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Recognition of oculocardiac reflex is very important in trauma patients especially to trauma to head and face
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Anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery and complications
Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery presents unique challenges for the anesthesiologist, including regulation of intraocular pressure and prevention of complications. The document discusses ocular anatomy and physiology, techniques of anesthesia like facial nerve blocks and general anesthesia, considerations for preoperative evaluation, and complications. Precise control of drugs and positioning are important due to the sensitivity of the eye and potential effects on vision.
Anaesthesia and pthalmology
This document discusses anesthesia techniques for ophthalmic surgeries. It covers factors that affect intraocular pressure and how different anesthetics can impact pressure. General anesthesia aims to slightly decrease pressure while avoiding stress responses and complications. Regional anesthesia involves local injections that carry risks like retrobulbar hemorrhage or central nervous system spread. The document outlines patient selection, techniques, complications, and how to manage hemorrhage for regional anesthesia approaches.
Anaesthesia For Eye Surgery
1. The document discusses anaesthesia considerations for various ophthalmic surgeries including cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and procedures in children.
2. Key goals of anaesthesia for eye surgery are to have an immobile eye, stable intraocular pressure, minimize bleeding and nausea/vomiting, and avoid complications like the oculo-cardiac reflex.
3. Different procedures and patient conditions require specific anaesthetic approaches. For example, glaucoma patients may require mannitol or catheterization due to eye drop medications, while gas injections require avoiding nitrous oxide due to gas bubble expansion.
Anesthesia for eye surgery
This document discusses anesthesia considerations for eye surgery. It begins by describing the anatomy of the eye and its nerve supply. It then discusses risks like the oculocardiac reflex and increases in intraocular pressure. Common ophthalmic drugs are outlined along with their systemic effects. The document reviews preoperative evaluation, various regional anesthesia techniques like facial nerve blocks and retrobulbar blocks, topical anesthesia, and general anesthesia. It concludes with considerations for pediatric ophthalmic procedures.
Anasesthesia for ophthalmic surgery
This document provides information on ophthalmic anatomy, physiology, and anesthesia. It discusses the layers of the eye, intraocular pressure regulation, types of local anesthesia including peribulbar and retrobulbar blocks, and considerations for general anesthesia. Key factors discussed include maintaining stable intraocular pressure during surgery and preventing complications.
Ophthalmologic anesthesia
This is a very good and quick reference for anesthetists to do in OR of Ophthalmology.
I am Anesthesia Resident in Jimma University Specialized and Teaching Hospital,Oromia Region,Ethiopia.
Anaesthessia for EYE Surgery Ramprasad
This document discusses anaesthesia for eye surgery. It begins with a brief history of local anaesthesia for eye surgery and the development of regional techniques. It then covers anatomy of the eye, orbit and surrounding structures. Factors that influence intraocular pressure are explained, including effects of anaesthetic drugs and muscle relaxants. The document discusses pre-operative evaluation and anaesthetic management considerations for eye surgery, including different anaesthetic techniques and their indications. Post-operative complications are also mentioned.
Anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery
This document discusses anesthesia considerations for ophthalmic surgery. It covers the anatomy of the eye, physiology factors like intraocular pressure, sensory and blood supply. It also outlines various anesthesia techniques including general, topical, peribulbar and retrobulbar blocks. Complications of regional blocks and management of specific surgical situations are addressed. Evidence-based recommendations are made regarding anesthesia choices for procedures like cataract surgery.
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Anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery and complications
Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery presents unique challenges for the anesthesiologist, including regulation of intraocular pressure and prevention of complications. The document discusses ocular anatomy and physiology, techniques of anesthesia like facial nerve blocks and general anesthesia, considerations for preoperative evaluation, and complications. Precise control of drugs and positioning are important due to the sensitivity of the eye and potential effects on vision.
Anaesthesia and pthalmology
This document discusses anesthesia techniques for ophthalmic surgeries. It covers factors that affect intraocular pressure and how different anesthetics can impact pressure. General anesthesia aims to slightly decrease pressure while avoiding stress responses and complications. Regional anesthesia involves local injections that carry risks like retrobulbar hemorrhage or central nervous system spread. The document outlines patient selection, techniques, complications, and how to manage hemorrhage for regional anesthesia approaches.
Anaesthesia For Eye Surgery
1. The document discusses anaesthesia considerations for various ophthalmic surgeries including cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and procedures in children.
2. Key goals of anaesthesia for eye surgery are to have an immobile eye, stable intraocular pressure, minimize bleeding and nausea/vomiting, and avoid complications like the oculo-cardiac reflex.
3. Different procedures and patient conditions require specific anaesthetic approaches. For example, glaucoma patients may require mannitol or catheterization due to eye drop medications, while gas injections require avoiding nitrous oxide due to gas bubble expansion.
Anesthesia for eye surgery
This document discusses anesthesia considerations for eye surgery. It begins by describing the anatomy of the eye and its nerve supply. It then discusses risks like the oculocardiac reflex and increases in intraocular pressure. Common ophthalmic drugs are outlined along with their systemic effects. The document reviews preoperative evaluation, various regional anesthesia techniques like facial nerve blocks and retrobulbar blocks, topical anesthesia, and general anesthesia. It concludes with considerations for pediatric ophthalmic procedures.
Anasesthesia for ophthalmic surgery
This document provides information on ophthalmic anatomy, physiology, and anesthesia. It discusses the layers of the eye, intraocular pressure regulation, types of local anesthesia including peribulbar and retrobulbar blocks, and considerations for general anesthesia. Key factors discussed include maintaining stable intraocular pressure during surgery and preventing complications.
Ophthalmologic anesthesia
This is a very good and quick reference for anesthetists to do in OR of Ophthalmology.
I am Anesthesia Resident in Jimma University Specialized and Teaching Hospital,Oromia Region,Ethiopia.
Anaesthessia for EYE Surgery Ramprasad
This document discusses anaesthesia for eye surgery. It begins with a brief history of local anaesthesia for eye surgery and the development of regional techniques. It then covers anatomy of the eye, orbit and surrounding structures. Factors that influence intraocular pressure are explained, including effects of anaesthetic drugs and muscle relaxants. The document discusses pre-operative evaluation and anaesthetic management considerations for eye surgery, including different anaesthetic techniques and their indications. Post-operative complications are also mentioned.
Anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery
This document discusses anesthesia considerations for ophthalmic surgery. It covers the anatomy of the eye, physiology factors like intraocular pressure, sensory and blood supply. It also outlines various anesthesia techniques including general, topical, peribulbar and retrobulbar blocks. Complications of regional blocks and management of specific surgical situations are addressed. Evidence-based recommendations are made regarding anesthesia choices for procedures like cataract surgery.
Anaesthesia in ophthalmic surgery
Anaesthesia in ophthalmic surgery - Peribulbar block, retrobulbar block, topical anesthesia, facial nerve block, sub tenon block, General anaesthesia
Anesthesia for Ophthalmic sx edit
Cataract surgery in children requires careful anesthetic management to prevent complications like laryngospasm from excessive secretions, and the oculocardiac reflex which can cause bradycardia. Sedation with midazolam and fentanyl or propofol is suitable, and atropine may be given preventively. Peribulbar block is preferable for young patients who can lie still, and maintaining the shape of the anterior chamber with sodium hyaluronate injection helps control vitreous bulge.
Glaucoma
This document provides an overview of HEENT disorders therapeutics, focusing on glaucoma. It defines glaucoma and discusses the two main types: open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma. For each type, it covers risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment goals and approaches. Treatment typically begins with medications to lower intraocular pressure and may progress to laser therapy or surgery if medication is not effective. The document provides detailed information on evaluating and managing both chronic open-angle glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma.
Hyphema
This document discusses hyphema, which is blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. It defines hyphema and lists its potential causes such as trauma, medical conditions, and surgeries/medications. The document outlines methods for grading hyphema based on the amount of blood in the anterior chamber. It also discusses the clinical features, workup, potential complications like increased eye pressure, and treatment approaches like medical management with anti-inflammatory drugs and surgery if needed to prevent complications. The prognosis depends on factors like the severity of hyphema and any associated eye damage.
Glaucoma medical rx nov 10th 2020.pptx 1
The document discusses various treatments for glaucoma, focusing on adrenergic agonists. It describes the different types of adrenergic agonists, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and proper administration. Specifically, it provides details on non-selective and selective adrenergic agonists, including their methods of lowering intraocular pressure, potential complications, and guidelines for safe use and management of complications.
Pharmacotherapy & recent advances in glaucoma management
1) The document discusses recent advances in glaucoma management, including new pharmacotherapies and drug delivery systems.
2) Rho kinase inhibitors, such as ripasudil HCl, represent a novel class of drugs that may help treat glaucoma by increasing outflow facility and protecting retinal ganglion cells.
3) While NMDA antagonists showed promise as neuroprotective agents, clinical trials of memantine failed to demonstrate benefits over placebo. Research continues into direct neurotrophic factors that could help prevent vision loss from glaucoma.
Glaucoma
This document provides information about glaucoma including its definition, epidemiology, classification, anatomy of the anterior chamber, physiology of the anterior chamber, measurement of intraocular pressure, optic disc examination, visual field testing, and the diagnosis of glaucoma. Glaucoma is a condition associated with elevated intraocular pressure that can cause damage to the optic nerve and vision loss. It is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.
Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma
Glaucoma is a chronic progressive optic neuropathy caused by an imbalance between the rate of aqueous humor formation and drainage, leading to damage of the optic nerve and loss of vision. It is defined as an intraocular pressure of over 21 mmHg. The aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary epithelium and normally drained through two routes - the conventional trabecular route which drains around 90% and the uveoscleral pathway which drains around 10%. Glaucoma is diagnosed by tonometry and treated through lifelong drug therapy, laser treatment, or surgery to lower intraocular pressure and prevent further vision loss.
Primary open angle glaucoma (poag)
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. It is characterized by an open anterior chamber angle, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field loss. Elevated IOP is the primary risk factor. Treatment involves medical therapy to lower IOP through various drug classes, laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow, and surgeries like trabeculectomy or newer minimally invasive procedures if medication is insufficient. The goal is to lower IOP enough to prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.
Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma
This document summarizes different types of glaucoma and their pharmacotherapy. It discusses the types of glaucoma which include primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, ocular hypertension, primary angle closure glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma. It also outlines the risk factors, diagnostic tests, and mechanisms of different classes of antiglaucoma agents which include cholinergic agents, adrenergic agonists, beta blockers, prostaglandin analogs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and more. Specific drugs discussed in detail include pilocarpine, epinephrine, dipivefrine, brimonidine, timolol and their mechanisms of action and
Glaucoma ppt by ved
Glaucoma is an eye disease that is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure, in which damage to the eye (optic) nerve can lead to loss of vision and even blindness. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world.
Medical treatment of primary open angle glaucoma
The document discusses goals and approaches for treating glaucoma. The primary goal is lowering intraocular pressure to reduce risk of vision loss. Medical approaches include various drug classes that decrease aqueous production or increase outflow, while surgical options are considered when pressure cannot be controlled through medical therapy alone. Follow-up care involves regular exams and testing to monitor pressure and disease stability.
Glaucoma slideshare for medical students
complete information about glaucoma eye disease contain detail of definition ,classification, types, pathophysiology, risk factor, causes, medical management ,nursing management, drug therapy, nursing process . for medical students, made by students of basic bsc nursing RIMS students
Glaucoma
Glaucoma refers to a group of eye disorders characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss. It is classified as primary or secondary. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common type. Elevated intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve, though pressure can be elevated without damage. Risk factors include age, family history, race, and central corneal thickness. Treatment aims to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss through medications, laser treatments, or surgery. Medications work by reducing fluid production or increasing outflow, and include prostaglandins, beta-blockers, alpha-agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Long-term monitoring is needed to evaluate treatment effectiveness.
glaucoma slides
This document provides an overview of glaucoma, including risk factors, types, and treatment options. It discusses several key points:
- Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and causes permanent vision loss due to damage to retinal ganglion cells.
- Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor, and treatment aims to lower pressure to preserve vision.
- Studies have shown patients whose pressure was consistently below 18 mmHg had little progression, while those over 18 mmHg at more visits faced greater risk of vision loss.
- Diurnal fluctuations in pressure are also correlated with visual field loss, so controlling pressure throughout the day is important.
Ophthalmic surgery & it's complications
Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery requires maintaining a still eye, low intraocular pressure, and preventing complications related to drug interactions and expansion of intraocular gases. The anesthesiologist must consider the surgical procedure, patient factors like age and comorbidities, and choose the appropriate anesthetic technique between general, regional, or local anesthesia. Close monitoring of vital signs and the airway is important due to positioning constraints during eye surgery.
Tiva in elderly
This document discusses total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using target-controlled infusion (TCI) in elderly patients. It notes that pharmacokinetics change with age, so TIVA in elderly requires starting at low drug concentrations and avoiding large changes in plasma levels. TIVA may reduce postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly versus inhalational anesthesia. However, very low anesthetic depth as indicated by triple low values of BIS <45, MAP <75 mmHg and MAC <0.8 is associated with increased mortality and length of stay. When using TIVA in elderly patients, it is important to titrate doses carefully and avoid excessively deep levels of anesthesia.
Glaucoma types, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment
Glaucomas are ocular disorders characterized by changes in the optic nerve head (optic disk) and by loss of visual sensitivity and field.
There are two major types of glaucoma: open-angle glaucoma, which accounts for most cases and closed-angle glaucoma.
Pacg 04.05.16 - dr.a.r.rajalakshmi
Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) involves blockage of the drainage angle between the iris and cornea, increasing intraocular pressure. It has acute, subacute, and chronic stages depending on symptoms and pressure changes. Treatment involves lowering pressure through medications, laser iridotomy to open the angle, or surgery if needed. A red eye from PACG presents with severe vision loss, pain, mid-dilated pupil, and high pressure, distinguishing it from conjunctivitis, uveitis, or other causes.
Glaucoma
one of my education lecture in ophthalmic hospital about glaucoma patho-physiology and management as illustrated in applied therapeutic 10th edition - clinical pharmacy department
Cardiac reflex
Cardiac reflexes involve afferent and efferent nerve pathways between the heart and central nervous system that help regulate cardiac function and homeostasis. Key reflexes discussed include the baroreceptor reflex, which helps maintain blood pressure, and the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, which causes hypotension, bradycardia, and coronary artery dilation in response to ventricular stimuli. Preventing or treating reflex cardiovascular changes during surgery may involve atropine, local anesthesia, lignocaine infusion, or adjusting anesthesia depth.
Chhattisgarh district
This document lists the names of districts, national parks, rivers, and hydroelectric projects located in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It mentions 16 districts, 2 national parks (Indravati National Park and Kanger Ghati National Park), 4 rivers (Mahanadi River, Hnsdeo River, Sheonath River, Indravati River, Sabari River), and 4 hydroelectric projects (Gangrel Dam, Sondur Dam, Dudhawa Dam, Hansdeo Dam).
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Anesthesia for Ophthalmic sx edit
Cataract surgery in children requires careful anesthetic management to prevent complications like laryngospasm from excessive secretions, and the oculocardiac reflex which can cause bradycardia. Sedation with midazolam and fentanyl or propofol is suitable, and atropine may be given preventively. Peribulbar block is preferable for young patients who can lie still, and maintaining the shape of the anterior chamber with sodium hyaluronate injection helps control vitreous bulge.
Glaucoma
This document provides an overview of HEENT disorders therapeutics, focusing on glaucoma. It defines glaucoma and discusses the two main types: open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma. For each type, it covers risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment goals and approaches. Treatment typically begins with medications to lower intraocular pressure and may progress to laser therapy or surgery if medication is not effective. The document provides detailed information on evaluating and managing both chronic open-angle glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma.
Hyphema
This document discusses hyphema, which is blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. It defines hyphema and lists its potential causes such as trauma, medical conditions, and surgeries/medications. The document outlines methods for grading hyphema based on the amount of blood in the anterior chamber. It also discusses the clinical features, workup, potential complications like increased eye pressure, and treatment approaches like medical management with anti-inflammatory drugs and surgery if needed to prevent complications. The prognosis depends on factors like the severity of hyphema and any associated eye damage.
Glaucoma medical rx nov 10th 2020.pptx 1
The document discusses various treatments for glaucoma, focusing on adrenergic agonists. It describes the different types of adrenergic agonists, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and proper administration. Specifically, it provides details on non-selective and selective adrenergic agonists, including their methods of lowering intraocular pressure, potential complications, and guidelines for safe use and management of complications.
Pharmacotherapy & recent advances in glaucoma management
1) The document discusses recent advances in glaucoma management, including new pharmacotherapies and drug delivery systems.
2) Rho kinase inhibitors, such as ripasudil HCl, represent a novel class of drugs that may help treat glaucoma by increasing outflow facility and protecting retinal ganglion cells.
3) While NMDA antagonists showed promise as neuroprotective agents, clinical trials of memantine failed to demonstrate benefits over placebo. Research continues into direct neurotrophic factors that could help prevent vision loss from glaucoma.
Glaucoma
This document provides information about glaucoma including its definition, epidemiology, classification, anatomy of the anterior chamber, physiology of the anterior chamber, measurement of intraocular pressure, optic disc examination, visual field testing, and the diagnosis of glaucoma. Glaucoma is a condition associated with elevated intraocular pressure that can cause damage to the optic nerve and vision loss. It is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.
Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma
Glaucoma is a chronic progressive optic neuropathy caused by an imbalance between the rate of aqueous humor formation and drainage, leading to damage of the optic nerve and loss of vision. It is defined as an intraocular pressure of over 21 mmHg. The aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary epithelium and normally drained through two routes - the conventional trabecular route which drains around 90% and the uveoscleral pathway which drains around 10%. Glaucoma is diagnosed by tonometry and treated through lifelong drug therapy, laser treatment, or surgery to lower intraocular pressure and prevent further vision loss.
Primary open angle glaucoma (poag)
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. It is characterized by an open anterior chamber angle, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field loss. Elevated IOP is the primary risk factor. Treatment involves medical therapy to lower IOP through various drug classes, laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow, and surgeries like trabeculectomy or newer minimally invasive procedures if medication is insufficient. The goal is to lower IOP enough to prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.
Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma
This document summarizes different types of glaucoma and their pharmacotherapy. It discusses the types of glaucoma which include primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, ocular hypertension, primary angle closure glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma. It also outlines the risk factors, diagnostic tests, and mechanisms of different classes of antiglaucoma agents which include cholinergic agents, adrenergic agonists, beta blockers, prostaglandin analogs, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and more. Specific drugs discussed in detail include pilocarpine, epinephrine, dipivefrine, brimonidine, timolol and their mechanisms of action and
Glaucoma ppt by ved
Glaucoma is an eye disease that is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure, in which damage to the eye (optic) nerve can lead to loss of vision and even blindness. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world.
Medical treatment of primary open angle glaucoma
The document discusses goals and approaches for treating glaucoma. The primary goal is lowering intraocular pressure to reduce risk of vision loss. Medical approaches include various drug classes that decrease aqueous production or increase outflow, while surgical options are considered when pressure cannot be controlled through medical therapy alone. Follow-up care involves regular exams and testing to monitor pressure and disease stability.
Glaucoma slideshare for medical students
complete information about glaucoma eye disease contain detail of definition ,classification, types, pathophysiology, risk factor, causes, medical management ,nursing management, drug therapy, nursing process . for medical students, made by students of basic bsc nursing RIMS students
Glaucoma
Glaucoma refers to a group of eye disorders characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss. It is classified as primary or secondary. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common type. Elevated intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve, though pressure can be elevated without damage. Risk factors include age, family history, race, and central corneal thickness. Treatment aims to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss through medications, laser treatments, or surgery. Medications work by reducing fluid production or increasing outflow, and include prostaglandins, beta-blockers, alpha-agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Long-term monitoring is needed to evaluate treatment effectiveness.
glaucoma slides
This document provides an overview of glaucoma, including risk factors, types, and treatment options. It discusses several key points:
- Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and causes permanent vision loss due to damage to retinal ganglion cells.
- Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor, and treatment aims to lower pressure to preserve vision.
- Studies have shown patients whose pressure was consistently below 18 mmHg had little progression, while those over 18 mmHg at more visits faced greater risk of vision loss.
- Diurnal fluctuations in pressure are also correlated with visual field loss, so controlling pressure throughout the day is important.
Ophthalmic surgery & it's complications
Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery requires maintaining a still eye, low intraocular pressure, and preventing complications related to drug interactions and expansion of intraocular gases. The anesthesiologist must consider the surgical procedure, patient factors like age and comorbidities, and choose the appropriate anesthetic technique between general, regional, or local anesthesia. Close monitoring of vital signs and the airway is important due to positioning constraints during eye surgery.
Tiva in elderly
This document discusses total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using target-controlled infusion (TCI) in elderly patients. It notes that pharmacokinetics change with age, so TIVA in elderly requires starting at low drug concentrations and avoiding large changes in plasma levels. TIVA may reduce postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly versus inhalational anesthesia. However, very low anesthetic depth as indicated by triple low values of BIS <45, MAP <75 mmHg and MAC <0.8 is associated with increased mortality and length of stay. When using TIVA in elderly patients, it is important to titrate doses carefully and avoid excessively deep levels of anesthesia.
Glaucoma types, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment
Glaucomas are ocular disorders characterized by changes in the optic nerve head (optic disk) and by loss of visual sensitivity and field.
There are two major types of glaucoma: open-angle glaucoma, which accounts for most cases and closed-angle glaucoma.
Pacg 04.05.16 - dr.a.r.rajalakshmi
Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) involves blockage of the drainage angle between the iris and cornea, increasing intraocular pressure. It has acute, subacute, and chronic stages depending on symptoms and pressure changes. Treatment involves lowering pressure through medications, laser iridotomy to open the angle, or surgery if needed. A red eye from PACG presents with severe vision loss, pain, mid-dilated pupil, and high pressure, distinguishing it from conjunctivitis, uveitis, or other causes.
Glaucoma
one of my education lecture in ophthalmic hospital about glaucoma patho-physiology and management as illustrated in applied therapeutic 10th edition - clinical pharmacy department
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Pharmacotherapy & recent advances in glaucoma management
Pharmacotherapy & recent advances in glaucoma management
Glaucoma types, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment
Glaucoma types, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment
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Cardiac reflex
Cardiac reflexes involve afferent and efferent nerve pathways between the heart and central nervous system that help regulate cardiac function and homeostasis. Key reflexes discussed include the baroreceptor reflex, which helps maintain blood pressure, and the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, which causes hypotension, bradycardia, and coronary artery dilation in response to ventricular stimuli. Preventing or treating reflex cardiovascular changes during surgery may involve atropine, local anesthesia, lignocaine infusion, or adjusting anesthesia depth.
Chhattisgarh district
This document lists the names of districts, national parks, rivers, and hydroelectric projects located in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It mentions 16 districts, 2 national parks (Indravati National Park and Kanger Ghati National Park), 4 rivers (Mahanadi River, Hnsdeo River, Sheonath River, Indravati River, Sabari River), and 4 hydroelectric projects (Gangrel Dam, Sondur Dam, Dudhawa Dam, Hansdeo Dam).
reflexes, clasifications, and functions.
The document discusses reflexes and the reflex arc. It defines a reflex arc as the anatomical nervous pathway of a reflex, which consists of 5 components: a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center in the spinal cord, motor neuron, and effector organ. It describes different types of reflexes like stretch reflexes, superficial reflexes, deep tendon reflexes, and visceral reflexes. It also covers topics like reflex properties, classifications of reflexes, and clinical considerations regarding reflex testing.
Cardio Vascular Reflex
This document discusses cardiovascular reflexes that regulate heart rate and blood vessel function. It describes the three main components of cardiovascular reflexes - afferent nerves, the central nervous system, and efferent nerves. It then discusses various reflexes in more detail, including the baroreceptor reflex, cardiac baroreflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and others. The baroreceptor reflex, detected by stretch receptors in blood vessels, acts as an important negative feedback loop to maintain blood pressure homeostasis.
Classification of reflexes
This document discusses different ways to classify reflexes based on their anatomical features, number of synapses involved, physiological characteristics, and whether they are innate or conditioned. The main types of classifications covered are: anatomical (segmental, intersegmental, suprasegmental), number of synapses (monosynaptic, bisynaptic, polysynaptic), physiological (flexor, extensor), and conditional/unconditional (unconditioned, conditioned). Specific examples are provided to illustrate each classification category.
Peribulbar anaesthesia in eye surgery (4)
This document discusses a case of globe perforation that occurred during a peribulbar block for cataract surgery. It then provides details on the objectives, anatomy, techniques, sites, and complications of peribulbar anesthesia. Globe perforation is a rare but serious complication, more likely with longer eyes and blunt needles. Even if recognized immediately, the visual prognosis is usually poor following such an injury. Subtenon's block is presented as an alternative with a lower risk of perforation.
OCULAR Anesthesia
This document discusses various techniques for providing anesthesia during ocular surgery, including retrobulbar, peribulbar, and sub-Tenon's blocks. Retrobulbar blocks involve injecting local anesthetic directly into the muscle cone behind the eyeball to block the oculomotor nerves. Peribulbar blocks inject anesthetic in the space surrounding the eye muscles. Sub-Tenon's blocks make a small incision in Tenon's capsule to inject anesthetic beneath it. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages in terms of onset/duration of anesthesia, risk of complications, and ability to achieve akinesia.
Ocular anaesthesia
general,local and topical anaesthesia for ocular surgery along with their advantages,disadvantages,complication and management.
Cranial nerves part 1
The optic nerve (CN2) is the nerve of sight. It has four segments - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. In the optic chiasm, nerve fibers from the medial half of each retina cross to the opposite side. From the chiasm, the optic tracts extend posteriorly to terminate in the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus, forming connections to the primary visual cortex via the optic radiations.
Complications of anaesthesia in opthalmic surgery
Local and regional anesthesia techniques are commonly used for ophthalmic surgery. Potential complications include retrobulbar hemorrhage, globe perforation, optic nerve injury, brainstem anesthesia from intravascular injection, and the oculo-cardiac reflex. Careful patient assessment, proper needle selection, knowledge of orbital anatomy, and gentle technique can help minimize risks. Regional techniques like peribulbar and sub-Tenon's blocks provide good akinesia while avoiding potential dangers of retrobulbar injection.
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Liver Function Test
The document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) and their use in evaluating liver diseases. It provides details on 3 key LFTs:
1. Bilirubin tests which are used to diagnose prehepatic (hemolytic), hepatic, and obstructive jaundice. Elevated conjugated bilirubin indicates obstructive jaundice while elevated unconjugated bilirubin indicates hepatic or hemolytic jaundice.
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Cataract
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This document provides information on eye disorders, specifically cataracts and glaucoma. It defines cataracts as a lens opacity and discusses causes, types, symptoms, and treatment including medication and surgery. For glaucoma, it describes the condition as optic nerve damage related to intraocular pressure, lists types, discusses evaluation and treatment with medication, laser procedures, and nursing care post-surgery. The document aims to educate on these common age-related eye conditions.
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Although optometrists do not perform laser vision correction here in the United States, they can still provide a valuable role in this procedure that is gaining unprecedented popularity.
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Although optometrists do not perform laser vision correction here in the United States, they can still provide a valuable role in this procedure that is gaining unprecedented popularity.
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Extracapsular cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and surrounding capsule from the eye. The most common method is phacoemulsification, which uses ultrasound to break up the lens for removal through a small incision. After removal of the cataract, an intraocular lens implant is typically placed. Surgery is usually quick and has a high success rate in improving vision, but risks include infection, swelling, bleeding or complications that may require further treatment.
Fatima refractive surgery lecture
The document provides an introduction to refractive surgery, describing different types of refractive errors and methods used to correct them. It discusses procedures like LASIK, PRK, and lens implants. LASIK involves creating a corneal flap then sculpting the cornea with an excimer laser. PRK removes the outer corneal layer then applies the laser. Lens implants are for higher refractive errors or when other methods don't work. The risks, recovery times, and potential outcomes are outlined for each procedure.
38824351 care-of-clients-with-problems-in-perception-and-coordination
This document discusses various eye procedures and conditions. It provides instructions for angiography, which involves injecting dye to image retinal circulation. It also covers tonometry to measure intraocular pressure, ophthalmoscopy to examine the eye's interior structures, and cataract surgery including postoperative care. Additional sections address glaucoma and its treatment, retinal detachment treatment and symptoms, and ear conditions like otitis media and Meniere's disease. Common eye drops are also defined.
Cataract therapy
Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial lens implant. It is usually an outpatient procedure that takes less than an hour using local anesthesia. Most patients have improved vision after surgery and can resume normal activities within a few days. Complications are rare but may include increased eye pressure or retinal detachment. Regular post-op exams are needed to monitor healing and vision.
Anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery dr ferdous
This document discusses anesthesia considerations for ophthalmic surgery. It covers various techniques including general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and different regional block techniques. It discusses preoperative evaluation and management of comorbidities. Complications related to different techniques are outlined such as increases in intraocular pressure, retrobulbar hemorrhage, oculocardiac reflex, brainstem anesthesia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Agents, adjuvants, and proper techniques are emphasized to minimize risks and complications during ophthalmic anesthesia.
Retinal detachment new
Retinal detachment is a serious condition where the retina peels away from its underlying supportive tissue layer. It can cause permanent vision loss if not repaired soon. The summary examines the risk factors, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for retinal detachment. Surgical methods like scleral buckling, cryopexy, laser photocoagulation, pneumatic retinopexy and vitrectomy aim to reattach the retina. Prompt treatment usually leads to vision improvement, though the prognosis depends on factors like macula involvement and presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Post-operative care and home management are important to monitor for complications and aid recovery.
Cataract and its management
This document provides information about cataracts and their management. It discusses what a cataract is, risk factors for cataract formation such as aging, associated ocular conditions, nutritional and physical factors, and systemic diseases. It describes the clinical manifestations of cataracts and the diagnostic evaluation including various visual acuity tests and examinations. Treatment options discussed include medical management using glasses or surgery. The two main surgical procedures mentioned are extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification. Postoperative care and potential complications are also outlined. Finally, it provides conclusions and references several research articles on prevalence and risk factors of cataracts.
Optometry's Role in Laser Vision Correction
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EMERGENCY PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR ACUTE POST - CATARACT ENDOPHTHALMITIS WH...
Post Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis is the most devastating complication of cataract surgery
Immediate action should be taken once endophthalmitis is diagnosed
There should not be any time lost before diagnosis is made
Cataract by Group 3.pptx
The document provides an overview of cataracts including:
- Defining cataract as a clouding of the eye's lens obstructing light passage.
- Describing the four main types: nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and congenital.
- Listing causes like aging, diabetes, steroid use, sunlight exposure, and nutritional deficiencies.
- Explaining the pathophysiology involves disrupted lens protein structure from factors like glucose levels.
- Noting cataract prevalence increases with age and is more common in women.
- Outlining signs of blurred vision, light sensitivity, and decreased night vision.
- Treatment involves glasses initially and later surgery to remove the clouded lens
Acute Rise in IOP (Dr. Rasha, senior resident of ophthalmology)
There are several potential causes of acute increases in intraocular pressure (IOP), including glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posner-Schlossman syndrome), inflammatory open-angle glaucoma, retrobulbar hemorrhage or inflammation, traumatic glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, plateau iris syndrome, and malignant glaucoma. IOP increases above 40mmHg can rapidly damage the optic nerve and cause permanent vision loss within hours. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but generally involves topical medications to lower IOP such as beta-blockers, alpha-2 agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as well as systemic therapies like oral acetazol
Posterior segment complications of refractive surgery
This document discusses various posterior segment complications that can occur after refractive eye surgery procedures like LASIK and lens-based refractive surgeries. It describes complications such as retinal detachments, macular hemorrhages, macular holes, choroidal neovascular membranes that have been reported after LASIK. It also discusses complications for lens-based refractive surgeries like perforated globe, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, dropped nucleus, cystoid macular edema, macular phototoxicity, retinal detachment, and endophthalmitis. Risk factors and management strategies for many of these complications are provided. The document concludes with recommendations for refractive surgeons to help prevent or properly manage some of these complications.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Ocr
- 1. OCULO CARDIAC REFLEX Dr.Soma Sekhara Reddy Emergency Medicine
- 2. Oculocardiac reflex /Aschner phenomenon/Aschner-Dagnini reflex Decrease in pulse rate and B.P.associated with traction applied to extraocular muscles and/or compression of the eyeball Most easily triggered in newborns and young children
- 3. Etiology Immediately after infiltration of local anaesthesia for cataract surgery While manipulation of extra ocular muscles during correction of strabismus or enucleation /within 48 hours of post surgery period Ocular trauma / facial trauma Orbital cellulitis Disproportionate face mask during resuscitation
- 5. Treatment Removal of the inciting stimulus is immediately indicated and prevent further stimulus Atropine Early resuscitative measures
- 6. Why we have to know this reflex ?? Eyes can see wat ur mind knows
- 7. Emergency physician / any physician or surgeon should aware of entity called OCR to prevent and for further management. Never discharge the patient with ocular trauma/ cellulitis / peri orbital swelling / hematoma without re assessing vitals eventhough general condition is apparently normal
- 8. Thank you Have a nice day