The document discusses marine life and adaptations to the marine environment. It begins with an overview of marine species classification. The three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - are introduced. Key details are provided on the characteristics of marine organisms within these domains, including extremophile bacteria, cyanobacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Common adaptations that help organisms survive in the marine environment are also summarized, such as buoyancy, streamlining, temperature tolerance, vision adaptations, and extracting gases and minerals from seawater.
The document summarizes the taxonomic classification of organisms found in marine ecosystems, with a focus on the coral reef. It describes the eight major groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes in marine and freshwater systems. It also outlines the five eukaryotic kingdoms that make up macroscopic marine life, including animals, plants, and algae. Finally, it provides details on seven major animal phyla found in coral reefs and nearby habitats, and guidelines for an upcoming student presentation and quiz on the classification of local invertebrate and fish species.
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
This document discusses dragonflies and damselflies, including their evolution, classification, distinguishing features, life cycles, adaptations, biogeography, and habitats. It notes that dragonflies and damselflies have existed for over 300 million years, evolving key traits like wings and complex eyes. They are found globally but have the highest diversity in Southeast Asia and parts of Africa and South America. Their distributions are governed by habitat availability and barriers. The Anawilundawa wetland in Sri Lanka supports over 120 species through its interconnected freshwater and brackish ecosystems.
Animal atlas power point for 6th six weeksladynoid
Animals are divided into 33 phyla. The eight major invertebrate phyla are sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms. Arthropods are the largest group, with insects being the most abundant class. Vertebrates make up the phylum Chordata and have backbones, with mammals being the class that includes humans.
The document discusses the kingdoms of life and animal diversity. It describes how biologists have organized living things into six kingdoms based on their cell structure, cell walls, body type, and nutrition. Animals are complex multicellular organisms that move rapidly and reproduce sexually. The animal kingdom is divided into 35 phyla, most of which are invertebrates that live in the sea. Key animal phyla discussed include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates.
This is the second chapter under the Unit-1 of NEET examination syllabus. It is specially prepared to make the students of the NEET examination score all the possible questions for the chappter.
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
The document summarizes the taxonomic classification of organisms found in marine ecosystems, with a focus on the coral reef. It describes the eight major groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes in marine and freshwater systems. It also outlines the five eukaryotic kingdoms that make up macroscopic marine life, including animals, plants, and algae. Finally, it provides details on seven major animal phyla found in coral reefs and nearby habitats, and guidelines for an upcoming student presentation and quiz on the classification of local invertebrate and fish species.
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
This document discusses dragonflies and damselflies, including their evolution, classification, distinguishing features, life cycles, adaptations, biogeography, and habitats. It notes that dragonflies and damselflies have existed for over 300 million years, evolving key traits like wings and complex eyes. They are found globally but have the highest diversity in Southeast Asia and parts of Africa and South America. Their distributions are governed by habitat availability and barriers. The Anawilundawa wetland in Sri Lanka supports over 120 species through its interconnected freshwater and brackish ecosystems.
Animal atlas power point for 6th six weeksladynoid
Animals are divided into 33 phyla. The eight major invertebrate phyla are sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms. Arthropods are the largest group, with insects being the most abundant class. Vertebrates make up the phylum Chordata and have backbones, with mammals being the class that includes humans.
The document discusses the kingdoms of life and animal diversity. It describes how biologists have organized living things into six kingdoms based on their cell structure, cell walls, body type, and nutrition. Animals are complex multicellular organisms that move rapidly and reproduce sexually. The animal kingdom is divided into 35 phyla, most of which are invertebrates that live in the sea. Key animal phyla discussed include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates.
This is the second chapter under the Unit-1 of NEET examination syllabus. It is specially prepared to make the students of the NEET examination score all the possible questions for the chappter.
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
This document provides information on the taxonomy of corals. It begins by introducing the phylum Cnidaria, which includes corals. It then describes key characteristics of Cnidaria and provides a classification system, dividing the phylum into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa. Most of the document focuses on describing the class Anthozoa, which contains corals and is further divided into subclasses and orders. For each group, example genera are provided. Key characteristics and taxonomic groups of important soft coral orders are also summarized.
Apply a classification system to a range of marine organisms found in the Maldives.
Define Taxonomy
State the order of classification
Name organisms using binomial nomenclature
Use taxonomic keys
Classify organisms
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone, while invertebrates do not. Vertebrates are classified as chordates and include fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds. Fish are categorized into cartilaginous, ray-finned, and lobe-finned. Mammals include monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Reptiles are ectothermic and include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, and turtles. Amphibians transform from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults. Birds are covered in feathers and can fly. Invertebrates lack backbones and include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms
The document discusses several animal phyla including Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. It provides information on the characteristics, habitats, reproduction, nutrition, cell structure, examples of organisms, and importance to humans for each phylum.
1) You need to attended two shows, they shows are only 15 minutes .docxmonicafrancis71118
1) You need to attended two shows, they shows are only 15 minutes long. For each show seen you need to write a paragraph summarizing the shows you saw.
The first show we attended was hard to understand what diver is trying to say, they mention it also because the water of that tank is so chili. The diver mentioned that a lot of species are living in this tank, which some are benthic and some are pelagic organisms. They mostly talked about the pelagic organisms in that tank. They chose white sea bass as far as giant sea bass and briefly explain about them. There were thousands of sardines and between them the diver point to the fish called half-moon which it was bigger and silver moon. Half-moons are the feeder of red and green algae, also they can eat some small invertebrates like sponges, crustaceans, and anemones. We were told about the giant bass history in Santa Barbara island, which the scientist didn’t see the organism approximately for forty years but the person who was carrying out the show saw it. She mentioned that scientist by creating a space for these organisms in about thirty or forty years in the nice protected area in the ocean to have no pressure in hunting not even boat driving, they wait for a long time for this species to coming back to protected area and scientists of all over California taking pictures of those animals. The diver also talked about the spots of giant sea bass that we could see on the side of fish that they are specific each and individual.
At the end, he said white sea bass are more open ocean than giant sea bass.
The second show we attended was more interesting for me than the first one. We explored bunch of animal that live there, and talked about some of the organisms that are important and have right force in everything on that tank. We waited for diver to join us to communicate with him. He worn a special mask that allowed him to talk with us. The presenter talked the way that they feed animals, which it was so interesting, the diver goes to target animals and feed them to get the proper diet. The diver mentioned there are six hundred different fishes are living in this tank. The exhibit was so big with 350000 gallons of water. There were two species of shark in that specific exhibit, but they were not like hunting sharks as we see in television. There was an animal that shark close related to which is ray. We saw a diver was feeding those new rays. Rays are related to sharks but they look different. The fishes live in that tank were bony fish and have skeleton. One of them was napoleon wrasse. This organism has a unique adaptation, they all are female and they can change itself to male which this transformation takes about a year. Looks like the name of this fish comes up from the shape it has, because there is a bump on its head that’s why calling it a napoleon wrasse. Bubbles also are another bony fish, that loves to be part of presentation. This fish loves the bubbles and for entire presentation.
Sea cucumbers are echinoderms related to starfish and sea urchins. They play an important role in marine ecosystems by breaking down organic matter. There are over 1700 species worldwide, mostly in the Asia Pacific region. They range in size from 0.12 inches to 3.3 feet long. When threatened, some species can expel internal organs and regenerate them later. Sea cucumbers feed on decaying organic matter and plankton. They reproduce through both external breeding and self-fertilization. In India, sea cucumbers receive legal protection similar to tigers.
This document provides a classification of aquatic flora and fauna. It begins by explaining the phylogenetic tree used to classify organisms and their evolutionary relationships. It then lists and describes major kingdoms of aquatic life, including plants (algae and seagrasses), invertebrates (sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, flatworms, annelids, molluscs, bryozoans, arthropods, echinoderms, tunicates), and vertebrates (reptiles, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, marine mammals, tetrapods). Over 40,000 species of algae, corals, jellyfish, shellfish, fish and marine
Classification systems help organize the diversity of life on Earth. Early systems like Aristotle's grouped organisms by habitat, but this was misleading as very different organisms can share a habitat. Modern classification is based on fundamental characteristics like cellular structure, multicellularity, and mode of nutrition.
The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Carl Woese later divided Monera into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Organisms are also classified as eukaryotes or prokaryotes based on cellular structure. Vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are classified based on
- The document discusses classification of living things from the kingdom to the species level. It explains Linnaeus' system of binomial nomenclature and how modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships determined by comparing DNA and RNA.
- The modern systems of classification include five kingdoms, six kingdoms by separating bacteria into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, and three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Each level of classification from domain to species provides more specificity about an organism's evolutionary history.
The document summarizes several marine ecosystems and the organisms found within them. It describes plankton as organisms that cannot swim against ocean currents, including photosynthetic phytoplankton like diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria, as well as zooplankton that eat other organisms. It also discusses nekton that can swim against currents. Several ecosystems are outlined, such as the rocky intertidal zone, estuaries, coral reefs, the open ocean, deep sea hydrothermal vents, and the challenges of life in each.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of giant clams and fish. It begins with an introduction to clams, noting that they first appeared 510 million years ago and can range in size from microscopic to giant clams weighing 200kg. It then discusses the key characteristics of clams, including their two calcareous shells, ability to filter feed, and use of siphons. For fish, it outlines their three main classes - Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes - and provides details on the external anatomy, senses, fins, skin, scales, coloration, muscles, body shapes, and adaptations of different fish types.
Echinoderms have a spiny skin and bone plates just below it that form an endoskeleton. Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates that live in water and breathe through gills. They have scales, fins, and well-developed circulatory, digestive and nervous systems. Invertebrates lack a backbone and have less developed nutrition and sensory systems compared to vertebrates. They may have exoskeletons, endoskeletons, or no skeleton.
This document discusses the phylum Cnidaria, also known as radiate animals. It provides details on their characteristics, body forms, reproduction, feeding habits, and importance. Some key points include:
- Cnidaria have radial or biradial symmetry and include jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydroids. They possess stinging cells called nematocysts.
- There are four main groups: Anthozoa (corals, anemones), Cubozoa (box jellies), Hydrozoa (hydroids, fire corals), and Scyphozoa (jellyfish).
- They can reproduce asexually through budding or sexually
Chordates are classified into 3 subphyla: Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata. Cephalochordata and Urochordata are invertebrates while Vertebrata includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. All chordates share structures like a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail. The subphylum Urochordata includes tunicates that are marine filter feeders while Cephalochordata includes lancelets that have elongated segmented bodies and retain their notochord. Vertebrates are distinguished by having a head, brain, vertebrae,
1) Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs and have a nervous system and locomotion abilities to obtain food.
2) Animals develop from a zygote into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm - that form the skin/nervous system, digestive tract and muscles/circulatory system, respectively.
3) Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species and include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms and arthropods like insects, spiders and crustaceans
This document provides information on taxonomy and classification. It discusses the eight major taxonomic categories, from domain to species. Key figures in the development of classification systems, like Aristotle and Linnaeus, are mentioned. Details are provided on the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Characteristics and examples are outlined for major groups within these kingdoms.
This document provides an overview of different animal phyla, including invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods and vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. It describes key characteristics of each group such as their anatomy, habitat, examples of types of animals within each phylum, and some ecological information.
Invertebrates are animals without backbones and make up 97% of animal species. They include single-celled and multicellular organisms like sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects and snails. Invertebrates are diverse, ranging from simple organisms lacking organs to complex animals with exoskeletons. They live in various environments including oceans, ponds and soil.
The document discusses the history of biological classification systems. It describes the 5 kingdom system proposed by R.H. Whittaker, which divided organisms into 5 kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Monera, and Protista. The criteria for classification included cell structure, nutrition, reproduction, and phylogeny. Key organisms were grouped as follows: plants with chloroplasts in Plantae, multicellular animals in Animalia, fungi in Fungi, prokaryotes in Monera, and unicellular eukaryotes in Protista. This 5 kingdom system is still widely used today.
The first vertebrates were jawless fishlike animals that appeared over 500 million years ago. They had cartilaginous internal skeletons. Ostracoderms had bony armor. Early vertebrates evolved in both marine and freshwater environments. Modern fish classes include cartilaginous Chondrichthyes like sharks and bony Osteichthyes including Sarcopterygii with lungs and Actinopterygii with ray fins, including most common fish species.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
This document provides information on the taxonomy of corals. It begins by introducing the phylum Cnidaria, which includes corals. It then describes key characteristics of Cnidaria and provides a classification system, dividing the phylum into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa. Most of the document focuses on describing the class Anthozoa, which contains corals and is further divided into subclasses and orders. For each group, example genera are provided. Key characteristics and taxonomic groups of important soft coral orders are also summarized.
Apply a classification system to a range of marine organisms found in the Maldives.
Define Taxonomy
State the order of classification
Name organisms using binomial nomenclature
Use taxonomic keys
Classify organisms
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone, while invertebrates do not. Vertebrates are classified as chordates and include fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds. Fish are categorized into cartilaginous, ray-finned, and lobe-finned. Mammals include monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Reptiles are ectothermic and include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, and turtles. Amphibians transform from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults. Birds are covered in feathers and can fly. Invertebrates lack backbones and include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms
The document discusses several animal phyla including Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. It provides information on the characteristics, habitats, reproduction, nutrition, cell structure, examples of organisms, and importance to humans for each phylum.
1) You need to attended two shows, they shows are only 15 minutes .docxmonicafrancis71118
1) You need to attended two shows, they shows are only 15 minutes long. For each show seen you need to write a paragraph summarizing the shows you saw.
The first show we attended was hard to understand what diver is trying to say, they mention it also because the water of that tank is so chili. The diver mentioned that a lot of species are living in this tank, which some are benthic and some are pelagic organisms. They mostly talked about the pelagic organisms in that tank. They chose white sea bass as far as giant sea bass and briefly explain about them. There were thousands of sardines and between them the diver point to the fish called half-moon which it was bigger and silver moon. Half-moons are the feeder of red and green algae, also they can eat some small invertebrates like sponges, crustaceans, and anemones. We were told about the giant bass history in Santa Barbara island, which the scientist didn’t see the organism approximately for forty years but the person who was carrying out the show saw it. She mentioned that scientist by creating a space for these organisms in about thirty or forty years in the nice protected area in the ocean to have no pressure in hunting not even boat driving, they wait for a long time for this species to coming back to protected area and scientists of all over California taking pictures of those animals. The diver also talked about the spots of giant sea bass that we could see on the side of fish that they are specific each and individual.
At the end, he said white sea bass are more open ocean than giant sea bass.
The second show we attended was more interesting for me than the first one. We explored bunch of animal that live there, and talked about some of the organisms that are important and have right force in everything on that tank. We waited for diver to join us to communicate with him. He worn a special mask that allowed him to talk with us. The presenter talked the way that they feed animals, which it was so interesting, the diver goes to target animals and feed them to get the proper diet. The diver mentioned there are six hundred different fishes are living in this tank. The exhibit was so big with 350000 gallons of water. There were two species of shark in that specific exhibit, but they were not like hunting sharks as we see in television. There was an animal that shark close related to which is ray. We saw a diver was feeding those new rays. Rays are related to sharks but they look different. The fishes live in that tank were bony fish and have skeleton. One of them was napoleon wrasse. This organism has a unique adaptation, they all are female and they can change itself to male which this transformation takes about a year. Looks like the name of this fish comes up from the shape it has, because there is a bump on its head that’s why calling it a napoleon wrasse. Bubbles also are another bony fish, that loves to be part of presentation. This fish loves the bubbles and for entire presentation.
Sea cucumbers are echinoderms related to starfish and sea urchins. They play an important role in marine ecosystems by breaking down organic matter. There are over 1700 species worldwide, mostly in the Asia Pacific region. They range in size from 0.12 inches to 3.3 feet long. When threatened, some species can expel internal organs and regenerate them later. Sea cucumbers feed on decaying organic matter and plankton. They reproduce through both external breeding and self-fertilization. In India, sea cucumbers receive legal protection similar to tigers.
This document provides a classification of aquatic flora and fauna. It begins by explaining the phylogenetic tree used to classify organisms and their evolutionary relationships. It then lists and describes major kingdoms of aquatic life, including plants (algae and seagrasses), invertebrates (sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, flatworms, annelids, molluscs, bryozoans, arthropods, echinoderms, tunicates), and vertebrates (reptiles, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, marine mammals, tetrapods). Over 40,000 species of algae, corals, jellyfish, shellfish, fish and marine
Classification systems help organize the diversity of life on Earth. Early systems like Aristotle's grouped organisms by habitat, but this was misleading as very different organisms can share a habitat. Modern classification is based on fundamental characteristics like cellular structure, multicellularity, and mode of nutrition.
The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Carl Woese later divided Monera into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Organisms are also classified as eukaryotes or prokaryotes based on cellular structure. Vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are classified based on
- The document discusses classification of living things from the kingdom to the species level. It explains Linnaeus' system of binomial nomenclature and how modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships determined by comparing DNA and RNA.
- The modern systems of classification include five kingdoms, six kingdoms by separating bacteria into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, and three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Each level of classification from domain to species provides more specificity about an organism's evolutionary history.
The document summarizes several marine ecosystems and the organisms found within them. It describes plankton as organisms that cannot swim against ocean currents, including photosynthetic phytoplankton like diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria, as well as zooplankton that eat other organisms. It also discusses nekton that can swim against currents. Several ecosystems are outlined, such as the rocky intertidal zone, estuaries, coral reefs, the open ocean, deep sea hydrothermal vents, and the challenges of life in each.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of giant clams and fish. It begins with an introduction to clams, noting that they first appeared 510 million years ago and can range in size from microscopic to giant clams weighing 200kg. It then discusses the key characteristics of clams, including their two calcareous shells, ability to filter feed, and use of siphons. For fish, it outlines their three main classes - Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes - and provides details on the external anatomy, senses, fins, skin, scales, coloration, muscles, body shapes, and adaptations of different fish types.
Echinoderms have a spiny skin and bone plates just below it that form an endoskeleton. Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates that live in water and breathe through gills. They have scales, fins, and well-developed circulatory, digestive and nervous systems. Invertebrates lack a backbone and have less developed nutrition and sensory systems compared to vertebrates. They may have exoskeletons, endoskeletons, or no skeleton.
This document discusses the phylum Cnidaria, also known as radiate animals. It provides details on their characteristics, body forms, reproduction, feeding habits, and importance. Some key points include:
- Cnidaria have radial or biradial symmetry and include jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydroids. They possess stinging cells called nematocysts.
- There are four main groups: Anthozoa (corals, anemones), Cubozoa (box jellies), Hydrozoa (hydroids, fire corals), and Scyphozoa (jellyfish).
- They can reproduce asexually through budding or sexually
Chordates are classified into 3 subphyla: Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata. Cephalochordata and Urochordata are invertebrates while Vertebrata includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. All chordates share structures like a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail. The subphylum Urochordata includes tunicates that are marine filter feeders while Cephalochordata includes lancelets that have elongated segmented bodies and retain their notochord. Vertebrates are distinguished by having a head, brain, vertebrae,
1) Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs and have a nervous system and locomotion abilities to obtain food.
2) Animals develop from a zygote into a gastrula with three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm - that form the skin/nervous system, digestive tract and muscles/circulatory system, respectively.
3) Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species and include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms and arthropods like insects, spiders and crustaceans
This document provides information on taxonomy and classification. It discusses the eight major taxonomic categories, from domain to species. Key figures in the development of classification systems, like Aristotle and Linnaeus, are mentioned. Details are provided on the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Characteristics and examples are outlined for major groups within these kingdoms.
This document provides an overview of different animal phyla, including invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods and vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. It describes key characteristics of each group such as their anatomy, habitat, examples of types of animals within each phylum, and some ecological information.
Invertebrates are animals without backbones and make up 97% of animal species. They include single-celled and multicellular organisms like sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects and snails. Invertebrates are diverse, ranging from simple organisms lacking organs to complex animals with exoskeletons. They live in various environments including oceans, ponds and soil.
The document discusses the history of biological classification systems. It describes the 5 kingdom system proposed by R.H. Whittaker, which divided organisms into 5 kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Monera, and Protista. The criteria for classification included cell structure, nutrition, reproduction, and phylogeny. Key organisms were grouped as follows: plants with chloroplasts in Plantae, multicellular animals in Animalia, fungi in Fungi, prokaryotes in Monera, and unicellular eukaryotes in Protista. This 5 kingdom system is still widely used today.
The first vertebrates were jawless fishlike animals that appeared over 500 million years ago. They had cartilaginous internal skeletons. Ostracoderms had bony armor. Early vertebrates evolved in both marine and freshwater environments. Modern fish classes include cartilaginous Chondrichthyes like sharks and bony Osteichthyes including Sarcopterygii with lungs and Actinopterygii with ray fins, including most common fish species.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
2. Overview
More than 250,000 identified marine species
Most live in sunlit surface seawater
3. Classification of living organisms
Three domains of Life
Archaea
Prokaryotic, includes
“extremophile”
bacteria
Bacteria
Prokaryotic, includes
what used to be in
Kingdom Monera
Eukarya
Eukaryotic cells
Includes Protists,
Fungi, Plants, and
Animals
4. Domain Archaea
Bacteria - Prokaryotic cells
Cell wall differs from those bacteria in
Domain Bacteria
Includes extremophile bacteria
○ Acidophiles
○ Halophiles
○ Thermophiles
○ Etc.
○ These bacteria are found to chemosynthesize in
hydrothermal vents
5. Domain Bacteria
Bacteria – prokaryotic cells
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Includes Staphylococcus, Bacillus,
Vibrio, Pseudomonas, etc.
○ Only a very small % of bacteria are
pathogenic
○ Bacteria are very important in things like
nitrogen cycle, decomposition, food making,
etc.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic
bacteria
6. Archaea and Bacteria
○ Most numerous organisms on Earth!!
- Think about how much bacteria lives just on you
- Viruses are thought to out number bacteria but if you
are just talking about “live” organisms then bacteria
are the most numerous
○ Simplest of organisms
- But, can live in every thinkable habitat, even those
once thought to be unsuitable to life, very successful
organisms!!
7. Now we will talk about Domain Eukarya
○ Includes protists, fungi, plants, animals
8. Domain Eukarya
Protists:
Algae
○ Photosynthetic
○ Can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
- Multicellular - “seaweed” – kelp, sargassum, sea lettuce
- Unicellular – phytoplankton, produce majority of oxygen
in atmosphere comes from our phytoplankton, can cause
red tides (examples are dinoflagellates and diatoms)
Protozoans
○ Heterotrophic
○ Unicellular
○ Amoeba, paramecium
9. Domain Eukarya
Fungi
Heterotrophic
Secrete enzymes and absorb nutrition
Since they are heterotrophic, they are more closely
related to animals than to plants
Multicellular (mold) or unicellular (yeast)
10. Domain Eukarya
Plants
Autotrophic, multicellular
Many plant species cannot tolerate saltwater
○ Very few species grow in/near ocean
Sea grasses
Mangroves
Dune plants
11. Domain Eukarya
Animals
Heterotrophic, multicellular, have motility
at some point in life cycle
Wide variety
○ From simplest of animals (sponges) to most
complex (mammals)
12. Viruses
Acellular entities
○ Are they “alive”??? – many scientists say no
○ Do not have the machinery for life processes,
have to take over host cell
○ The ultimate “parasites”
○ Viruses very prevalent in the marine
environment
13. Taxonomic classification
Systemized classification of organisms
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Fundamental unit
Population of genetically similar, interbreeding
individuals
14. With new molecular methods (comparing
DNA sequence and amino acid sequences
of certain proteins), traditional taxonomy
is changing
○ Taxonomists are discovering new relationships
between species
○ Molecular data gives a clearer picture of
relatedness as opposed to the traditional ways
of classifying organisms:
- Morphology, embryology, behavior, habitat, etc.
15. Let’s take a closer look at Plant and
Animal taxonomy
17. Kingdom Animalia
Parazoa – no true embryonic tissues
○ Sponges
Eumetazoa – true embryonic tissues
○ 2 true tissues – radial symmetry; Cnidarians,
Ctenophores
○ 3 embryonic tissues – bilateral symmetry; all
other animals
Acoelomate – only flatworms
Coelomates:
- Protostomes
- Deuterostomes
18. Radially Symmetrical Animals, 2
true embryonic tissues
Cnidarians
○ Class Anthozoa – sea anemones, corals
○ Hydrozoa – Hydra
○ Scyphozoa – “jellies”
Ctenophores – no stinging cells,
complete gut unlike in the Cnidarians
19. What are the embryonic tissue layers?
Tissue layers that form during development
○ Ectoderm
○ Mesoderm
○ Endoderm
20. What is radial symmetry?
What is bilateral symmetry?
21. What is an acoelomate?
What is a coelomate?
22. Bilaterally symmetrical animals are divided
into 2 groups
Protostomes – 1st blastopore that forms during
development becomes the mouth
○ Includes Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs
Deuterostomes – 1st blastopore that forms
during development becomes the anus
○ Includes the Echinoderms, Chordates
28. Protostomes
Arthropoda
Largest group of animals on the planet!!!!
Chelicerates – horseshoe crabs and arachnids
Crustaceans – marine and freshwater, crabs,
lobster, shrimp, barnacles
Insects and relatives
33. Vertebrates
Class Osteichthyes
Bony fish, ray-finned fish
Great diversity in the ocean!
○ Very small to very large
○ Large tuna, grouper, sailfish
○ Deep sea fish
○ Flattened fish – flounder
○ Seahorses
○ Eels
36. Vertebrates
Class Mammalia
What are the characteristics of mammals?
Carnivores: Sea otters, Polar bears, pinnepeds
(walruses, seals, sea lions)
Sirenians: manatees
Cetacea
○ Odontocetes – toothed whales: dolphins,
porpoises, sperm whale
○ Mysticetes: baleen whales: gray whale, right
whale, blue whale (largest animal to roam the
Earth)
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Classification in the marine
environment by habitat and mobility
Plankton (floaters)
Nekton (swimmers)
Benthos (bottom dwellers)
42. Plankton
Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton
Phytoplankton
Microscopic algae, Autotrophic
Zooplankton
Heterotrophic
Protozoans, tiny animals, larvae of larger
animals
Bacterioplankton
Virioplankton
Viruses that infect bacteria and eukaryotic cells
http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/2110315/icephytoplankton-main_Full.jpg
43. Plankton
o Holoplankton
o Entire lives as plankton
o Example is algae, protozoans, small microscopic
animals
o Meroplankton
o Part of lives as plankton
o Juvenile or larval stages in the plankton
o Examples are lobsters, some fish species, etc.
o Macroplankton
o Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum
o Picoplankton
o Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton
45. Benthos
Epifauna live on surface
of sea floor
Infauna live buried in
sediments
Nektobenthos swim or
crawl through water
above seafloor
Most abundant in
shallower water
46. Number of marine species
More land species than marine species
Ocean relatively uniform conditions
Therefore, less adaptation required, less speciation
Don’t get this fact confused with # of individual organisms
There are fewer different species in the ocean but greater # of individuals
Majority of life on Earth lives in the ocean!!
Diversity in the ocean is high, also – think about different types of fish
(seahorses to sharks, for example)
Marine species overwhelmingly benthic rather than
pelagic
○ Most of these will be in shallow coastal benthic areas where
there is light and a lot of primary productivity
47. Marine organisms have a lot of
adaptations for living in the marine
environment
Let’s take a look at some of these
adaptations
48. Adaptations of marine organisms
Physical support
Buoyancy
How to resist sinking
Different support structures in cold (fewer)
rather than warm (more appendages)
seawater
Smaller size
http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images
49. Adaptations to marine life
Oil in micro-organisms to
increase buoyancy
○ Over-time, if these
organisms die and sink to
bottom
○ Can become offshore oil
deposits
http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/image
Fish egg with oil droplet
Fig. 12.9
50. Adaptations to marine life
Streamlining important for
larger organisms
Less resistance to fluid flow
Flattened body
Tapering back end –
fusiform
http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/sixcms/media.php/591
51. Fin designs in fish
Vertical fins as stabilizers
○ dosral and anal fins
Paired fins for “steering” and balance
○ Pelvic and pectoral
Tail fin (caudal) for thrust
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif
52. Adaptations to marine life
Narrow range temperature in oceans
Smaller variations (daily, seasonally, annually)
Remember it takes longer to change water temp
than air temp
Deep ocean nearly isothermal
53. Adaptations to marine life
Cold- versus warm-water species
Smaller in cooler seawater
More appendages in warmer seawater
Why?
Tropical organisms grow faster, live shorter,
reproduce more often
Higher # of species in warmer seawater
Not necessarily higher # of individuals
More biomass in cooler seawater (upwelling)
Polar waters are much more productive
(more plankton growth) than tropical
waters
54. Adaptations to finding prey
Most fish cold-
blooded but some
are warm-blooded
Homeothermic-
body temperature
above sea water
temperature
Modifications in
circulatory
system
Mainly in fast-
swimming fish
http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/10/051031133653.jpg
55. Adaptations of deep-water nekton
Mainly fish that consume detritus or each
other
Lack of abundant food
Bioluminescence
○ http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_glowing_life
_in_an_underwater_world.html
Fishing lures
Large, sensitive eyes
http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/myctophid1.jpg
Lanternfish
http://www.antoranz.net/CURIOSA/ZBIOR2/C0301
Anglerfish w/ males
56. Adaptations to marine life
Stenothermal
Organisms withstand small variation in
temperature
Typically live in open ocean
Eurythermal
Organisms withstand large variation in
temperature
Typically live in coastal waters
57. Adaptations to marine life
Stenohaline
Organisms withstand only small variation in
salinity
Typically live in open ocean
Euryhaline
Organisms withstand large variation in salinity
Typically live in coastal waters, e.g., estuaries
58. Adaptations to marine life
Extracting minerals from seawater
High concentration to low concentration
Diffusion
Cell membrane permeable to nutrients, for
example
Waste passes from cell to ocean
59. Adaptations to marine life
Osmotic pressure
Less concentrated
to more
concentrated
solutions
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
60.
61. Adaptations to marine life
Dissolved gases
Some animals extract dissolved oxygen (O2)
from seawater through gills
Fig. 12.15
62. Adaptations to marine life
Water’s transparency
Many marine organisms see well
Some marine organisms are nearly
transparent to avoid predation
63. Adaptations to marine life
Camouflage through color patterns
Countershading
Disruptive coloring
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmDTtkZl
MwM
http://theplasticocean.blogspot.com/2012_07_01_archive.html
64. Adaptations to marine life
Water pressure
Increases about 1 atmosphere (1 kg/cm2) with
every 10 m (33 ft) deeper
Many marine organisms do not have inner air
pockets
Collapsible rib cage (e.g., sperm whale)
65. Main divisions of the marine environment
Pelagic (open sea)
Neritic (< 200 m) and oceanic
Benthic (sea floor)
Subneritic and suboceanic
Another classification scheme:
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
67. Benthic environments – ocean floor
Supralittoral
Transition from land to seafloor
Subneritic (under neritic)
Littoral (intertidal zone)
Sublittoral (shallow tidal
zone to 200m)
Suboceanic
Bathyal (200-4,000m)
Abyssal (4000-6000m)
Hadal (below 6000m)
Fig. 12.19
68. Distribution of benthic organisms
More benthic productivity when closely beneath areas of
high surface primary productivity
Mainly on continental shelves
Affected by surface ocean currents
Fig. 15.1
69. Humans and coral reefs
Activities such as fishing,
tourist collecting, sediment
influx due to shore
development harm coral reefs
Sewage discharge and
agricultural fertilizers increase
nutrients in reef waters
corals thrive at low nutrient levels
Phytoplankton overwhelm at high
nutrient levels, limit light reaching
the corals
Bioerosion of coral reef by algae-
eating organisms
http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/images/coral_reef_algae.jpg
Coral covered with macroalgae
70. Ocean Literacy Principles
3.e - The ocean dominates the Earth’s carbon cycle. Half the primary productivity on Earth
takes place in the sunlit layers of the ocean and the ocean absorbs roughly half of all
carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere.
5.a - Ocean life ranges in size from the smallest virus to the largest animal that has lived
on Earth, the blue whale.
5.b - Most life in the ocean exists as microbes. Microbes are the most important primary
producers in the ocean. Not only are they the most abundant life form in the ocean, they
have extremely fast growth rates and life cycles.
5c. - Some major groups are found exclusively in the ocean. The diversity of major groups
of organisms is much greater in the ocean than on land.
5.e - The ocean is three-dimensional, offering vast living space and diverse habitats from
the surface through the water column to the seafloor. Most of the living space on Earth is
in the ocean.
5.f - Ocean habitats are defined by environmental factors. Due to interactions of abiotic
factors such as salinity, temperature, oxygen, pH, light, nutrients, pressure, substrate and
circulation, ocean life is not evenly distributed temporally or spatially, i.e., it is “patchy”.
Some regions of the ocean support more diverse and abundant life than anywhere on
Earth, while much of the ocean is considered a desert.
5.g - There are deep ocean ecosystems that are independent of energy from sunlight and
photosynthetic organisms. Hydrothermal vents, submarine hot springs, methane cold
seeps, and whale falls rely only on chemical energy and chemosynthetic organisms to
support life.
71. Sunshine State Standards
SC.6.L.14.3 - Recognize and explore how cells of all organisms undergo similar
processes to maintain homeostasis, including extracting energy from food, getting
rid of waste, and reproducing.
SC.7.L.17.3 - Describe and investigate various limiting factors in the local
ecosystem and their impact on native populations, including food, shelter, water,
space, disease, parasitism, predation, and nesting sites.
SC.912.L.15.5 - Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified.
SC.912.L.15.6 - Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and
kingdoms of living organisms.
SC.912.L.17.2 - Explain the general distribution of life in aquatic systems as a
function of chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and temperature.
SC.912.L.17.7 - Characterize the biotic and abiotic components that define
freshwater systems, marine systems and terrestrial systems.