Oil field equipment

1. OIL FIELD EQUIPMENT
PART 2

2. PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
‫االنتاج‬ ‫معدات‬
1. Artificial lift production equipment:
The pressure in the reservoir is usually high enough to push fluids into the well bore
but not high enough to lift them to the surface.
‫تنخف‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫الى‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫من‬ ‫تمكنه‬ ‫لدرجة‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫النفطي‬ ‫الخزان‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫العادة‬ ‫في‬
‫قيمة‬ ‫ض‬
‫لالنتاج‬ ‫صناعية‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫يتطلب‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االمر‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادر‬ ‫غير‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫الضغط‬
.

4. WATER INJECTION AND DISPOSAL
‫المياه‬ ‫وتصريف‬ ‫ضخ‬
• Water is almost always associated with petroleum production. Great care is exercised
to minimize the amount of water production.
•
‫م‬ ‫التخلص‬ ‫اجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫بهذه‬ ‫االهتمام‬ ‫اخذ‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫اتناء‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫دائما‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫تعتبر‬
‫بالطريقة‬ ‫نها‬
‫المناسبة‬
.

5. ARTIFICIAL LIFT METHODS
‫الصناعي‬ ‫الرفع‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫أنواع‬
1. Gas lift.
2. Sucker rod pumping.
3. Submersible electric pumping.
4. Subsurface hydraulic pumping.

6. GAS LIFT.
• Gas lift is a method of producing oil in which gas under pressure is injected into the
fluid column at same point below the static fluid level to lift the well fluids.
‫السطح‬ ‫الى‬ ‫وضخها‬ ‫المنتجة‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫عمود‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫بتخفيف‬ ‫بدوره‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ضخ‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬
.
• Advantages :‫المميزات‬
• High producing rate.‫عالي‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫معدل‬
• High productivity.‫عالية‬ ‫انتاجية‬
• Gas in solution.‫مذاب‬ ‫غاز‬
• Relatively high producing bottom hole pressure. ‫عالي‬ ‫انتاجي‬ ‫ضغط‬

7. SUCKER ROD PUMPING
• the artificial lift method employed in 70-80% of all oil wells which are producing by
artificial lift means. As the name implies.
‫بنسبة‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫الرفع‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫معظم‬
70
–
80
%
‫المضخات‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫على‬
• Advantages :‫المميزات‬
• Low to medium producing rates. ‫متوسط‬ ‫الى‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫من‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫معدل‬
• Low productivity.‫منخفضة‬ ‫انتاجية‬
• Low producing bottom hole pressure.‫منخفض‬ ‫انتاجي‬ ‫ضغط‬
• Low solution gas ratios.‫منخفضة‬ ‫مذاب‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫نسبة‬

8. SUBMERSIBLE ELECTRIC PUMPING
‫الكهربائية‬ ‫الغاطسة‬ ‫المضخة‬
• Is a system of artificial lift which employs a down-hole electric motor to drive a
centrifugal pump.
‫السطح‬ ‫الى‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫غاطسة‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫للرفع‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬
.
• Advantages :‫المميزات‬
• High production rates.‫عالي‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫معدل‬
• High productivity.‫عالية‬ ‫انتاجة‬
• Low producing bottom-hole pressures. ‫عالي‬ ‫انتاجي‬ ‫ضغط‬
• Low solution gas ratios.‫منخفضة‬ ‫مذاب‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫نسبة‬

9. SUBSURFACE HYDRAULIC PUMPING
‫الهيدروليكية‬ ‫المضخة‬
• Is an artificial lift system, which employs a bottom-hole production unit consisting
of two principle parts, a hydraulic engine, and a pump directly, connected to the
engine-drive pump.
•
‫لتشغيلها‬ ‫محرك‬ ‫مع‬ ‫متصلة‬ ‫البئر‬ ‫اسفل‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫الصناعي‬ ‫للرفع‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬
.
Advantages ‫المميزات‬
• Low to medium producing rates.‫متوسط‬ ‫الى‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫من‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫معدل‬
• Low productivity.‫منخفضة‬ ‫انتاجية‬
• Low producing bottom-hole pressures.‫منخفض‬ ‫انتاجي‬ ‫ضغط‬
• Low solution gas ratios.‫منخفضة‬ ‫مذاب‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫نسبة‬

11. FLOW CONTROL EQUIPMENT
‫التدفق‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫معدات‬
•
Equipment for surface control of the flow of fluids from producing wells includes.
‫يلي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫الفاصل‬ ‫الى‬ ‫البئر‬ ‫راس‬ ‫من‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫بتدفق‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستعملة‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫اهم‬ ‫من‬
:
1-chokes ‫الخانق‬
• 2-saftey valves that close either by high or low flow line pressure or by remote
signal. ‫بعد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫او‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫او‬ ‫العالي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫اما‬ ‫اغالقها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االمان‬ ‫صمامات‬
.
3-pressure regulators ‫الضغط‬ ‫منظمات‬

12. 1-CHOKES
A chokes is a device which is installed in a flow stream to control the flow rates of
produced well fluids. Some of the reasons for controlling producing rate are:-
‫التالية‬ ‫لالسباب‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫وظيفتها‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫تثبت‬ ‫معدة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
:
1-Governmment – regulated production ‫االنتاج‬ ‫تنظيم‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
.
2- Prevention of possible formation damage such as water coning ‫اصابة‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتقليل‬
‫المياه‬ ‫صعود‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫بالضرر‬ ‫التكوين‬
3-Ruduction of flowing pressure to permit the use of lower working pressure lines
and equipment.
‫منخفض‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫على‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االمر‬ ‫التشغليل‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتقليل‬
Type of Chokes ‫الخانق‬ ‫انواع‬
1-Positive or fixed ‫الثابث‬ ‫النوع‬
.
-
2 Adjustable ‫للتعديل‬ ‫القابل‬ ‫النوع‬
.

13. CHOKE
‫الخانق‬
The major parts of a chokes are ‫للخانق‬ ‫الرئسية‬ ‫االجزاء‬
:
1-Body
2-Removable flow bean
3-Plug or cap
4-Stem of adjustable chocks
5-Bonnet for servicing internal parts of adjustable chocks
1-Positive or fixed
Advantage of Positive chokes ‫الثابت‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫مميزات‬
1-Fairly constant flow rates
‫ثابت‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدل‬
2-(both technically and amount) labour supply
3- Corrosive effects of the produced fluids are minimal
4- Various sizes of flow beans‫من‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫احجام‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫يمكن‬
Disadvantage of Positive chokes ‫العيوب‬
1-Inability to adjust flow rates without removing the chock from service. ‫بالكامل‬ ‫الخانق‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫يجب‬
‫جديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫تعديله‬ ‫اجل‬ ‫من‬
2-frequent flow bean changes to maintain the desired flow rates. ‫مرات‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫التعديالت‬ ‫اجراء‬ ‫يجب‬
‫المطلوب‬ ‫والمعدل‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫على‬ ‫للحصول‬

14. 2-Adjustable chokes ‫للتعديل‬ ‫القابل‬ ‫الخانق‬
It is actually needle valve with graduated stem markings indicating the equivalent
diameter of the valve opening. and it used for well flow regulation in areas of sand
production, used during initial test and initial production of the well.
‫تنتج‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫في‬ ‫الموجودة‬ ‫لالبار‬ ‫ويستعمل‬ ‫الصمام‬ ‫قطر‬ ‫يكافي‬ ‫تدريج‬ ‫ويحتوي‬ ‫االبرة‬ ‫هيئة‬ ‫على‬ ‫صمام‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
‫للبئر‬ ‫االبتدائي‬ ‫اختبارالخانق‬ ‫اجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫رمال‬
Advantage of Adjustable chokes‫المميزات‬
1-sizing errors can be corrected with out change the orifice ‫الخاطئة‬ ‫االختيارات‬ ‫تصحيح‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫بالكامل‬ ‫الخانق‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫بالصمام‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫وذلك‬
2-wide range of flow rates‫التدفق‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫نطاق‬
3-provides an adjustment range during erosion or corrosion ‫تأكل‬ ‫او‬ ‫تعرية‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫حال‬ ‫في‬
‫المشاكل‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتقليل‬ ‫الخانق‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعديالت‬ ‫اجراء‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫فانه‬
.

15. -Type of well Safety valves ‫االمان‬ ‫صمامات‬ ‫انواع‬
Two main classifications of well shut-in valves are‫اساسيان‬ ‫نوعان‬ ‫يوجد‬
1-downhole or tubing safety valves
2-surface valves, which controlling by sensing pressure or hydraulically.

16. Well - head & X - Mass Tree
WELLHEAD
Pressure Gauge
Swage
Flange
Crown
Valve
Wing Valve
Choke body
Flow line
Casing
Valve
Upper
Master
Valve
Lower
Master
Valve
Production
Casing
Tubing

17. SURFACE HANDLING OF PRODUCED
FLUIDS
‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫مناولة‬ ‫معدات‬
• Once fluids have been brought to the surface in a well, a number of other
operations are required before the petroleum is ready for refining or consumption.
• ‫المصفاة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫مطلوبة‬ ‫االخرى‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫الى‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫عندما‬

18. FLOW LINES, MANIFOLDS AND TESTING SATELLITES
‫االنابيب‬ ‫خطوط‬
,
‫المنظم‬
,
‫الترسيب‬ ‫واختبارات‬
• Piping ‫االنابيب‬
• PIPE: These are tubes produced in accordance with the sizes specified by the
standards used to design the pipe.
• ‫التصميم‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تستعمل‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫بمواصفات‬ ‫تصنع‬ ‫انابيب‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هي‬
.
• TUBES: All other tubes not produced in standard pipe sizes are called tubes or
tubing.
• ‫خاصة‬ ‫مواصفات‬ ‫وفق‬ ‫تصنيعها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االنابيب‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫على‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يطلق‬
.

19. DESIGN OF FLOW LINES
‫االنابيب‬ ‫خط‬ ‫تصميم‬
Before a flow line can be properly de-signed all operation condition must known ‫قبل‬
‫االتية‬ ‫المعايير‬ ‫وفق‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫خط‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫بعملية‬ ‫البدء‬
:
1-Maximum operating pressure ‫تشغيلي‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫اقصى‬
.
2-Type of fluid ‫نقلها‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫نوع‬
.
3-Volume ‫الحجم‬
.
4-Length of line‫الخط‬ ‫طول‬
5-Amount of pressure drop that can be tolerated‫معها‬ ‫التعامل‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫فقدان‬ ‫كمية‬
6-Geographic and soil conditions‫التربة‬ ‫وظروف‬ ‫التضاريس‬
7-Estimated service life required‫للخط‬ ‫االفتراضي‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫تقدير‬

20. FLEXIBILITY
‫التصميم‬ ‫في‬ ‫المرونة‬
• One of the other major factors to be considered in the design of pipes and piping
systems is the provision of flexibility in order to prevent the pipe from being
overstressed by forces imposed on it by the components that are connected to it.
•
‫الناتج‬ ‫االنكسار‬ ‫تفادي‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫خط‬ ‫مرونة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫االعتبار‬ ‫بعين‬ ‫اخذها‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المتغيرات‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫احد‬
‫من‬
‫واالجهادات‬ ‫التوتر‬ ‫و‬ ‫الشد‬ ‫الى‬ ‫باالضافة‬ ‫االنحناء‬
.

21. ABBREVIATIONS
‫اختصارات‬
• Pressure – P .
‫ضغط‬
• Temperature – T .
‫حرارة‬
• Flow – F .
‫تدفق‬
• Level – L.‫مستوى‬
• Control (or controller) – C .
‫متحكم‬
• Record (or recorder) – R .
‫مسجل‬
• Indicate (or Indicator) – I .
‫مؤشر‬
• Switch – S .
‫مفتاح‬
• Alarm – A .
‫منبه‬
• Valve – V.‫صمام‬

22. ABBREVIATIONS
‫اختصارات‬
• A pressure indicator will be denoted on the P&ID as ‘PI’;‫ضغط‬ ‫مؤشر‬
• A level controller will be denoted as ‘LC’;‫بالمستوى‬ ‫متحكم‬
• A level control valve will be denoted as ‘LCV’;‫بالمستوى‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫صمام‬
• A temperature recorder will be denoted as ‘TR’;‫للحرارة‬ ‫مسجل‬

23. ABBREVIATIONS
‫اختصارات‬
• High – H;‫عالي‬
• Very High HH;‫جدا‬ ‫عالي‬
• Low – L;‫منخفض‬
• Very Low – LL;‫جدا‬ ‫منخفض‬
• A pressure switch that is set to respond to a high pressure will be indicated as
‘PSH’;‫عالي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫جهاز‬
• If the pressure is very high and requires immediate action this will be denoted as
‘PSHH’. ‘Pressure switch High High’ or very high.
• ‫جدا‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫متحكم‬

24. VALVE TYPE
There are five basic types of flow control valves
‫يوجد‬
5
‫الصمامات‬ ‫من‬ ‫رئسية‬ ‫انواع‬
•
1-Gate valve 2-Ball valve 3-Glob valve 4-Plug valve 5-Chack valve

25. Valve Function Typical valve types
Isolation Gate
Ball
Butterfly
Plug
Diaphragm/pinch
Globe
Flow diversion/Control Plug
Ball
Globe
Prevention of flow
reversal
Swing check
Lift check
Diaphragm check
Axial flow check

27. TESTING OF FLOW LINES & VALVES
‫والصمامات‬ ‫االنابيب‬ ‫خط‬ ‫اختبار‬
1. Operating Pressure ‫التشغيلي‬ ‫الضغط‬
.
The pressure that is required for the process .
‫للعملية‬ ‫المطلوب‬ ‫الضغط‬
2. Design Pressure ‫التصميمي‬ ‫الضغط‬
The pressure used in the design of the vessel. It is normal to design the vessel and its
parts for a higher pressure than that at which it usually operates.
‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫اعلى‬ ‫ضغوط‬ ‫لتحمل‬ ‫واجزائها‬ ‫الفاصل‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫فمن‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستعمل‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫هو‬
‫ضغوط‬
‫التشغيلية‬
.

28. TESTING OF FLOW LINES & VALVES
‫والصمامات‬ ‫االنابيب‬ ‫خط‬ ‫اختبار‬
• Maximum Allowable Working Pressure‫به‬ ‫مسموح‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫اقصى‬
• This is internal pressure, at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the
ultimate permissible point.
‫واللحام‬ ‫الوصالت‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫في‬ ‫خصوصا‬ ‫ويحدث‬ ‫داخلي‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫هذا‬
• Hydrostatic Test Pressure‫الهيدروستاتيكي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫اختبار‬
• This is normally 150% of the maximum allowable working pressure. This is the
pressure that the vessel will be subjected to in order to ensure that it does not suffer
from any discontinuities or weld defects.
•
‫حوال‬ ‫قيمته‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫العادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫هذا‬
150
%
‫االختبار‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫اجراء‬ ‫ويتم‬ ‫به‬ ‫مسموح‬ ‫تشغيلي‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫اقصى‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫من‬
‫الوصالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫اي‬ ‫به‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الوعاء‬ ‫ان‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتأكد‬
.

29. MANIFOLD SYSTEM
‫المنظم‬
Manifold means the production from several wells are combined before being routed
to production equipment.
‫مع‬ ‫العالي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الخطوط‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫مختلقة‬ ‫ابار‬ ‫من‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫بتنظيم‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
‫بعض‬
‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫والخطوط‬
.
1-high pressure header‫العالي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫خط‬
2-low pressure header‫المنخفض‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫خط‬
3-test pressure header‫االختبار‬ ‫خط‬
4-Blow-down header‫التصريف‬ ‫خط‬

31. MULTIPHASE FLOW IN PIPES
‫االنابيب‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬
• Petroleum is produced from the reservoirs, with different well head pressure
.Multiphase flow in pipes is defined as the concurrent movement of free gases and
liquids in the pipes which may also contain sold particles.
‫تعري‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫ضغوط‬ ‫عند‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫النفطي‬ ‫الخزان‬ ‫من‬ ‫انتاجها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫فان‬ ‫العادة‬ ‫في‬
‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫ف‬
‫طور‬ ‫من‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫في‬ ‫االنابيب‬ ‫في‬ ‫النفطي‬ ‫الخزان‬ ‫لموائع‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫الحركة‬ ‫بأنه‬
(
‫ونفط‬ ‫وغاز‬ ‫ماء‬
)
‫ب‬ ‫الى‬ ‫باالضافة‬
‫الشوائب‬ ‫عض‬
‫الرمل‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫االخرى‬
.

32. MULTIPHASE FLOW IN PIPES
‫االنابيب‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬
The multiphase flow can be divided into four categories
‫الى‬ ‫االطوار‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫تصنيف‬ ‫يمكن‬
4
‫انواع‬
:
1-vertical multiphase flow‫العمودي‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬
2-Horizontal multiphase flow ‫االفقي‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬
3-inclined multiphase flow ‫المنحني‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬
4-directional multiphase flow‫الموجه‬ ‫النتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬

33. FLUIDS
‫الموائع‬
It is the state of substance that does not resist distortion.
‫للحركة‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫احدى‬ ‫هي‬
(
‫وغازات‬ ‫سوائل‬
)
Fluid can be: ‫قسمين‬ ‫الى‬ ‫تقسيمها‬ ‫ويمكن‬
*Incompressible : density is constant over wide range of pressure
‫لالنضغاط‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫موائع‬
:
‫الضغوط‬ ‫من‬ ‫واسع‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫على‬ ‫ثابتة‬ ‫الكثافة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫بحيث‬
*Compressible : density varies with pressure
‫لالنضغاط‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫موائع‬
:
‫الضغط‬ ‫مع‬ ‫متغيرة‬ ‫الكثافة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫وهي‬

34. MULTIPHASE FLOW IN PIPES
‫االنابيب‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬
Fluid Flow ‫الموائع‬ ‫سريان‬
Fluid flow can be either single phase or multi phase.
‫اطوار‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫في‬ ‫او‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫طور‬ ‫في‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫ان‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫لسريان‬ ‫يمكن‬
*Single Phase ‫الواحد‬ ‫الطور‬
Flowing fluid exists in only one phase i.e. gas or liquid
‫فقط‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫او‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫نفط‬ ‫او‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫قد‬ ‫االنبوب‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫يتدفق‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫مائع‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
*Multi phase ‫المتعدد‬ ‫التدفق‬
Flowing fluid exists in more than one phases.‫مائع‬ ‫من‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫عندما‬
*Gas phase and liquid phase (oil) ‫وغاز‬ ‫نفظ‬
*Gas and two immiscible liquids (oil and water).‫وماء‬ ‫وغاز‬ ‫نفظ‬

35. Well
heed
FIG-1 Multi-Phase pipeline
Multi Phase Flow
lines
Wellheed
FIG-.3 Multi-Phase Pump
Separator
Oil
Gas
Single Pipeline
Wellheed
Separator
Liquid to pipeline
Gas to pipeline
FIG -2 Separations at Wellhead and separate pipelines
Wellheed
FIG-.4offshore
OilField
Separator
Oil
Gas

36. VARIABLES
‫المتغيرات‬
• Viscosity – the resistance to change of shape.
•
‫اللزوجة‬
:
‫الحركة‬ ‫مقاومة‬ ‫على‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫قدرة‬ ‫هي‬
.
• Density- mass per unit volume.
•
‫الكثافة‬
:
‫حجم‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫الكتلة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬
.
• Pressure- each point in fluid has it is own pressure which depends on the external
pressure applied and on the pressure created by internal forces.
• ‫الضغط‬
:
‫المسلط‬ ‫الخارجي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫به‬ ‫خاص‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫له‬ ‫للغاز‬ ‫مكون‬ ‫جزئي‬ ‫لكل‬
• Velocity-fluid are capable of having different velocities due to the individual
molecules each having it is own velocity.
• ‫السرعة‬
:
‫به‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫له‬ ‫للمائع‬ ‫مكون‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫الن‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫بسرعات‬ ‫التحرك‬ ‫على‬ ‫المقدرة‬ ‫المائع‬ ‫يمتلك‬

37. FLOW PATTERN
‫التدفق‬ ‫أنماط‬
• Flow pattern means the distribution of phases in pipe.
• *Different flow regimes may exist as oil & gas flow simultaneously in a pipe.
•
‫االنبوب‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫والغاز‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫توزع‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫بانماط‬ ‫يقصد‬
.
•
‫والغاز‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫انابيب‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الحدوث‬ ‫الواردة‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫أنماط‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫يوجد‬
.

38. FLOW PATTERN
‫التدفق‬ ‫أنماط‬
1- Plug Flow
which alternate plugs of liquid and gas move along the upper part of the pipe
.
‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
‫من‬ ‫موجات‬ ‫فان‬ ‫النوع‬
blugs
‫االنبوب‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫تتحرك‬ ‫والغاز‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫من‬ ‫متكونة‬
2-Spray flow
Flow in which most or nearly all of the liquid is entrained as spray by the gas.
‫الغاز‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫مع‬ ‫رداذ‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫أنماط‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
3-Stratified Flow
Flow in which the liquid flows along the bottom of the pipe and the gas flows above,
over a smooth liquid-gas interface.
‫بشكل‬ ‫االنبوب‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫والغاز‬ ‫االنبوب‬ ‫من‬ ‫السفلي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫فإن‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
‫متجانس‬
.

39. FLOW PATTERN
‫التدفق‬ ‫أنماط‬
• 4- Bubble Flow
• Flow in which bubbles of gas move along the upper part of the pipe at
approximately the same velocity as the liquid.
• ‫السائل‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫تقريبا‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫بسرعة‬ ‫االنبوب‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫تتحرك‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫من‬ ‫فقاعات‬ ‫تتكون‬ ‫النواع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
.
• 5- Wavy Flow
• Which is similar to stratified flow except that the gas moves at a higher velocity.
•
‫بنوع‬ ‫شبيه‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
stratiefied
‫السائل‬ ‫من‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫بسرعة‬ ‫يتحرك‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اال‬
• 6- Slug Flow
• Which a wave is picked up periodically by the more rapidly moving gas to from a
frothy slug which passes through the pipe at a much greater velocity than the
average liquid velocity.
• ‫السائل‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫اعلى‬ ‫بسرعة‬ ‫متقطعة‬ ‫فترات‬ ‫على‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫من‬ ‫امواج‬ ‫تتدفق‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬

40. FLOW PATTERN
‫التدفق‬ ‫أنماط‬
• 7- Transition Flow
*As gas phase fraction increases, gas bubbles grow up.
‫حجمها‬ ‫يزداد‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫فقاعات‬ ‫فان‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫تزداد‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
*Flow pattern changes from continuous liquid phase to Continuous gas phase.
‫المستمر‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫نمط‬ ‫الى‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫نمط‬ ‫من‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫نمط‬ ‫يتغير‬
.
8-Annular flow
Flow in which the liquid forms in a film around the inside wall of the pipe and the gas
flows at high velocity as a central core.
‫منتص‬ ‫في‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫بسرعة‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ويتحرك‬ ‫الداخل‬ ‫من‬ ‫االنبوب‬ ‫حول‬ ‫حلقة‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫يتكون‬ ‫النواع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
‫االنبوب‬ ‫ف‬
.

41. FLOW PATTERN
‫التدفق‬ ‫أنماط‬
9-Mist flow
Flow in which liquid phase forms small droplets in the gas phase.
‫الغاز‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫صغيرة‬ ‫فقاعات‬ ‫هيئة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يتكون‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫طور‬ ‫فان‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
*As gas phase fraction increases, the gas phase fills pipe cross section.
‫بالغاز‬ ‫مملوء‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫االنبوب‬ ‫فان‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫تزداد‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬

42. PRODUCTION SEPARATION
‫الفصل‬ ‫أجهزة‬
• The function of field processing is to remove undesirable components and to
separate the well stream into sales gas and petroleum liquids.
•
‫المنت‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫وتجهيز‬ ‫بها‬ ‫مرغوب‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫المكونات‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الحقل‬ ‫في‬ ‫التشغيلية‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرئسي‬ ‫الهدف‬
‫بيعها‬ ‫ليتم‬ ‫جة‬
.

43. PRODUCTION SEPARATION
‫الفصل‬ ‫أجهزة‬
• Field processing of natural gas actually consists of four basic processes:
• ‫يوجد‬
4
‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫رئسية‬ ‫عمليات‬
:
1. Separation of the gas from free liquids such as crude oil, hydrocarbon
condensate, water, and entrained solids.
‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الفصل‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫االخرى‬ ‫والشوائب‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫من‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ازلة‬ ‫اوال‬
.
2. Processing the gas to remove condensable and recoverable hydrocarbon vapors.
‫منه‬ ‫المثكثفة‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫الزالة‬ ‫الطبعي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫معالجة‬
3. Processing the gas to remove condensable water vapor, which under
certain conditions might cause hydrate formation.
‫الهيدرايت‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫في‬ ‫يسبب‬ ‫قد‬ ‫والذي‬ ‫للتكثف‬ ‫القابل‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫الزالة‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫معالجة‬
4. Processing the gas to remove other undesirable components, such as
hydrogen sulfide and / or carbon dioxide.
‫الهيدروجين‬ ‫وكبريتيد‬ ‫الكربون‬ ‫اكسيد‬ ‫ثاني‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫بها‬ ‫مرغوب‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫االخرى‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫معالجة‬

44. ASSOCIATED WATER
• 1. FREE WATER : Water mixed with the oil but will separate easily into a clear layer
when the oil / water mixture is allowed enough time to settle.
‫الحرة‬ ‫المياه‬
:
‫ليستقر‬ ‫الخليط‬ ‫ترك‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫بسهولة‬ ‫فصله‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االمر‬ ‫والنفظ‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫من‬ ‫من‬ ‫خليط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هي‬
‫زمنية‬ ‫لفترة‬
‫معينة‬
.
• 2. EMULSION : Water can also be mixed with the oil in the form of very small
droplets of water coated with oil. A mixture like this is called an EMULSION.
‫المستحلبات‬
:
‫الطبيعية‬ ‫بالطرق‬ ‫فصله‬ ‫يصعب‬ ‫خليط‬ ‫لتكون‬ ‫بالنفظ‬ ‫مغاطاة‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطرات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هي‬
.

45. GAS TYPES
‫الغاز‬ ‫انواع‬
1. Solution gas : As the well fluids flow from the reservoir into the well and up to
the surface, the pressure of the fluids decreases.
‫الغاز‬ ‫يتحرر‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ينخفض‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫الى‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫يصعد‬ ‫وعندما‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫في‬ ‫ذائب‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
2. FREE GAS : Is the gas that is NOT held in the oil under reservoir conditions.
‫الخزان‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫وتحت‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫من‬ ‫متحرر‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
3. ASSOCIATED GAS: Is the total gas produced with the oil in a crude oil
‫المصاحب‬ ‫الغاز‬
:
‫الغاز‬ ‫من‬ ‫المنتجة‬ ‫الكلية‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫يمثل‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫الخام‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ينتج‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬

46. CRUDE OIL TYPES
‫الخام‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫ابار‬ ‫انواع‬
1. CRUDE OIL WELL: A well that produces mostly crude oil with varying proportions of
water, solution gas, possibly free gas and some solid debris.
‫الشوائب‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫الى‬ ‫باالضافة‬ ‫والغاز‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫من‬ ‫نسب‬ ‫الى‬ ‫باالضافة‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫بدرجة‬ ‫خام‬ ‫نفظ‬ ‫ينتج‬ ‫االبار‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
.
2. DRY GAS WELL: A well that produces mostly gas with no crude oil
(or liquid hydrocarbon). The produced gas can contain some water.
‫الجاف‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ابار‬
:
‫على‬ ‫يحتوى‬ ‫قد‬ ‫المنتج‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ان‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نفطي‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫وال‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫بدرجة‬ ‫جاف‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫ينتج‬ ‫االبار‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
‫المياه‬ ‫من‬ ‫نسبة‬
.
3. GAS CONDENSATE WELL : A well that produces both gas and light liquid hydrocarbon
(condensate) and maybe some water, but no crude oil. The condensate hydrocarbon is a very
light hydrocarbon
‫المتكثف‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ابار‬
:
‫ا‬ ‫باالضافة‬ ‫للتكثف‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫الخفيفة‬ ‫الهيدروكربونات‬ ‫الى‬ ‫باالضافة‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫من‬ ‫خليط‬ ‫ينتج‬ ‫االبار‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
‫بعض‬ ‫لى‬
‫احيانا‬ ‫الماء‬
,
‫نفطي‬ ‫النتاج‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ولكن‬

47. SEPARATORS
‫الفواصل‬
• Separators is closed vessels called separators are used to remove liquids from gases.
‫السوائل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الغازات‬ ‫بفصل‬ ‫تقوم‬ ‫مغلقة‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الفواصل‬
Separator components ‫الفاصل‬ ‫أجزاء‬
:
• 1- Primary separation section for separating the bulk of the liquid from well stream. ‫فصل‬ ‫جزء‬
‫الخليط‬ ‫من‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫وظيفته‬ ‫ابتدائي‬
• 2-liquid accumulation section for receiving and disposing of the liquids collected. ‫تجميع‬ ‫جزء‬
‫فصله‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫للسائل‬
• 3-Secondary separation section for removing the smaller liquid droplets.
‫الصغيرة‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫ويتم‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫لفصل‬ ‫ثانوي‬ ‫جزء‬
• 4-Mist extraction for removing entrained droplets too small to settle by gravity.
• ‫جداجدا‬ ‫الصغيرة‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫الزالة‬ ‫المعدة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تستعمل‬

48. HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR
‫االفقي‬ ‫الفاصل‬

49. TYPE OF SEPARATORS
‫الفواصل‬ ‫انواع‬
• 1-Horizontal separator.‫االفقي‬ ‫الفاصل‬
• a) Horizontal single –Tube separators‫واحد‬ ‫انبوب‬ ‫الطور‬ ‫احادي‬ ‫افقي‬ ‫فاصل‬
-1)Two –phase separators.‫واحد‬ ‫انبوب‬ ‫الطور‬ ‫ثنائي‬ ‫افقي‬ ‫فاصل‬
-2) Three –phase separators.‫واحد‬ ‫انبوب‬ ‫الطور‬ ‫ثالتي‬ ‫افقي‬ ‫فاصل‬
• b) Horizontal Two-Tube separators.‫انبوبين‬ ‫افقي‬ ‫فاصل‬
• 2- Vertical separator‫عمودي‬ ‫فاصل‬
• a) Two-phase separator.‫طورين‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫عمودي‬ ‫فاصل‬
• b) Three –phase separator. ‫ذو‬ ‫عمودي‬ ‫فاصل‬
3
‫اطوار‬
• 3- Spherical separators.‫كروي‬ ‫فاصل‬

50. TYPE OF SEPARATORS
‫الفواصل‬ ‫انواع‬
4- Filter separation.
5- Scrubber or knock out drums.
6- Coalesce (liquid – liquid ) separator.
7- Slug catcher.
8. Flash tank.
9- Metering separator.
10- Oil skimmer
‫مالحظة‬
:
‫حرفية‬ ‫ترجمة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫االنواع‬ ‫هذه‬

51. VERTICAL SEPARATOR
‫العمودي‬ ‫الفاصل‬

52. SPHERICAL SEPARATOR
‫الكروي‬ ‫الفاصل‬

53. VERTICAL HORIZONTAL SPHERICAL
NTAGES 1- Easier to clean and can
handle large quantities of
sand.
2- Saves space (occupies
lesser ground area).
3- Provides better surge
control.
4- Liquid level control is not
critical.
5- Less tendency for re-
vaporization of liquid into
the gas phase due to the
relatively greater vertical
distance between liquid
level and the gas outlet.
1- Can handle much higher
GOR well streams
because the design
permits much higher gas
velocities.
2- Cheaper than vertical
separator.
3- Easier and cheaper to
ship and assemble.
4- Requires less piping for
field connections.
5- Reduces turbulence and
reduces foaming (thus. It
can handle foaming
crudes).
6- Several separators may
be stacked, minimizing
space requirements.
1- Very inexpensive
2- Good for low or
intermediate
GOR’s.
3- Very compact and
easy to ship and
install.
4- Better clean-out.
ADVANTAGES 1- It takes a longer-
diameter
separator for a given gas
capacity as compared to a
horizontal separator.
2- More expensive to
fabricate.
3- Difficult and more
expensive to ship
(transport).
1- Greater space
requirements generally.
2- Liquid level control more
critical.
3- Surge space is somewhat
limited.
4- Much harder to clean
(hence a bad choice in
any sand-producing area).
1- Very limited liquid
settling section and
rather difficult to
use for three phase
separation.
2- Liquid level control
is very critical.
3- Very limited surge
space.
‫مميزات‬
‫عيوب‬

54. FACTORS FOR SIZING AND SELECTING A
SEPARATOR
‫الفاصل‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫على‬ ‫المؤثرة‬ ‫العوامل‬
• 1-liquid flow rate oil/water barrels per day and minimum, and peak instantaneous.
‫للتدفق‬ ‫قيم‬ ‫اقصى‬ ‫الى‬ ‫باالضافة‬ ‫اليومي‬ ‫والماء‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدل‬
.
2-gas flow rate, million standard cubic feet per day.
‫يوميا‬ ‫مكعب‬ ‫قدم‬ ‫المليون‬ ‫بوجدة‬ ‫مقاس‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدل‬
.
3-specific gravity of oil ,water and gas
‫والغاز‬ ‫والنفظ‬ ‫للماء‬ ‫النوعي‬ ‫الوزن‬
4- Required retention time of fluid within the separator. Retention time is a function of
physical properties of the fluids.
‫الفصل‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫وتنتهي‬ ‫لتستقر‬ ‫للموائع‬ ‫الالزم‬ ‫الوقت‬

55. FACTORS FOR SIZING AND SELECTING A
SEPARATOR
‫الفاصل‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫على‬ ‫المؤثرة‬ ‫العوامل‬
5-temprature and pressure at which the separator will operate, and design pressure
of the vessel.
‫الفاصل‬ ‫عندها‬ ‫يعمل‬ ‫سوف‬ ‫التي‬ ‫التشغيلية‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫ودرجة‬ ‫الضغط‬
6-whether the separator is to be two phase, such as, liquid and gas, three phase,
that is oil, water, and gas.
‫ل‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫او‬ ‫مائعان‬ ‫هي‬ ‫هل‬ ‫الفصل‬ ‫نوعية‬
3
‫موائع‬
7-whether or not there are solid impurities, such as sand or paraffin.
‫البرافينات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرمل‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫فصلها‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫شوائب‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫هل‬
8-whether or not there are foaming tendencies.
• ‫للتكون‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫رغوة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫احتمالية‬

56. WATER TREATMENT
‫المياه‬ ‫معالجة‬
In general water-treating equipment consists of the following:
‫االتية‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوى‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫فان‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫بصفة‬
:
Oil separation ‫النفظ‬ ‫فصل‬
.
Solids removal ‫الصلبة‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫إزالة‬
.
Dissolved gas removal ‫الذائبة‬ ‫للمواد‬ ‫إزالة‬
.
Chemical treatment.‫كيميائية‬ ‫معالجة‬

57. OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
‫التشغيلية‬ ‫المشاكل‬
1-Foams ‫الرغوة‬ ‫تكون‬
2-Paraffins ‫البرافين‬
3-Sand ‫الرمل‬
4-Emulsions ‫المستحلبات‬
5-Carryover and Blow by ‫اللزوم‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫التشبع‬

58. MAINTENANCE FUNCTION
‫الصيانة‬ ‫وظائف‬
1. Replace broken gauge glasses and pressure gauges.
2. ‫المكسورة‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ومقاييس‬ ‫الصمامات‬ ‫استبدال‬ ‫يجب‬
3. Lubricate those valves, which are not self – lubricating.
4. ‫الذاتي‬ ‫التزييت‬ ‫بخاصية‬ ‫تتمتع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الصمامات‬ ‫تزييت‬ ‫يجب‬
5. Clean the gauge column sight glasses, so you can know where the separator
liquid level is.
6. ‫الفاصل‬ ‫بداخل‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫لمستوى‬ ‫اوضح‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫الرؤية‬ ‫اجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫للمعدات‬ ‫الجانبي‬ ‫الزجاج‬ ‫تلميع‬
7. Periodically check the control valves – stroke the valves by holding down or lifting
the controller.
8. ‫التحكم‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫وخفض‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫دوري‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫صمام‬ ‫فحص‬ ‫يجب‬

59. MAINTENANCE FUNCTION
‫الصيانة‬ ‫وظائف‬
5. Check level controls – again, stroke the control valves and see if the liquid level will return to
the previous height.
‫االتجاه‬ ‫الى‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫رجوع‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتأكد‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عن‬ ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫اهم‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫النه‬ ‫المستوى‬ ‫متحكم‬ ‫افحص‬
‫المعاكس‬
.
6. an individual trained in controller troubles shooting.
‫المفاجئ‬ ‫االغالق‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫على‬ ‫التدريبات‬ ‫بعض‬
7. Check backpressure valves – stroke the valves to see if they will return the pressure to its set
point.
‫ال‬ ‫ام‬ ‫االصلي‬ ‫لوضعه‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫سوف‬ ‫هل‬ ‫والنظر‬ ‫الصمام‬ ‫فتح‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫االختبار‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫للضغط‬ ‫العكسي‬ ‫الرجوع‬ ‫صمام‬ ‫فحص‬
8. Check the supply regulator for accumulation of water. Open the petcock and drain it is free
of liquids.
‫مشاكل‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫تصريف‬ ‫ان‬ ‫من‬ ‫التحقق‬

60. GAS FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT
‫الغاز‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫معدات‬
Fluid flow measurement is the process of the quantity of fluid that passes a particular point in a given interval
of time.
‫معينة‬ ‫زمنية‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫االنابيب‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫بها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هي‬
.
Dynamic meter‫الديناميكية‬ ‫المقاييس‬
*Orifice meter
*Venture meter
*Pitot tube
*Rotameter
*Flow nozzles
*Elbow meter
Volumetric or positive displacement ‫الموجبة‬ ‫الحجمية‬ ‫االزاحة‬ ‫مقاييس‬
*diaphragm meter
*laboratory wet test meter

61. OIL FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT
‫النفظ‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫معدات‬
1- Displacement Meters
‫االزاحة‬ ‫مقاييس‬
Displacement meters are often referred to as positive displacement meters since they
afford a positive volume in cubic feet at flowing conditions regardless of the flowing
temperature or the specific gravity of the gas.
‫القياس‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستعمل‬ ‫التزايدي‬ ‫الموجب‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫الموجبة‬ ‫االزاحة‬ ‫بمقايس‬ ‫ايضا‬ ‫يسمى‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫مقاييس‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
‫للغاز‬ ‫الكيميائي‬ ‫والتركيب‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫بغض‬ ‫المكعب‬ ‫القدم‬ ‫بوحدة‬
.

62. OIL FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT
‫النفط‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫مقاييس‬
• 2-Turbine Meter
• Turbine meter is velocity sensing device and the direction of flow through the meter
is parallel to a turbine is rotary axis and the speed of rotation of the motor is
proportional to the rate of flow, The Turbine meter normally consists of one moving
part.
•
‫المقي‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫النفط‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫لقياس‬ ‫استعماال‬ ‫المقايس‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫من‬ ‫التربيني‬ ‫المقياس‬ ‫يعتبر‬
‫التدفق‬ ‫لسرعة‬ ‫حساس‬ ‫اس‬
‫للتربين‬ ‫موازي‬ ‫االتجاه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫وخصوصا‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫واتجاه‬

64. *Turbine meters
‫المميزات‬
Advantages:
‫جيدة‬ ‫استرجاعية‬ ‫قدرة‬
*Very good repeatability
‫عالي‬ ‫تشغيلي‬ ‫نطاق‬
*high range ability
‫منخفض‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫معدل‬
*low pressure drop
‫العيوب‬
Disadvantages:
‫التعرية‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫المتحركة‬ ‫االجزاء‬
.
*Moving parts subject to wear
‫العالي‬ ‫التسارع‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫تتضرر‬ ‫التحميل‬ ‫كراسي‬
*Bearings damaged by over
speeding
‫التأكل‬
*Corrosion
‫التكلفة‬ ‫غالي‬
*Rather expensive
‫المتسخة‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫يجب‬
*Dirty fluids must be filtered

65. TYPE OF GAS FLOW METER
‫الغاز‬ ‫مقاييس‬ ‫انواع‬
• 1-Orifice meter
• For measurement of large flow rates, the orifice meter is used (1) this method is
both easy and inexpensive to use, in addition to providing reasonable accuracy of
measurement.
• ‫عالي‬ ‫دقة‬ ‫وذو‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫رخيص‬ ‫ويعتبر‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫التدفق‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫في‬ ‫خصوصا‬ ‫استعماال‬ ‫االكثر‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يعتبر‬
‫في‬ ‫ة‬
‫الحسابات‬

66. An orifice meter includes two elements ‫عنصرين‬ ‫من‬ ‫المقياس‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬
*A Primary element which creates the pressure drop.
‫الضغط‬ ‫في‬ ‫فقدان‬ ‫يولد‬ ‫ابتدائي‬ ‫عنصر‬
*A Secondary element which measure the pressure drop.
‫الضغط‬ ‫فرق‬ ‫يقيس‬ ‫ثانوي‬ ‫عنصر‬
Advantages: -‫المميزات‬
*Accepted as international standards ‫العالمي‬ ‫المقياس‬ ‫تعتبر‬
*Simple to use ‫االستعمال‬ ‫سهلة‬
*No moving parts ‫متحركة‬ ‫اجزاء‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ال‬
*Do not require frequent maintenance/calibration.‫دورية‬ ‫صيانة‬ ‫تتطلب‬ ‫ال‬

67. Disadvantages:- ‫العيوب‬
*Square root head/flow relationship ‫بالمعادالت‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫استخراج‬ ‫يجب‬
*High permanent pressure drop ‫مرتفع‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫المتولد‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫فرق‬
*Limited range ability ‫محدود‬ ‫قياسه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫حد‬
*Tends to read low under abnormal conditions. ‫الظروف‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتوسط‬ ‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫قراءات‬ ‫تعطي‬
‫اعتيادية‬ ‫الغير‬

69. COLUMNS AND TYPES OF COLUMN
‫وانواعها‬ ‫االعمدة‬
• Columns are used in unit operations such as distillation absorption and solvation
,their function is to separate one or more light components from liquid mixture .
• ‫ع‬ ‫الخفيفة‬ ‫المكونات‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫لالبراج‬ ‫الريسية‬ ‫والوظيفة‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫وتجفيف‬ ‫والفصل‬ ‫التقطير‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫في‬ ‫االعمدة‬ ‫تستعمل‬
‫ن‬
‫السوائل‬
• The main types of column are :-‫لالبراج‬ ‫الرئسية‬ ‫االنواع‬
1-Tray columns
2-Packed columns
3- Other types of columns

71. -OIL STORAGE AND TYPES OF OIL STORAGE
‫النفط‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫معدات‬
Storage tanks are equipment used for the storage of oil - liquids and gas.
‫االخرى‬ ‫الموائع‬ ‫او‬ ‫النفط‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫وظيفتها‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫عبارةعن‬ ‫النفط‬ ‫خزانات‬
.
Purpose of oil storage‫التخزين‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهدف‬
1-to accumulate oil to be sampled, gauged, and delivered to a purchaser.
‫جودتها‬ ‫وقياس‬ ‫وتحليلها‬ ‫منه‬ ‫عينات‬ ‫اخذ‬ ‫اجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫النفظ‬ ‫تجميع‬ ‫اجل‬ ‫من‬
2-allow the wells to continue production.
‫االنتاج‬ ‫في‬ ‫باالستمرار‬ ‫لالبار‬ ‫السماح‬
3-provide any additional storage capacity
‫اضافية‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫توفير‬
Classification of surge tanks ‫الخزانات‬ ‫تصنيفات‬
1-kind of oil (crude oil-gasoline-kerosene-fuel)‫تخزينه‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫النفط‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫على‬
2-Methoed of joining (bolted-welded-riveted) ‫الوصالت‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫على‬
3-General purposes ( production-storage )‫العام‬ ‫الغرض‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫على‬

72. TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS
‫الخزانات‬ ‫انواع‬
1. Fixed-roof tanks.
2. External floating roof tanks.
3. Internal floating roof tanks.
4. Domed external floating roof tanks.
5. Horizontal tanks.
6. Pressure tanks.
7. Variable vapor space tanks.

73. PUMP
‫المضخات‬
• Pump is a machine used to add energy to move liquid from low-pressure system
to high-pressure system.
• ‫العمنخفض‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫من‬ ‫لنقله‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫بالطاقة‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫تزويد‬ ‫وظيفتها‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هي‬
‫العالي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫الى‬

74. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
‫المركزي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مضخات‬
• Centrifugal pump uses the velocity - pressure concept to raise liquid pressure. The
pump consists of an electric motor (or other driver).
•
‫تحتو‬ ‫المضخة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫فان‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫والسرعة‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ما‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫مبدأ‬ ‫تستعمل‬ ‫المركزي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مضخات‬
‫محرك‬ ‫على‬ ‫ي‬
‫كهربائي‬
• TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ‫المركزي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مضخات‬ ‫انواع‬
• Centrifugal pumps can be either horizontal or vertical.
• ‫االتي‬ ‫أنواعها‬ ‫واهم‬ ‫عمودية‬ ‫او‬ ‫أفقية‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫قد‬ ‫المضخات‬ ‫هذه‬
:

75. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• 1. Single stage centrifugal pump:
• 2. Double –suction single sage pump:
• 3. Close coupled pump:
• 4. Multi-stage pump:
• 5 impellers is a 5-stage pump.
• There are three common types of multi-stage pumps:
• Submersible
• Can
• Horizontal

76. GAS DEHYDRATION
‫الغاز‬ ‫تجفيف‬
• The term DEHYDRATION means to remove water from a substance or the drying of
the substance.
‫جافة‬ ‫لتصبح‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫المصطلح‬ ‫هذا‬
.
• The process of water vapour removal from the natural gas stream is carried out by a
process of ABSORPTION, using a liquid desiccant, or ADSORPTION, using a solid
desiccant.
• ‫االمتصاص‬ ‫واالخرى‬ ‫االمتززا‬ ‫تمسمى‬ ‫احداهما‬ ‫عمليتين‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫االزالة‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫وتتم‬
.

77. GAS SWEETENING
‫الغاز‬ ‫تحلية‬ ‫عملية‬
• The term SWEETENING means to remove sulpher compounds from the gas.
• ‫الغاز‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكبريت‬ ‫مركبات‬ ‫ازالة‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫على‬ ‫يطلق‬ ‫المصطلح‬ ‫هذا‬

78. COMPRESSOR
‫الضاغط‬
Compressor is a machine used to added energy to a gas.
‫الغاز‬ ‫الى‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫الضافة‬ ‫تستعمل‬ ‫معدة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
Why the gas is compressed?
‫؟‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫لماذا‬
• To move gases from place to place and to overcome friction in pipes & fittings.
‫االنابيب‬ ‫في‬ ‫االحتكاك‬ ‫على‬ ‫للتغلب‬ ‫أخر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫من‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
• To reduce the volume of vessels and equipment handling large amount of gas.
‫المناولة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستعملة‬ ‫والمعدات‬ ‫الوعاء‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
• To liquefying the gas.
‫الغاز‬ ‫تسييل‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
• To increase the pressure of the gas to a level required in some chemical reactions.
‫الكيميائية‬ ‫التفاعالت‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫لمستوى‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
.

79. TYPES OF COMPRESSOR
‫الضواغط‬ ‫أنواع‬
1. Centrifugal Compressor ‫المركزي‬ ‫الضاغط‬
.
2. Axial Flow Compressor ‫المحوري‬ ‫الضاغط‬
3. Reciprocating Compressor‫المركزي‬ ‫الطارد‬ ‫الضاغط‬
4. Rotary Compressor‫الدوراني‬ ‫الضاغط‬

80. COMPRESSORS UTILITIES
‫الضغط‬ ‫وحدات‬
The function of the compressor utilities are:
‫هي‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫االساسية‬ ‫الوظيفة‬
:
• To minimize wear of moving parts in the turbine and compressor.
‫الضواغط‬ ‫او‬ ‫االنابيب‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتحركة‬ ‫االجزاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫واالحتكاك‬ ‫التعرية‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
• To increase the efficiency of the turbine and compressor.
• ‫الضاغط‬ ‫او‬ ‫االنبوب‬ ‫كفاءة‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
• To minimize the process gas leak to atmosphere.
• ‫الجوي‬ ‫للهواء‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬

81. TO SERVE THE ABOVE THREE FUNCTIONS, THE
COMPRESSOR UTILITIES INCLUDE
‫ال‬ ‫بالوظائف‬ ‫القيام‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬
3
‫سابقا‬ ‫المذكورة‬ ‫الرئسية‬
• Lube oil system ‫بالزيت‬ ‫التشحيم‬ ‫نظام‬
• Seal oil system ‫الزيت‬ ‫عزل‬ ‫نظام‬
• Cooling water system ‫بالماء‬ ‫التبريت‬ ‫نظام‬
• Air system ‫الهواء‬ ‫نظام‬
.

82. FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
The fire fighting equipment located in the Raguba GOSP area are :-
1. Diesel fire pumps, 10 Bar maximum pressure.
2. Surge Tank internal FOAM system.
3. Three Foam cannons surrounding the surge tank manually operated to
contain fires within the bund wall.
4. Hose Boxes contain hose and nozzles for Hydrants.
5. Fire Hydrants.
6. Fire Water Monitors all placed at strategic points.
7. Foam Trolleys containing FOAM compound.
8. Portable Fire Extinguishers- various types :-
a.
Water (silver)
b.
Powder (Red)
c.
Foam (Cream, yellow)
d.
CO2 (Black)
e.
Halon (Green)

83. • ‫راجوبا‬ ‫بمنطقة‬ ‫المتواجدة‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫مكافحة‬ ‫الحريقمعدات‬ ‫مكافحة‬ ‫معدات‬GOSP ‫هي‬
:
-
1
.
، ‫بالديزل‬ ‫حريق‬ ‫مضخات‬
‫أقصى‬ ‫ضغط‬
10
‫بار‬
.
2
.
‫الطفرة‬ ‫لخزان‬ ‫داخلي‬ ‫رغوة‬ ‫نظام‬
.
3
.
‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫يدو‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫الطفرة‬ ‫بخزان‬ ‫تحيط‬ ‫الفوم‬ ‫من‬ ‫مدافع‬ ‫ثالث‬
‫السد‬ ‫جدار‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫حرائق‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬
.
4
.
‫للصنابير‬ ‫وفوهات‬ ‫خراطيم‬ ‫على‬ ‫الخراطيم‬ ‫علب‬ ‫تحتوي‬
.
5
.
‫الحريق‬ ‫صنابير‬
.
6
.
‫استراتيجية‬ ‫نقاط‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحرائق‬ ‫مياه‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫يتم‬
.
7
.
‫الرغوة‬ ‫مركب‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الرغوة‬ ‫عربات‬
.
8
.
‫المحمولة‬ ‫اإلطفاء‬ ‫أجهزة‬
-
‫مختلفة‬ ‫أنواع‬
:
-
‫أ‬
.
‫ماء‬
(
‫فضي‬
)
‫ب‬
.
‫مسحوق‬
(
‫أحمر‬
)
‫ج‬
.
‫رغوة‬
(
‫أصفر‬ ، ‫كريمي‬
)
‫د‬
. C

84. •
• HEAT EXCHANGERS
•
• A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment used for the exchange of heat
between hot substances and a cold substance.
• Heat exchangers are useful in conserving fuel needed for heating and
conserving water needed for cooling.
• There are various names of heat exchangers according to their function:
preheaters, vaporizers, condensers, coolers, chillers, heaters and vaporizers.
• Some types of heat exchangers are:
• One fluid flows through the inner tube whilst the other flows through the annular
space between the tubes. Heat passes from one fluid to the other by conduction
through the inner pipe wall followed by forced convection through the fluid.
•
The main advantages of this type of heat exchanger are that they are simple and
cheap to make. They can often be made from standard

85. • ‫والمادة‬ ‫الساخنة‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫لتبادل‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطعة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫الحراري‬ ‫الحراريةالمبادل‬ ‫المبادالت‬
‫الباردة‬
.
‫للتبريد‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫على‬ ‫والحفاظ‬ ‫للتدفئة‬ ‫الالزم‬ ‫الوقود‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحفاظ‬ ‫في‬ ‫مفيدة‬ ‫الحرارية‬ ‫المبادالت‬
.
‫أس‬ ‫هناك‬
‫ماء‬
‫وظيفتها‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫الحرارية‬ ‫للمبادالت‬ ‫مختلفة‬
:
، ‫سخانات‬ ، ‫مبردات‬ ، ‫مبردات‬ ، ‫مكثفات‬ ، ‫مبخرات‬ ، ‫سخانات‬
‫مبخرات‬
.
‫هي‬ ‫الحرارية‬ ‫المبادالت‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫بعض‬
:
‫الفراغ‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫اآلخر‬ ‫يتدفق‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫األنبوب‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫يتدفق‬
‫األنابيب‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحلقي‬
.
‫بالح‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫متبو‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫األنبوب‬ ‫جدار‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫التوصيل‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫سائل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫تنتقل‬
‫مل‬
‫السائل‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫القسري‬
.
‫الثمن‬ ‫ورخيصة‬ ‫بسيطة‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الحرارية‬ ‫المبادالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫المزايا‬
.
‫كثي‬ ‫في‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫ر‬
‫م‬

86. SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER
Direction of flow of fluid A
Direction of flow of fluid B

87. • The major features of this type of heat exchanger are:
•
• A large number of small diameter TUBES fitted into a TUBE PLATE to form a BANK or
BUNDLE of tubes.
• A large diameter tube called a SHELL into which the bank of tubes fits.
• End covers or HEADERS, which are fitted over each end of the tube bundle.
• INLET and OUTLET pipes fitted to the shell to allow fluid into and out of the shell.
• INLET and OUTLET pipes fitted to each end of the cover to allow fluid to flow through
the tubes.
• ‫هي‬ ‫الحرارية‬ ‫المبادالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫السمات‬
:
‫القطر‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫األنابيب‬ ‫من‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫تركيب‬ ‫تم‬
‫األنابيب‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بنك‬ ‫لتشكيل‬ ‫أنبوب‬ ‫لوحة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الصغير‬
.
‫يسمى‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫قطر‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫أنبوب‬ SHELL ‫يتم‬
‫فيه‬ ‫األنابيب‬ ‫بنك‬ ‫وضع‬
.
‫حزمة‬ ‫طرفي‬ ‫من‬ ‫طرف‬ ‫كل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تركيبها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫والتي‬ ، ‫الرؤوس‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األطراف‬ ‫أغطية‬
‫األنبوب‬
.
‫وخروجها‬ ‫الغالف‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫بدخول‬ ‫للسماح‬ ‫بالصدفة‬ ‫والخروج‬ ‫الدخول‬ ‫أنابيب‬ ‫تركيب‬ ‫يتم‬
.
‫ي‬

88. Double pipe exchangers
Double pipe exchangers are sometimes referred to
as ANNULAR or concentric tube heat exchangers.
The performance of this type of heat exchanger can
be improved by connecting two or more units
together as shown in figure
‫الحرارية‬ ‫بالمبادالت‬ ‫المزدوجة‬ ‫األنابيب‬ ‫مبادالت‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ن‬‫أحيا‬ ‫شار‬
‫الحلزونية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األنبوبية‬
.
‫المبادالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫هو‬ ‫كما‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫م‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫وحدتين‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الحرارية‬

90. • REBOILERS
• These are heat exchangers connected to the bottom of a fractional distillation
column. Their function is to vaporize the fluid at the bottom of the column. Shell
and tube type heat exchangers are usually used and can be either floating head or
hairpin types. The thermal fluid, often steam, is passed through the tubes, whilst the
liquid to be vaporized circulates over and between the tubes.
• ‫التجزيئي‬ ‫التقطير‬ ‫عمود‬ ‫بأسفل‬ ‫متصلة‬ ‫حرارية‬ ‫مبادالت‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هذه‬
.
‫العمود‬ ‫قاع‬ ‫في‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫تبخير‬ ‫هي‬ ‫وظيفتها‬
.
‫عا‬
ً‫ة‬‫د‬
‫الشعر‬ ‫دبوس‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫من‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫عائ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫س‬‫رأ‬ ‫إما‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫واألنبوب‬ ‫الغالف‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحرارية‬ ‫المبادالت‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫ما‬
.
‫األنابيب‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫تبخيره‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫يدور‬ ‫بينما‬ ، ‫األنابيب‬ ‫عبر‬ ، ‫بخار‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫غال‬ ، ‫الحراري‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫تمرير‬ ‫يتم‬
.

92. • COOLERS
• Again, this is a general term and implies that the process fluid is hotter than the
thermal fluid
• Process liquids and gases are often cooled in shell and tube heat exchangers, which
use water as the thermal fluid. Also, you may remember that plate heat exchangers
can operate as very efficient coolers.
• A further example is the use of finned tubes, carrying cooling water, to cool hot
gases.
• CONDENSERS
• These are heat exchangers whose function is to convert vapour into liquid, e.g. the
vapours from the top of a distillation column are condensed into liquid before being
passed to the reflux drum.
• Suspended shell and tube type hairpin heat exchangers are sometimes used for this
duty. Vapour is passed into the shell, whilst cold water circulates through the tubes;
Condensate drains to the lowest point of the shell.