Route Reply packets if they have a valid route. Intermediate nodes store the address of previous nodes to forward packets. The document outlines the key components of Route Request and Route Reply packets, and notes advantages of AODV such as on-demand route establishment and use of destination sequence numbers, with drawbacks including control overhead and bandwidth consumption from periodic beaconing.
RPL - Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks
RPL is a distance vector routing protocol designed for low power and lossy networks. It forms a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) topology with the root node at the top. Nodes in the RPL network are assigned a rank based on their position relative to the DODAG root, with downward routes following increasing ranks and upward routes following decreasing ranks. RPL uses DIO, DIS, DAO, DAO-ACK and CC control messages to construct and maintain the DODAG topology as well as advertise routes and ensure consistency.
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OLSR | Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is an IP routing protocol optimized for mobile ad hoc networks, which can also be used on other wireless ad hoc networks. OLSR uses hello and topology control (TC) messages to discover and then disseminate link state information throughout the mobile ad hoc network.
Contents which are covered here:
Classification of Ad-Hoc Routing Protocol
Link State Routing
Problems of Link State Routing
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
1 Hop and 2 Hop Neighbors
Hello Packet
MPR Selection
Topology Table
MPR Information Declaration
*** Animated figure/diagram might not be visible in PDF view. Please consider it. ***
OLSR Model, OLSR Protocol, Optimized Link-State Routing Protocol
Comparison between aodv and olsr protocol
The document compares the AODV and OLSR routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. AODV is a reactive protocol that establishes routes on demand, while OLSR is a proactive protocol that maintains routes to all nodes. OLSR generally has lower latency than AODV but higher overhead. Both protocols elect multipoint relays to reduce flooding. AODV uses less bandwidth but requires route discovery, while OLSR maintains all routes continuously.
Zone Routing Protocol
ZRP divides routing into intrazone and interzone routing. Intrazone routing uses a proactive approach to route packets within a node's routing zone. Interzone routing uses a reactive approach where the source node sends route requests to peripheral nodes when the destination is outside its zone. The optimal zone radius depends on factors like mobility and query rates, with smaller radii preferred for higher mobility. ZRP aims to reduce routing overhead through techniques like restricting floods and maintaining multiple routes.
Open shortest path first (ospf)
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
This document summarizes several reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Reactive protocols create routes only when needed by a source. Dynamic Source Routing uses route requests and replies to find paths, while Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm builds and maintains a directed acyclic graph rooted at destinations. Some protocols aim to improve quality of service or support real-time data streams through techniques like bandwidth estimation and mobility prediction. Source Routing with Local Recovery reduces overhead by allowing intermediate nodes to perform local error recovery using route caches when possible.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching
- MPLS stands for Multi-Protocol Label Switching and was originally introduced to improve router forwarding speeds and meet bandwidth management requirements in IP networks.
- MPLS uses labels to forward packets based on their destination rather than long IP addresses. Label Edge Routers assign labels and interface with external networks, while Label Switch Routers in the core switch packets based on their labels.
- MPLS establishes Label Switched Paths between ingress and egress routers to efficiently route packets through the network based on forwarding tables that map incoming to outgoing labels. This allows traffic engineering and quality of service control.
AODV (adhoc ondemand distance vector routing)
This document discusses reactive routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), focusing on the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. It describes how AODV works by broadcasting Route Request packets when a route is needed, and nodes responding with Route Reply packets if they have a valid route. Intermediate nodes store the address of previous nodes to forward packets. The document outlines the key components of Route Request and Route Reply packets, and notes advantages of AODV such as on-demand route establishment and use of destination sequence numbers, with drawbacks including control overhead and bandwidth consumption from periodic beaconing.
RPL - Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks
RPL is a distance vector routing protocol designed for low power and lossy networks. It forms a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) topology with the root node at the top. Nodes in the RPL network are assigned a rank based on their position relative to the DODAG root, with downward routes following increasing ranks and upward routes following decreasing ranks. RPL uses DIO, DIS, DAO, DAO-ACK and CC control messages to construct and maintain the DODAG topology as well as advertise routes and ensure consistency.
Routing Presentation
routing table ,What is routing ? , what is static routing , what is dynamic routing , types of routing , routing protocols , routing strategy , Download Routing pdf , Download routing ppt , download routing notes , paper on routing
To Download Complete Documentation Visit My Blog
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/2015/06/what-is-routerwhat-is-routing.html
Download completer BS Computer Science Degree Study Data
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/p/bs.html
AODV routing protocol
The document discusses several routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks:
- DSR allows nodes to cache and share routing information for more efficient routing but has larger packet headers due to source routing. AODV uses only next hop information, keeping routing tables smaller.
- Both protocols use route discovery and maintenance, but AODV proactively refreshes routes while DSR reacts to failures. AODV also uses sequence numbers to prevent loops and choose fresher routes.
- Overall, DSR is better for networks where routes change infrequently while AODV scales better and maintains only active routes, at the cost of higher routing overhead during route discovery. Security remains a challenge for both protocols.
Transport control protocols for Wireless sensor networks
The document discusses traditional transport control protocols and their feasibility for use in wireless sensor networks. It describes how TCP and UDP are generally not suitable for WSNs due to their overhead and lack of features like congestion control that are needed in low power lossy networks. The document then outlines key considerations for designing new transport protocols for WSNs, including performing congestion control and reliable delivery, simplifying connection establishment, avoiding packet loss to reduce energy waste, and providing fairness across nodes. Transport protocols for WSNs need hop-by-hop approaches and mechanisms to reduce buffer usage and packet loss while conserving energy.
IP Multicasting
IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is often employed for streaming media applications on the Internet and private networks.(wikipedia)
Vehicular ad hoc network - VANET
This PowerPoint covers VANET in general and illustrates its Components, standards, applications,Types of communications
Fleet Management Systems, Routing protocols, Challenges, and the deployment of VANET in Real Scenarios
AODV protocol
1) The document describes the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. AODV is a reactive protocol that discovers routes on-demand using a route discovery process.
2) When a node needs to send a packet to an unknown destination, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) to its neighbors. Neighbors set up reverse paths and rebroadcast the RREQ until it reaches the destination node.
3) The destination or intermediate nodes with a route can send a unicast route reply (RREP) back to the source node using the reverse path. This sets up a forward path from source to destination for data packets.
Unit 33-routing protocols for wsn
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols. It covers several key topics:
1) It describes single-hop and multihop data transmission in wireless sensor networks and the advantages of multihop in increasing network lifetime and reducing interference.
2) It discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks due to constraints like energy, bandwidth and changing environments. It also covers routing strategies like proactive, reactive and hybrid routing.
3) It provides details on common routing protocols for wireless sensor networks like flooding, gossiping, SPIN and LEACH, outlining their key mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages. LEACH uses clustering to improve energy efficiency.
UMTS Protocols
UMTS Network Architecture
OSI Communication model
UMTS Protocol stack
Circuit switched-control plane/user plane
Packet switched-control plane/user plane
Generic protocol model for UTRAN interfaces
Iu-CS interface protocol structure
Iu-PS interface protocol structure
Iurinterface protocol structure
Iubinterface protocol structure
MANET VS VANET
The document summarizes key concepts in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses routing protocols for MANETs such as DSDV, CGSR, AODV and DSR. It then covers challenges and security requirements for VANETs, including message authentication, non-repudiation, and privacy. The system model involves vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and authorities communicating through frequent broadcast messages with time sensitivity.
Cluster based routing protocol
The document summarizes the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) for mobile ad hoc networks. CBRP divides the network into clusters with cluster heads that maintain routing information and perform routing functions. Key aspects of CBRP include periodic hello messages to track neighbors, identifier-based clustering, on-demand route discovery using cluster heads, source routing with loose and strict routes, local route repair instead of re-routing, and advantages like lower overhead and higher delivery rates compared to other protocols. CBRP is well-suited for situations requiring mobile network connectivity like disaster recovery or military operations.
Location Aided Routing (LAR)
LAR utilizes location information to improve routing efficiency by reducing control overhead. It uses GPS to obtain geographical information. There are two zones in LAR - the ExpectedZone where the destination is expected to be, and the RequestZone which is the area where routing packets can propagate. PAR aims to minimize energy consumption per packet by calculating the sum of energy required at each hop. It also aims for maximum network connectivity and uniform distribution of power consumption across all nodes.
Comparison of different MANET routing protocols in wireless ADHOC
In this project, AODV and Flooding routing protocols using different parameter metrics have been simulated and analyzed
Simulation results show that performance parameters of the routing protocols may vary depending on network load, mobility and network size.
Under G-Sense Model, AODV experience the highest Packet Delivery Fraction and Throughput with the increase of nodes stop time, and mobile nodes number.
AODV and Simple Flooding performance is due to their on demand characteristics to determine the freshness of the route. And it is proved also that AODV has a slightly higher Average end-to-end Delay than Simple Flooding.
Routing Protocols
The document discusses different routing methods used in computer networks, including:
- Network-specific routing which treats all hosts on the same network as a single entity in the routing table.
- Host-specific routing which explicitly defines routes to individual host addresses in the routing table.
- Default routing which uses a single default route for all unknown destinations.
It also covers routing protocols like RIP and OSPF, explaining how they establish and maintain routing tables dynamically as the network changes. Distance vector protocols like RIP propagate full routing tables between routers, while link-state protocols like OSPF flood link state information to build independent views of the network topology.
Routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks
The document discusses routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It outlines several key challenges for these protocols, including mobility, bandwidth constraints, error-prone shared wireless channels, and hidden/exposed terminal problems. It also categorizes routing protocols based on how routing information is updated (proactively, reactively, or through a hybrid approach), whether they use past or future temporal network information, the type of network topology supported (flat or hierarchical), and how they account for specific resources like power.
WSN network architecture -Sensor Network Scenarios & Transceiver Design Consi...
How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
EIGRP Overview
EIGRP is an advanced distance vector routing protocol that is an evolution of IGRP. It supports features like classless routing, VLSM, route summarization, load balancing and more. For routers to exchange routing information, they must first become neighbors by discovering each other using multicast hello packets and ensuring certain fields match, like the AS number. EIGRP stores routing data in neighbor, topology, and routing tables and uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to calculate the best routes.
Data-Centric Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A survey
This document summarizes several data-centric routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining the challenges of routing in WSNs, including energy consumption, scalability, addressing, robustness, topology, and application-specific needs. It then describes several data-centric routing protocols, including flooding, directed flooding, constrained flooding, gossiping, fuzzy gossiping, location-based gossiping, and others. It notes advantages and disadvantages of these protocols for efficiently routing data in wireless sensor networks while minimizing energy consumption.
Introduction of VANET
This document provides an overview of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It discusses the key components of VANETs including on-board units, roadside units, and a trusted authority. It describes the different types of communication in VANETs and lists some of the main applications like safety and convenience applications. The document also outlines some of the security requirements for VANETs, challenges in deploying them at scale, and techniques for establishing trust between vehicles.
Black hole attack
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
Leach & Pegasis
The document describes two wireless sensor network routing protocols: LEACH and PEGASIS. LEACH uses local processing to reduce global communication and randomly rotates cluster heads to distribute energy load. PEGASIS forms chains between nodes so that each node only communicates with a close neighbor, extending network lifetime compared to LEACH by up to 3 times. Both protocols aim to improve energy efficiency through data aggregation and minimizing transmission distances in wireless sensor networks.
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Routing Presentation
routing table ,What is routing ? , what is static routing , what is dynamic routing , types of routing , routing protocols , routing strategy , Download Routing pdf , Download routing ppt , download routing notes , paper on routing
To Download Complete Documentation Visit My Blog
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/2015/06/what-is-routerwhat-is-routing.html
Download completer BS Computer Science Degree Study Data
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/p/bs.html
AODV routing protocol
The document discusses several routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks:
- DSR allows nodes to cache and share routing information for more efficient routing but has larger packet headers due to source routing. AODV uses only next hop information, keeping routing tables smaller.
- Both protocols use route discovery and maintenance, but AODV proactively refreshes routes while DSR reacts to failures. AODV also uses sequence numbers to prevent loops and choose fresher routes.
- Overall, DSR is better for networks where routes change infrequently while AODV scales better and maintains only active routes, at the cost of higher routing overhead during route discovery. Security remains a challenge for both protocols.
Transport control protocols for Wireless sensor networks
The document discusses traditional transport control protocols and their feasibility for use in wireless sensor networks. It describes how TCP and UDP are generally not suitable for WSNs due to their overhead and lack of features like congestion control that are needed in low power lossy networks. The document then outlines key considerations for designing new transport protocols for WSNs, including performing congestion control and reliable delivery, simplifying connection establishment, avoiding packet loss to reduce energy waste, and providing fairness across nodes. Transport protocols for WSNs need hop-by-hop approaches and mechanisms to reduce buffer usage and packet loss while conserving energy.
IP Multicasting
IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is often employed for streaming media applications on the Internet and private networks.(wikipedia)
Vehicular ad hoc network - VANET
This PowerPoint covers VANET in general and illustrates its Components, standards, applications,Types of communications
Fleet Management Systems, Routing protocols, Challenges, and the deployment of VANET in Real Scenarios
AODV protocol
1) The document describes the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. AODV is a reactive protocol that discovers routes on-demand using a route discovery process.
2) When a node needs to send a packet to an unknown destination, it broadcasts a route request (RREQ) to its neighbors. Neighbors set up reverse paths and rebroadcast the RREQ until it reaches the destination node.
3) The destination or intermediate nodes with a route can send a unicast route reply (RREP) back to the source node using the reverse path. This sets up a forward path from source to destination for data packets.
Unit 33-routing protocols for wsn
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols. It covers several key topics:
1) It describes single-hop and multihop data transmission in wireless sensor networks and the advantages of multihop in increasing network lifetime and reducing interference.
2) It discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks due to constraints like energy, bandwidth and changing environments. It also covers routing strategies like proactive, reactive and hybrid routing.
3) It provides details on common routing protocols for wireless sensor networks like flooding, gossiping, SPIN and LEACH, outlining their key mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages. LEACH uses clustering to improve energy efficiency.
UMTS Protocols
UMTS Network Architecture
OSI Communication model
UMTS Protocol stack
Circuit switched-control plane/user plane
Packet switched-control plane/user plane
Generic protocol model for UTRAN interfaces
Iu-CS interface protocol structure
Iu-PS interface protocol structure
Iurinterface protocol structure
Iubinterface protocol structure
MANET VS VANET
The document summarizes key concepts in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses routing protocols for MANETs such as DSDV, CGSR, AODV and DSR. It then covers challenges and security requirements for VANETs, including message authentication, non-repudiation, and privacy. The system model involves vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and authorities communicating through frequent broadcast messages with time sensitivity.
Cluster based routing protocol
The document summarizes the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) for mobile ad hoc networks. CBRP divides the network into clusters with cluster heads that maintain routing information and perform routing functions. Key aspects of CBRP include periodic hello messages to track neighbors, identifier-based clustering, on-demand route discovery using cluster heads, source routing with loose and strict routes, local route repair instead of re-routing, and advantages like lower overhead and higher delivery rates compared to other protocols. CBRP is well-suited for situations requiring mobile network connectivity like disaster recovery or military operations.
Location Aided Routing (LAR)
LAR utilizes location information to improve routing efficiency by reducing control overhead. It uses GPS to obtain geographical information. There are two zones in LAR - the ExpectedZone where the destination is expected to be, and the RequestZone which is the area where routing packets can propagate. PAR aims to minimize energy consumption per packet by calculating the sum of energy required at each hop. It also aims for maximum network connectivity and uniform distribution of power consumption across all nodes.
Comparison of different MANET routing protocols in wireless ADHOC
In this project, AODV and Flooding routing protocols using different parameter metrics have been simulated and analyzed
Simulation results show that performance parameters of the routing protocols may vary depending on network load, mobility and network size.
Under G-Sense Model, AODV experience the highest Packet Delivery Fraction and Throughput with the increase of nodes stop time, and mobile nodes number.
AODV and Simple Flooding performance is due to their on demand characteristics to determine the freshness of the route. And it is proved also that AODV has a slightly higher Average end-to-end Delay than Simple Flooding.
Routing Protocols
The document discusses different routing methods used in computer networks, including:
- Network-specific routing which treats all hosts on the same network as a single entity in the routing table.
- Host-specific routing which explicitly defines routes to individual host addresses in the routing table.
- Default routing which uses a single default route for all unknown destinations.
It also covers routing protocols like RIP and OSPF, explaining how they establish and maintain routing tables dynamically as the network changes. Distance vector protocols like RIP propagate full routing tables between routers, while link-state protocols like OSPF flood link state information to build independent views of the network topology.
Routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks
The document discusses routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It outlines several key challenges for these protocols, including mobility, bandwidth constraints, error-prone shared wireless channels, and hidden/exposed terminal problems. It also categorizes routing protocols based on how routing information is updated (proactively, reactively, or through a hybrid approach), whether they use past or future temporal network information, the type of network topology supported (flat or hierarchical), and how they account for specific resources like power.
WSN network architecture -Sensor Network Scenarios & Transceiver Design Consi...
How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
EIGRP Overview
EIGRP is an advanced distance vector routing protocol that is an evolution of IGRP. It supports features like classless routing, VLSM, route summarization, load balancing and more. For routers to exchange routing information, they must first become neighbors by discovering each other using multicast hello packets and ensuring certain fields match, like the AS number. EIGRP stores routing data in neighbor, topology, and routing tables and uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to calculate the best routes.
Data-Centric Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network: A survey
This document summarizes several data-centric routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining the challenges of routing in WSNs, including energy consumption, scalability, addressing, robustness, topology, and application-specific needs. It then describes several data-centric routing protocols, including flooding, directed flooding, constrained flooding, gossiping, fuzzy gossiping, location-based gossiping, and others. It notes advantages and disadvantages of these protocols for efficiently routing data in wireless sensor networks while minimizing energy consumption.
Introduction of VANET
This document provides an overview of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It discusses the key components of VANETs including on-board units, roadside units, and a trusted authority. It describes the different types of communication in VANETs and lists some of the main applications like safety and convenience applications. The document also outlines some of the security requirements for VANETs, challenges in deploying them at scale, and techniques for establishing trust between vehicles.
Black hole attack
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
Leach & Pegasis
The document describes two wireless sensor network routing protocols: LEACH and PEGASIS. LEACH uses local processing to reduce global communication and randomly rotates cluster heads to distribute energy load. PEGASIS forms chains between nodes so that each node only communicates with a close neighbor, extending network lifetime compared to LEACH by up to 3 times. Both protocols aim to improve energy efficiency through data aggregation and minimizing transmission distances in wireless sensor networks.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Olsr protocol ppt
- 1. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
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- 30. THANK YOU