This document discusses various odontogenic tumors, which are lesions derived from cellular elements that form tooth structures. It defines key tumor types such as ameloblastoma, unicystic ameloblastoma, peripheral ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, and odontoma. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histopathology, treatment options and prognosis for each tumor type. Radiographic features are also described to aid in diagnosis. The goal of treatment is complete surgical removal while preserving function and appearance.
Benign, locally aggressive tumor of odontogenic epithelium, Previously called adamantinoma, Second most common odontogenic tumor after odontoma, Mandible is most common site, Usually asymptomatic and can be found incidentally on routine dental examinations
Benign, locally aggressive tumor of odontogenic epithelium, Previously called adamantinoma, Second most common odontogenic tumor after odontoma, Mandible is most common site, Usually asymptomatic and can be found incidentally on routine dental examinations
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA :
Benign mesenchymal lesion that mimics microscopically the dental pulp or follicular connective tissue
Derived from odontogenic ectomesenchymeClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effected
Radiographic feature :
Radiolucent and it appear as a well circumscribed or diffuse lesion
Often multilocular with honey comb pattern
Cortical plate expansion, root displacement or resorption may be seen Histopathology :
Tumor consist of acellular myxomatous connective tissue.
Benign fibroblast and myofibroblast with some amount of collagen are found in matrix
Bony island representing residual tubeculae
Capillaries are scattered through out the lesion
ORN is an inflammatory condition of bone that occurs after the bone has been exposed to therapeutic doses of radiation usually given for a malignancies.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
Odontogenic tumours/oral surgery courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA :
Benign mesenchymal lesion that mimics microscopically the dental pulp or follicular connective tissue
Derived from odontogenic ectomesenchymeClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effectedClinical feature:
Age : 10- 50 yrs with mean age of 30 yrs
No gender predilection
Both mandible and maxilla are equally effected
Radiographic feature :
Radiolucent and it appear as a well circumscribed or diffuse lesion
Often multilocular with honey comb pattern
Cortical plate expansion, root displacement or resorption may be seen Histopathology :
Tumor consist of acellular myxomatous connective tissue.
Benign fibroblast and myofibroblast with some amount of collagen are found in matrix
Bony island representing residual tubeculae
Capillaries are scattered through out the lesion
ORN is an inflammatory condition of bone that occurs after the bone has been exposed to therapeutic doses of radiation usually given for a malignancies.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
Odontogenic tumours/oral surgery courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Benig tumors of jaw/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Ameloblastoma is benign slow-growing but locally invasive neoplasm of odontogenic origin. In 2005, the WHO has classified ameloblastomas into multi cystic, unicystic and peripheral subtypes. The clinical picture, radiographic findings and differential diagnosis are presented. Treatment of ameloblastomas is primarily surgical. There has been some debate regarding the most appropriate method for removing. These range from conservative to radical modes. Some authors advocate conservative approach and thought that ameloblastoma are essentially benign in nature and should be treated as such. However, this conservative approach result in recurrence rates of 55% to 90%of the cases. Currently, the standard of care for ameloblastoma includes en bloc resection with 1-2 combine margin and immediate bone reconstruction. Despite the medical nature of a surgical resection, it may actually involve less morbidity than extensive hard and soft tissue resection with associated extensive morbidity that may be warranted in case of recurrence following inadequate primary treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
BENIGN ODONTOGENIC TUMORS OF MAXILLOFACIAL REGION/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
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at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
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Leader in continuing dental education
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
9. AMELOBLASTOMA
Definition
An epithelial tumor arising
from the odontogenic
apparatus or from cells
with a potentiality for
forming tissues of the
enamel organ.
WHO Defined it as
Unicentric, non functional,
intermittent in growth,
anatomically benign and
clinically persistwww.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Origin of the ameloblastic cells
1). Odontogenic epithelium
a). Remenants of Dental lamina
b). Reduced enamel epithelium
c). Rests cells of malassez
2). Basal cell layer o overlying surface
epithelium
3). Epithelial lining of odontogenic cyst
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Three clinical subtypes
1). Common polycystic Ameloblastoma
(80% of all cases)
2). Unicystic Ameloblastoma (13% of
all cases)
3). Peripheral (Extraosseous)
Ameloblastoma (1% of all cases)
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12. A). Common polycystic ameloblastoma
Also called conventional, Intraosseous ,
Multicystic
Clinical features
Age - 20 to 40yrs
Site - mandible > maxilla
slow growing, painless, bony expansion
initially Tennis ball like consistency
“Egg shell” like cracking
Jaw bone enlargement & parasthesiawww.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Radiographic features
Round cyst like radiolucency
Honey comb (if small
loculations)
or soap bubble like
consistency(if large
loculations)
Histopathology:
(Vicker’s and Gorlins criteria).
1). Hyperchromatism
2). Palisading cells
3). Vacuolization
4). Hyalinizationwww.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Follicular
Ameloblastoma
Consists of different
shapes & sizes of
epithelial islands in
the form of epithelial
nests or follicles.
Plexiform
ameloblastoma
Consists of interlacing
strands of odontogenic
epithelial trabeculae
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17. Granular cell
Ameloblastoma
central cells appears
swollen & densely
packed with
eiosinophillic
granules.
Basal cell pattern
Islands of uniform
basaloid cells.
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18. Treatment options
1). Simple Curettage - high
recurrence rate. In mandible, wide
marginal resection leaving compact
bone of lower border intact
provided the lower border is not
involved radiographically
Large tumors invading lower border
of mandible, segment resection
using bone grafts. In maxilla, wide
excision is treatment of choice
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19. A 17-year-old girl with obvious facial expansion
(A) related to a multilocular radiolucency of the
left mandible associated with impacted tooth no.
17 (B). Note the aggressive nature of this tumor.
The incisional biopsy showed solid/multicystic
ameloblastoma. www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Twenty years of undisturbed growth of a solid/multicystic
ameloblastoma led to significant facial disfigurement
(A), with an impressive radiographic appearance (B). A
segmental resection of the right mandible was
performed(C).
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21. B). UNICYSTIC AMELOBALSTOMA
Definition :
Is defined as a single unicystic cavity that
shows ameloblastous differentiation in the
lining.
origin - a). De-novo as a neoplasm
b).result of neoplastic
transformation.
Clinical features
age - 16 to 20yrs (younger patients).
Site - mandible > maxilla
Large lesions painless swelling in the jaw.www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Radiographic features
Well-circumscribed,
radiolucent area that
surrounds the crown of
an unerupted molar.
3 histopathological
variants.
1). Luminal unicystic
2). Intaluminal
unicystic
3). Mural unicystic
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23. Differential diagnosis
(1). Dentigerous cyst
(2). Residual cyst
Treatment and prognosis
(1). Enucleation and curettage (recurrence
rate - 10% to 20%) less recurrence as
surrounding fibrous connective tissue
limits the lesion .
(2). If the lesion extends into fibrous cyst
wall Prophylactic measure Local
resection of the area
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24. A, Treatment of the ameloblastoma of the patient
in Figure 30-17 required a disarticulation
resection of the left mandible. B, The
effectiveness of the bony linear margin should
always be evaluated by intraoperative specimen
radiographs. www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. A, The luminal unicystic
ameloblastoma in Figure 30-21 is treated with
an enucleation and curettage surgery. B, The
5-year postoperative radiograph shows an
acceptable bony fill.www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. This 18-year-old presented with significant right facial expansion
(A) associated with the destructive radiolucency of the right
mandible noted on the panoramic radiograph (B). The incisional
biopsy documented the mural variant of unicystic ameloblastoma
(hematoxylin and eosin; original magnification ×20) (C). A
disarticulation resection was performed (D).
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27. 3).PERIPHERAL OR EXTRAOSSEOUS
Incidence - 1%
origin - a). Remnants of dental lamina beneath
the oral mucosa
b). Basal epithelial cells of
surface epithelium
Clinical features
Age - middle age
site - posterior gingival &
alveolar mucosa Mandible > maxilla
Painless, nonulcerated, sessile or
pedunculated gingival or alveolar mucosal
lesion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Histopathology:
bear islands of
ameloblastic epithelium
occupying lamina propria
underneath surface
epithelium.
Treatment & prognosis
Surgical excision
(Recurrence rate - 15
to 20%).
Earliest diagnosiswww.indiandentalacademy.com
29. MALIGNANT AMELOBLASTOMA
Benign tumor that in the typical
intraosseous form has a tendency to
infiltrate cancellous bone
AMELOBLASTIC CARCINOMA
Ameloblastoma that has a
cytologic evidence of malignancy.
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30. Clinical features:
swelling, pain and
inflammation
Ulceration of mucosa
& loosening of teeth
Epitaxis & nasal
obstruction.
Radiographic
features
unilocular or
multilocular
radiolucency, soap
bubble
appearance. www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Treatment
Simple curettage (high
recurrence rate). In mandible, wide
marginal resection leaving compact bone
of lower border is not involved
radiographically.
Large tumors - segmental resection
followed by reconstruction using bone
graft.
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32. A, The large destructive radiolucency
of the right mandible was present in a 22-year-old
man who complained of precipitous growth and
pain. The incisional biopsy showed benign
solid/multicystic ameloblastoma. B, A segmental
resection was performed. D and E, Final
histopathology of the resection specimen showed
ameloblastic carcinoma
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33. ADENOMATOID ODONTOGENIC
TUMOR
Origin - Tumor cell derived from
a). Enamel organ epithelium
b). Remnants of dental lamina
Clinical features
Age - younger patient (10 to 19yrs).
Site - anterior portion of the jaw
maxilla > mandible
Asymptomatic, painless, slow growing.
large lesions causes expansion of
bone. www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Site of occurance
of AOT
A well circumscrbed
solid mass enveloping
the cown of this tooth
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35. AOT variants
Central Peripheral
(intraosseous) (extraosseous)
1). Follicular type rare, small
involves crown of sessile masses on
an unerupted tooth facial gingiva of
maxilla
2). Extrafollicular type DD: Gingival
located b/w roots fibrous lesion
of erupted tooth
DD: globulomaxillary cystwww.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Radiographic features
Usually unilocular with well defined
corticated border
may or may not contain a tooth
often contains fine calcifications.
tubular or duct like structures
Follicular Extrafollicular
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37. Histopathology:
surrounded by fibrous capsule
Spindle shaped epithelial cells forming
sheets, strands or whorled masses of
cells
epithelial cells
Calcification-
small foci as
well as larger
areas
Treatment
Surgical enucleation (recurrence is rare).
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38. CALCIFYING EPITHELIUM
ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
( Pindborg’s tumor )
Definition:
It is a locally aggressive tumor consist of sheets
& strands of polyhedral cells in fibrous stroma
with no inflammatory component & are often
accompanied by spherical calcifications &
amyloid staining hyaline deposits.
Origin -Rest of dental lamina
-Reduced enamel epithelium
1% of all odontogenic tumor
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39. Clinical features
CEOT
Central Peripheral
(intraosseous) (extraosseous)
age - 40yrs site - anterior gingiva
site - 2/3rd
of appears as superficial
lesions in mandible soft tissue swelling
slow growing. of gingiva in a tooth
painless mass. bearing area or
edentulous area of
jawwww.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Radiographic features:
Early lesions - unilocular, old lesions -
multilocular or honey comb appearance.
Scalloped margins
entire radiolucency with calcified
structures of varying size & density
“Snow driven” appearance.
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41. Histopathology:
sheets of polyhedral epithelial cells on
fibrous stroma
cells show pleomorphism, prominent
nucleoli & hyperchromatism.
Liesegang ring calcifications
•
• amyloid stained by
• congo red
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42. A 40-year-old woman with a 5-year history of
an expansile mass of the left maxilla. The
patient with the Pindborg tumor in Figure 30-
38 is treated with hemimaxillectomy.
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43. ODONTOMA
Most common type of odontogenic tumor
Hamartoma
Definition:
A non-neoplastic developmental anomaly or
malformation that contains fully formed
enamel and dentin.
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44. Types:
1). Invaginated odontome(Dens invaginatus,
Dens in dente)
2). Evaginated odontome
3). Enamel pearl
4). Germinated odontome
5). Complex odontome
6). Compound odontome
Clinical features:
Age- 10 to 20yrs
Site - Maxilla > mandible
Slow growing , hard , painless mass
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45. GARDNER’S Syndrome is
associated with it
(a). Multiple odontomas
(b). Multiple osteomas
(c ). Intestinal polyps
(d). Epidermoid cyst
(e). Dermoid
tumor(fibrous)
2 Types
(1). Complex
(2). Compound
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46. Compound odontoma
site - anterior part of maxilla
origin - repeated divisions of
tooth germs. By overgrowths
multiple budding of dental lamina
with formation of multiple tooth
germ.
Radiographically -
Dense opacity with radioluscent rim
surrounding it.
Collection of tooth like structures of
varying size & shape surrounded by
narrow radiolescent zone.www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Complex odontoma
site - posterior part of maxilla
Consist of congomerated mass of enamel &
dentin which bears no anatomic resemblence to
a tooth.Cauliflower like mass of hard tissues.
Radiographically:
Calcified mass with the radiodensity of tooth
structures
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49. Histolopathology:
Mass consist of enamel, mature tubular
dentine, cementum together with pulp &
PDL members in varying amount
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50. CALCIFYING ODOTOGENIC CYST
(Odontogenic ghost cell cyst)
Definition:
A rare well circumscribed solid or cystic
lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium
that resembles follicular ameloblastoma but
consists ghost cells & spherical
calcifications.
Cutaneous counterpart- Benign calcifying
epithelioma of MALHERBE/ Pilomatrixoma
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51. Clinical features
Origin - remnants of dental lamina
Site - areas anterior to molar
Age - most common in 2nd decade
painless asymptomatic slow growing
hard lesion
expansion of buccal cortical plate.
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53. Radiographic feature
Well circumscribed unilocular radiolucency
containing.
Flecks of indistinct radiopacities.
Histolopathology:
Epithelium lining a cystic space.
Epithelium consist of pallisaded columnar
cells with reverse polarity of nuclei. Inner
layer of stellate reticulum.
GHOST cells present.
Multiple spherical & diffuse calcification.
Deposites of hyaline material.
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54. 1). Curettage
2). Recontouring
3). Resection with or without loss of
continuity.
Curettage
Scrapping of the tumor tissue away
from bone. Tumor usually comes out
in
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55. A, The patient underwent a segmental resection of
his odontogenic tumor B, As with the ameloblastoma,
specimen radiographs should be obtained when
resecting to verify the bony linear margin. A better
depiction of the “stepladder” pattern of the
odontogenic myxoma is noted on this specimen
radiograph.
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56. Ameloblastic fibroma
painless mixed tumor occurring in younger
patients in the premolar and molar region.
Sharply demarcated radiographic borders.
Microscopically epi. Cells lie in conn. Tissue
stroma. Enucleation and curettage
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57. An enucleation and curettage surgery is
performed in the patient of 15-years of age.
The associated permanent teeth are removed
with the tumor.
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58. Ameloblasticfibro - odontoma
Tumor with features of ameloblastic fibroma
but that also contains enamel and
dentin.histologically epi. Islands in conn.
Tissue stroma .Radiographically well
circumscribed unilocular. Treated by
enucleation.
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