This document discusses occupational health hazards and principles of control. It identifies physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial hazards in the workplace. It describes diseases that can result from exposure to these hazards, such as pneumoconiosis from dust inhalation. It discusses controlling hazards through proper ventilation, protective equipment, legislation and preventing disease through removing workers from exposure and medical screening. The goal is to understand occupational health risks and how to implement preventive measures and controls.
Dust is a health hazard producing after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis. Its main types are silicosis, anthracosis, byssinosis, bagassosis asbastosis, farmer's lung disease.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Dust is a health hazard producing after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis. Its main types are silicosis, anthracosis, byssinosis, bagassosis asbastosis, farmer's lung disease.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
This lecture elucidates in detail the important occupational health diseases, the all-important concept of work absenteeism and, lastly, the prevention of occupational diseases.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Complexities of occupational and environmental lung diseases, exploring their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention measures. For more information please contact us: 9779030507.
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
This lecture elucidates in detail the important occupational health diseases, the all-important concept of work absenteeism and, lastly, the prevention of occupational diseases.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Complexities of occupational and environmental lung diseases, exploring their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention measures. For more information please contact us: 9779030507.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. OBJECTIVES:
■ Identify the occupational health hazards associated with
workplace
■ Recognize the effect of exposure to hazardous
substances
■ Explain the etiology and clinical features of occupational
diseases
■ Understand the responsibilities of doctor providing
occupational health services
■ Learn the significance of using appropriate preventive
measures and work practice controls to prevent the
occupational diseases
3. CONTENTS:
■ Hazards
– Physical hazards
– Chemical hazards
– Biological hazards
– Psychosocial hazards
■ Pneumoconiosis
■ Plumbism
■ Sickness absenteeism
■ General control of occupational hazard
■ Legislation on occupational health in Pakistan
4.
5. DISEASES DUE TO PHYSICAL
AGENTS:
COLD
Chillblains Trench Foot Frost Bite
6. DISEASES DUE TO PHYSICAL
AGENTS:
PHSICAL
AGENTS
DISEASES
Heat
Heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion, heat syncope,
heat cramps, burns and local effects e.g., prickly
heat
Light Occupational cataract, Miner’s nystagmus
Pressure Caisson disease, air embolism, blast (explosion)
Noise Occupational deafness
Vibration
Motion sickness, blurred vision, Raynaud’s
phenomenon, permanent disability
Radiation Cancer, Leukemia, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia
Chemical Factors Injuries, accidents
7. Irritant Gases or Fumes:
GAS/FUME
S
SOURCES ACUTE EFFECTS CHRONIC
EFFECTS
Ammonia Fertilizers,
explosives,
refrigeration, oil
refining, plastic
production
Pain in eye, mouth &
throat, oedema of mucous
membrane, conjunctivitis,
pulmonary oedema
Airway
obstruction
Chlorine Alkali, bleaches
and
disinfectants
Chest pain, cough,
pulmonary oedema
Occasionall
y Airway
obstruction
8. GAS/FUM
ES
SOURCES ACUTE EFFECTS CHRONIC
EFFECTS
Nitrogen
oxides
Silo filling, arc
welding,
combustion of
nitrogen containing
materials
Pulmonary oedema,
obliteration of bronchiole
in severe cases
Permanent
lung
damage if
continuous
exposure
Ozone Argon-shielded
welding
Cough, chest tightness,
pulmonary edema
None
Phosgene Chemical industry,
WW1 gas
Pulmonary oedema Chronic
bronchitis
Sulphur
dioxide
Paper production,
oil refining,
atmospheric
Pain in eye, mouth &
throat, oedema of
mucous membrane,
Chronic
bronchitis
9. GAS/FUM
ES
SOURCES ACUTE EFFECTS CHRONIC
EFFECTS
Mercury
vapour
Chemical and
metal industries
Cough and chest pain,
acute pneumonia
Rarely
pulmonary
fibrosis
Osmium Chemical &
metal industries
lab.
Tracheitis, bronchitis,
conjuctivitis
None
Vanadium
pentoxide
Ash and soot
from fuel oil
Nasal irritation, chest pain,
cough
Bronchitis,
bronchopne
umonia
Zinc
chloride
Manufacture of
dry cells,
galvanizing
Tracheobronchitis None
10. DISEASES DUE TO CHEMICAL
AGENTS:
■ Metals and their compounds: Toxic hazards from lead,
mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium, arsenic,
chromium etc.
■ Chemicals : Acids, alkalies, pesticides
■ Solvents : Carbon bisulphide, benzene, trichloroethylene,
chloroform, etc.
Grain dust
11. DISEASES DUE TO CHEMICAL
AGENTS:1.DUSTS (Pneumoconiosis)
Inorganic dusts:
a. Coal dust ____ Anthracosis
b. Silica ____ Silicosis
c. Asbestos ____ Asbestosis, cancer lung
d. Iron ____ Siderosis
Organic (vegetable) dust:
a. Cane fibre _____ Bagassosis
b. Cotton dust _____ Byssinosis
c. Tobacco _____ Tobacossis
d. Hay or _____ Farmer’s lung
grain dust
15. DISEASES DUE TO
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
DISEASES DUE TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ORIGIN
■ Industrial neurosis
■ Hypertension
■ Peptic ulcer etc.
■ Brucellosis
■ Leptospirosis
■ Anthrax
■ Actinomycosis
■ Hydatidosis
■ Psittacosis
■ Tetanus
■ Encephalitis
■ Fungal infections etc.
16. PNEUMOCONIOSIS:
■ “A disease of the lungs due to inhalation of dust,
characterized by inflammation, coughing, and fibrosis”
■ Particles 0.5 – 3 micron are dangerous
■ Ventilatory function by “Peak flow meter” and
“Spirogram”
■ Following indices can be measured:
■ Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)
■ Forced mid expiratory flow rates (FMF)
■ Forced vital capacity (FVC)
■ FEV-FVC ratio
17. SILICOSIS:
■ Cause : inhalation of silica or silicon dioxide (SiO2)
■ Industries involved : Mining industry (coal, mica, gold,
silver, lead, zinc, manganese and other metals), pottery
and ceramic industry, sand blasting, metal grinding,
building and construction work, rock mining, iron and
steel industry and several others
■ Incubation period : few months - 6 years
■ Pathogenesis: particles ingested by phagocytes
accumulate and block lymph channels
■ Characterized by dense nodular fibrosis
18. ■ Sign and Symptoms :
Irritant cough, dyspnea on
exertion and pain in chest, in
more advanced cases TLC of
lung becomes impaired
(rarely shows tubercle bacilli)
19. ANTHRACOSIS:
■ A type of coal workers' pneumoconiosis due to inhalation
of coal dust not containing silica.
■ 2 phases
– 1st is called “simple pneumoconiosis” little ventilatory
impairment
– 2nd characterized by massive pulmonary fibrosis
■ Sign & Symptoms : chronic cough, sputum production
in case of pulmonary fibrosis --- dyspnea, respiratory
failure
20. ■ Chest X-Ray: Small irregular opacities (prominent in upper lobes
mostly)
Large masses often surrounded by lucent regions
■ Differential Diagnosis: (PFT showing lung restriction in absence of
pulmonary fibrosis or systematic symptoms)
Sarcoidosis, Fibrosing alveolitis
PREVENTION:
1. Proper ventilation
2. Improved work practices (wetting coal face before mining it and
wetting dust before removing it from mine shaft)
3. Affected workers should be removed from further exposure
4. Respiratory support (supplemental oxygen), bronchodilator therapy
21. BYSSINOSIS
■ Cause: Inhalation of cotton fibre
■ In textile industry
■ SIGN & SYMPTOMS : chronic cough, progressive
dyspnea, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
22. BAGASSOSIS
■ CAUSE:
– Inhalation of bagasse
– Occurs due to inhalation of spores of thermophilic
actenomycete named Thermoactinomyces sacchari
■ SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
Breathlessness, cough, hemoptysis and fever.
Impairment of
pulmonary function. If left untreated, diffuse fibrosis,
emphysema and bronchiectasis
23. ■ Skiagram : Mottling in lung and shadows
PREVENTION:
■ Dust control (wet process, enclosed apparatus,
exhaust ventilation etc.)
■ Personal protection (mask or respirator with
mechanical filters or with oxygen or air supply)
■ Medical control (periodical medical checkups)
■ Bagasse control : by keeping the moisture
content above 20% and spraying the bagasse
with 2% propionic acid which is a fungicide
24. ASBESTOSIS:
■ Lung disease that develops by inhaling asbestos fibers and
they cause scarring in lungs
■ Is a natural mineral, used in asbestos cement, fire proof
textiles, roof lining, brake lining, gaskets and several other
items
■ PATHOLOGY: Deposited in alveoli causing pulmonary fibrosis
leading to respiratory insufficiency and death
■ SIGN & SYMPTOMS: Dyspnea in advanced cases clubbing of
finger, cardiac distress and cyanosis
■ Greater risk of lung cancer (bronchial cancer, mesothelioma)
25. ■ Fibrosis is diffuse in character
and basal in location while in
silicosis fibrosis is nodular and
present in upper part of lung
■ Sputum shows “asbestos
bodies:
“Ground-glass
appearance”
26. Preventive measures:
■ Use of safe type of asbestos (chrysolite, amosite)
■ Substitution of other insulants (glass fibre, mineral
wool, calcium silicate, plastic foam etc.)
■ Dust control
■ Periodic examination of workers, biological monitoring
(clinical, X-ray, lung function)
■ Continuing research
27. FARMER’S LUNG:
■ Due to inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust
■ Cause : Thermophilic actinomycetes of which
Micropolyspora faeni is the main cause of farmer’s
lung
■ Pulmonary fibrosis, inevitable pulmonary damage and
corpulmonale
Pulmonary Fibrosis
28. PLUMBISM (LEAD POISONING)
SOURCES OF LEAD:
■ Manufacturing storage batteries, glass manufacturing, ship building,
printing & potteries, rubber industry etc.
■ Non-occupational sources------gasoline, drinking water, chewing lead
paints on widow sills or toys in case of children
MODE OF ABSORPTION :
■ Inhalation
■ Ingestion
■ Through skin
29. CLINICAL FEATURES:
■ Inorganic Lead ----- Anorexia, abdominal colic, anemia,
blue line on gums, basophilic stippling of RBC,
constipation, wrist drop and foot drop
■ Organic Lead ------- insomnia, Persistent headache,
mental confusion, delirium etc. (CNS symptoms)
LABORATORY TESTS:
a. Coproporphyrin in urine
b. Amino levulinic acid in urine
c. Measurement of lead in blood & urine
d. Basophic stippling of Red Blood Cells
30. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
■ Substitution: by less toxic material
■ Isolation: harmful conc. of dust & fumes should be
enclosed and segregated
■ Personal Protection: by respirators
■ Good Housekeeping: essential where lead dust are
present. Floors, bench, machines should be kept clean by
wet sweeping
■ Working Atmosphere: in working place its conc. should
be kept below 2 mg/10 cu metres of air
31. ■ Periodic Examination of Workers: lab determination of urinary lead, blood lead, red cell count,
haemoglobin estimation and coproporphyrin test of urine should be done periodically
■ Personal Hygiene: hand washing before eating, adequate washing facilities in industry, prohibition
on taking food on work place
■ Health Education: high risk and personal protection.
■ MANAGEMENT:
Saline purge (will remove unabsorbed lead from gut)
■ Penicillamine (has been reported to be effective)
■ Ca-EDTA is a chelating agent and promotes lead excretion in urine
32. MANAGEMENT:
■ Saline purge (will remove unabsorbed lead from gut)
■ Penicillamine (has been reported to be effective)
■ Ca-EDTA is a chelating agent and promotes lead
excretion in urine
33. SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM
■ Term used to refer to unscheduled employee
absences from the work place
Prevention:
■ Good factory management and practices
■ Adequate preplacement examination
■ Good human relations
■ Application of ergonomics
34. LEGISLATION ON OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH IN PAKISTAN
■ Factories Act 1934: Chief inspector of Factories is
authorized to declare any process as hazardous
■ Dock Labourers Act 1934
■ Mines Act 1923
■ Workman Compensation Act 1923
■ Provincial Employees Social Security Act 1965
■ Boilers and Pressure Vessels Ordinance 2002
All depends on inspector industries to enforce these
laws
