Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay
The time that they should be spending to be better members of our community is therefore spent in dealing with unrealistic means of decreasing false
anxiety and impractical fears. Thus, it is very important for people with obsessive–compulsive disorders to seek treatment to help them ease symptoms
and become more effective in their daily lives.
Treatment for OCD
OCD treatment may not always result to cure, however, it can become a big help in decreasing and controlling symptoms so that they will no longer
affect our daily lives. Some OCD sufferers may need a lifetime treatment to keep the disorder in control.
A person with obsessive–compulsive disorder may choose between two main treatments: medications and psychotherapy. Though you can choose
which one of them suits your needs best, a combination of the two is often found to be most effective in dealing with OCD symptoms.
Medications
Psychiatric medications tremendously helps in controlling obsessions and compulsions among patients. Usually, antidepressants are used first to treat
the symptoms before proceeding to another line of medications if antidepressants do not work.
It is important that the antidepressant you take is prescribed by a health care professional and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
as drugs for OCD treatment. Usual medications that may be prescribed are:
Sertraline for children 6 years and older, and for adults
Fluoxetine for children 7 years and older, and for adults
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Symptoms And Treatment Of Antidepressants
In the study patients age 20 to 64 that is diagnosed with depression and on antidepressants was used to observe the possibility of antidepressants
causing epilepsy. The data does show some links between antidepressant use and epilepsy, even though it is inconsistent and non–decisive.
Cox proportional hazards were used to analyze the first recorded diagnosis of epilepsy for the study. Patients were picked from the QResearch
primary care database. There was a total of 238,963 patients from 687 UK practices used in the research. Patients with past history were eliminated.
There was an increase of 37% of patients that was diagnosed with their first epilepsy/seizure with antidepressants, 8 of 11 were frequently prescribed
drugs. An increased risk was found with the link of antidepressants and epilepsy/seizures on all classes of antidepressants. Patients should be evaluated
and all possibilities should be considered. More research needs to be done as these results could contain bias information.
Keywords: Antidepressants, Epilepsy, Seizures, Depression, SSRI
Antidepressant use and risk of epilepsy and seizures
With the increase of antidepressants being prescribed in the UK, in 2012, it reached over a half a million prescriptions. Some indications have shown
with the increase of antidepressants is a rise in epilepsy/seizures, only a small number of researches have been done on people for "long–term" use. In
the UK 1 in 100 people are diagnosed with epilepsy, the disorder is severe

Antidepressants Should Be Treated Using Talk Therapy
"I feel trapped", "I feel empty", "I feel hopeless and numb", are all ways that people have described their depression. Usually this would be followed
with going to the doctor and expressing how the person feels and then the doctor prescribing an antidepressant. The question that stands is "does
everyone on antidepressants actually need to be on antidepressants?" Antidepressants should be reserved for the cases and people who really need them
rather than someone who has situational depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or even seasonal affective disorder, all types of depression that
can be treated using talk therapy rather than medication (Illiades, 7 Side Effects of Antidepressants).
Depression is a chemical imbalance of the brain, usually when the part of the brain that produces serotonin produces the chemical in lower quantities
(Rivas). Every year Americans consume more anti–depressants than any other nation in the world and from the years "1988–1994, the use of
anti–depressants increased by 400%" (Ross). Statistically speaking, women have a 70% chance of developing depression over men and about 13%
of the women who have children would develop postpartum depression (Holms). There is no doubt that depression impacts a large amount of people
and affects the wallets of those with depression. Globally, 350,000,000 people suffer from some form of depression, of those affected with depression;
$80,000,000,000 is spent on antidepressants and therapy (Holms). There are

Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder Essay
Bipolar disorder is a major mood disorder that includes the cycling of two parts; acute mania and bipolar depression. There are many factors that affect
the onset of bipolar disorder, such as genetics, environment, and dysfunction in the brain. Due to its two–part nature, various drugs have been used as
antidepressants or antipsychotics. Unfortunately, not all drugs have the ability to target both aspects of bipolar disorder. As of right now there are
various pharmacotherapeutics for bipolar disorder, but two of the most widely used are Lithium treatments or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
(SSRIs). These are some of the primary treatments for bipolar disorder and even more pharmacotherapeutics and methods are being developed to ensure
that patients are utilizing them properly.
There are many psychotropic drugs that have been tested over the years. Some drugs with therapeutic effects aimed at the mania aspect of bipolar or the
depression aspect of the disorder. Lithium, is one of the first drugs to be specifically used for individuals with bipolar disorder. When taking this drug,
a lithium ion is used to interact with the various neurons. The exact mechanism is still being discovered, but according to a review, "the candidate
cellular targets of lithium appear to be enzymes such as inositol phosphatases and glycogen synthase," (Li et al., 2011, p. 78). Further studies have also
included Lithium effects as, "...demonstrated efficacy in reducing both the frequency and

Cacstromethorphan Case Studies
1.Dextromethorphan is believed to have rapid acting antidepressant properties at high dosage because it's similar to glutamate NMDA receptor
antagonist ketamine, which has shown rapid (within hours after administration) antidepressant effects. However, ketamine has adverse effects and a
high potential to be abused [16].
2.C. Previous Studies and case reports of with Dextromethorphan/Rationale of Study
Currently, numerous studies are examining the use of Dextromethorphan in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders because of its'
profile and diverse pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic actions in the central nervous system. Several preclinical, open–label and blinded clinical trials
have shown the clinical and beneficial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[18]
A case report showed Dextromethorphan was effective in a middle–aged man with Major Depressive Disorder. A 51–year–old Caucasian male with
DSM–V Major Depressive Disorder, recurrent, severe, non–psychotic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder was treated with 600 mg/day of CYP2D6
inhibitor bupropion XL (a common antidepressant drug) and a 60 mg BID oral dose of Dextromethorphan. The patient showed improvement in major
depressive disorder without side effects. This case study was the first to show the fast acting effect of Dextromethorphan in major depressive disorder in
humans. This adds to the building literature on the antidepressant effects observed in Dextromethorphan. The report suggested the administration of
other common antidepressants with Dextromethorphan, such as lithium might prolong the duration of the rapid–antidepressant effect [19].
Although this case report illustrates that Dextromethorphan has rapid antidepressant effects in humans, there are very few clinical trial on the effect of
Dextromethorphan on major depressive disorder. This clinical trial will be one of very few controlled evaluating the safety and efficacy of
Dextromethorphan in patients with major depressive disorder. Therefore, various assumptions will be required to estimate sample size. This trial will
focus on patient who have

The Effects Of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Introduction
Feeling empty, hopeless and pessimistic, overwhelmed with guilt and irritability, a loss of interest in activities and fatigue, these are all symptoms of
being a teenager, or perhaps an indication of a greater issue; childhood depression (Kazdin, 2006). Childhood depression has estimates of a 1–year
prevalence as high as 2.5% in children and 8.3% in adolescence (Valnuck, Libby, Sills, Giese, & Allen, 2004). This is a tragic suffering experienced
by many youths, but in 1987 there was the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's). At first glance, antidepressants may seem
to be the answer to a parent of a depressed child's prayers, however they are accompanied by a terrifying potential side effect (Isacsson, Holmgren, &
Ahlner, 2005). In 2004 the US FDA issued an advisory warning stating that antidepressant use in youth patients may be linked to an increase in suicidal
behavior (US Food and Drug Administration, 2004). Following this warning there have been many studies conducted to examine the validity of this
"black box" caution, and mixed findings have arose. When taking this possibility into consideration, and remembering that not all pharmacotherapy will
result in suicide in adolescence, an important question to evaluate is whether or not there is sufficient evidence to support the increased prevalence of
suicide among adolescence who use SSRI's, and if this risk is outweighed by the potential benefits for the use of antidepressants,

Argumentative Essay On Antidepressant
Antidepressants have become the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. These drugs work in many different ways, but are intended
to treat serious psychological disorders such as depression. They can be prescribed by any medical doctor, however, and are often used even when
they are not clearly indicated as necessary or even effective. Americans are increasingly turning to antidepressants as a quick fix to real or perceived
psychological problems that can often be treated more efficiently in other ways with less risk to their physical well being. Antidepressants are drugs
that are primarily used to treat depression, although many are frequently being utilized in other disorders. The main types of antidepressants are
tricyclics,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people with mild to moderate depression can be successfully treated with psychotherapy and other non medical interventions such as bright light;
exercise; relaxation techniques; eliminating the use of substances like recreational drugs, alcohol and caffeine; getting regular sleep; eating a balanced
diet; and stress reduction. But when these interventions have been tried and failed, or when a patient's depression is severe enough to interfere with
their ability to function in their work, relationships, and self–care, doctors will recommend antidepressant medications as well. There are several
different classes of antidepressants to choose from, including older medications called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclics; selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors; and others. Despite the differences in these medications'
effects on neurotransmitters, chemical properties, side effects, and pharmaceutical company advertising, they all are EQUALLY EFFECTIVE in
treating depression. The choice between them, therefore, is made on the basis of other factors. When deciding which antidepressants may be best for a
given patient, a doctor should take into consideration several factors. The first is the patient's history. If a patient has

Antidepressants During Pregnancy Research Paper
Abstract
With the increase of depression among many women, the risk for neonatal deficiencies may be linked to medications used during pregnancy. It is
speculated that there are a multitude of health risks to the fetus if an expecting mother is prescribed antidepressants for Major Depressive Disorders. It
is also hypothesized that there may be long–term effects to the child after birth if the mother of the child was taking antidepressants during her
pregnancy. Postnatal psychological effects may be due to the onset of the drugs during pregnancy, and there may be a link between a child's physical
and psychological state once born, due to the drugs, but is not correlated to women that have used antidepressants before pregnancy. Results identify
that there are many negative effects of antidepressants use during pregnancy.
2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depression during pregnancy impacts the emotional well–being between a mother and child, resulting in a lost connection between the two. It has been
suggested that a lesser maternal attachment can be correlated with depression. Women lacking emotion in their relationships often suffer from
depression (Haedt, A., & Keel, P., 2007). The deficit of an interpersonal maternal relationship can be linked back to the mother's onset of depression
during pregnancy. Symptoms of depression are known psychological factors that may contribute to higher rates of negative birth outcomes in women
(Giurgescu, C., Engeland, C. G., & Templin, T. N. ,2015). This lack of emotion between a mother and her child can have ultimately negative effects on
the child's attachment and emotional well–being. Just as women with postpartum depression, it is difficult for women with depression during
pregnancy to feel close to their offspring, which could lead to emotional or physical

The Effects Of Prozac And Its Effects On The Brain
When we talk about medication and the different side effects, it makes you wonder why someone would risk their own health just for a medication.
Although the drug I will be researching shows limited side effects and is something that many physician would recommend to their own patients. My
reasons for choosing Prozac, is to learn more about the drug and how it helps individuals whom have depression. Another reasons for this, is to learn
more about the side effects and how it can be a positive outlook for someone who have mental illness. Lastly, for the last few years I have been
dealing with depression and I want to learn more about the different drugs option to help individuals control their depression
Prozac is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressant. In other words this drug is used to help with individuals whom have depression,
anxiety etc. Prozac affects the chemicals in the brain that is associated with the following mental illness, depression, anxiety and obsessives'
compulsive disorder. Therefore, the drugs affect the chemical in the brain that causes unbalance and is the main cause for the mental illness mention
above. The drugs main affect towards the mind and the body, is to provide there to be some form of balance and allow the individual who is taking
the drug to calm down. According to Parker, "By altering the action of a specific set of neurotransmitters, chemicals involved in the transfer of signals
from cell to cell in the central nervous

The Ethics Of Paediatric Anti Depressant
Synthesizing the clinical problems relating to the prescription of antidepressant medications, M. C. Shearer and S. L. Bermingham outline and
highlight the ethical concerns regarding the use of antidepressant medications in children and adolescents. Professors of Biology Shearer and
Bermingham in their article The Ethics of Paediatric Anti–Depressant Use: Erring on the Side of Caution argue that prescribing antidepressants to
youth is a simplistic approach to a complex issue and should be severely restricted by physicians and strictly enforced by parents. Paediatric
depression (depression that usually affects youth ages five to eighteen, or in some cases, individuals up to age twenty–one) is on the rise, and is
quickly becoming a significant issue in today's society. Recent estimates have placed its prevalence at a combined percentage of between two and
seven percent for those between the ages of six and eighteen years old. Identified by a range of symptoms including: "low mood, anhedonia [the
inability to feel pleasure], defiance, pessimism, morbid thoughts and somatic symptoms," (710) adolescent depression, very similar to adult depression,
takes a toll on the lives of adolescent youth and often alters their personalities, actions and behaviors. It is clear that adolescent depression is a serious
illness that should be combatted in a timely and appropriate manner, and Bermingham and Shearer's suggestion of psychotherapy as an initial method
of treatment for people

Sertraline Essay
Sertraline (brand name: Zoloft) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Sertraline affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in
people with depression, panic, anxiety, or obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Zoloft is among the most commonly prescribed antidepressant
medications. It is used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, PMDD, and PTSD.
The history of this drug starts with tametraline. Tametraline is the parent of a series of chemical compounds investigated at Pfizer that eventually led
to the development of sertraline. It was officially approved by the FDA in 1991. In 2002, Zoloft was approved for use in children and teenagers under
the age of 18 with severe obsessive–compulsive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tryptophan supplements increase serotonin levels by providing the essential building blocks of serotonin. Tryptophan has been found to be as
effective for depression as antidepressant drugs and is also good for treating a wide variety of mental health conditions including anxiety, ADHD,
seasonal affective disorder, eating disorders, and memory loss. Saffron is a well–known culinary spice and works for mild to moderate depression by
acting on serotonin metabolism. Saffron is believed to work as an antidepressant due to its many healing properties. Saffron not only increases
serotonin but also exhibits antioxidant, anti–inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. When taken along with SSRIs, saffron can reduce their side
effects. Besides depression, saffron is also useful for treating premenstrual syndrome, sexual dysfunction, and

The False Validity Of The Chemical Imbalance Myth
Americans should be more aware of the false validity of the Chemical Imbalance Myth in our society today because of the immense usage of
Antidepressants and the negative consequences they have on our physical and emotional health. The writers goal in writing this paper is not to say
that mental illnesses are not real, rather, to point out some of the myths and traditions that are related to depression. We as a people tend to confuse
normal emotions with clinical depression, in which they are prescribed antidepressants to make them feel better. The myth focused on in this paper is
the "Chemical Imbalance" theory, which has been adopted by our society for years. The number of people in America that are currently on
antidepressant medications is alarming and this issue must be addressed. A mistake that many well–meaning American's make is taking pills when
those pills are not necessary. These pills are rather damaging to an individual's physical, emotional, and family health. When individuals take
responsibility for their emotions and meet their core needs as a human, the normal emotion of sadness can be resolved. Manufactured Depression
Introduction
Depression has always been a mystery to us; throughout time, we have tried to figure out what causes depression and how to cure it. In the 17th
century, a British clergy and scholar named Robert Burton wrote a book called The Anatomy of Melancholy. He believed that depression or
melancholy is produced by an excess of black

The History Of Antidepressants And Its Effects On The...
The history of antidepressants began with isoniazid, which was an anti–tuberculosis medication. This came after finding that the medication had
euphoric effects on the patients taking it. The drug had a mood altering side effect which later became the primary effect for depression and was a basis
for synthesis of generations of new antidepressants (Indian J Psychiatry, 2011). Antidepressants are psychiatric medications given to patients with
depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms (MNT, 2012). Neurotransmitters in the brain can cause changes in mood and behavior, antidepressants can
help correct these chemical imbalances. Many psychiatric conditions can be treated with antidepressants including anxiety disorders and dysthymia.
According to medicalnewstoday.com, there were 13.3 million people using antidepressants in 1996 by 2010 that number jumped to 23.3 million. The
website goes on to say they believe the increase in antidepressant use can be credited to a higher need for mental health treatments, campaigns
promoting mental health care being more widespread and mental health treatments becoming more widely accepted. In the years since the
antidepressant age came to be many new antidepressants have been made, the Royal College of Psychiatrist say there are at least thirty different kinds
of antidepressants, all of which can be divided into five main types.
There are five main types of antidepressants; MAOIs, NASSAs, SNRIs, SSRIs and Tricyclics. MAOI stands for monoamine

Essay on Prozac -- the Toxic Miracle Drug
Prozac –– the Toxic Miracle Drug
America's society has turned to an aggressive means to treat the overwhelming numbers of people who suffer from depression –– antidepressant
medication. "The National Institute of Mental Health... has estimated that almost 10 million Americans are seriously depressed and that a total of 14
million will suffer from it during their lifetimes" (7). Taking psychiatric drugs such as Prozac has become trendy. People no longer covertly take
antidepressants, but discuss their medications openly as if there were nothing wrong with chemically altering one's brain. This is partly due to how
psychiatrists propose the necessity of Prozac and other such drugs. Psychiatrists explain that Prozac will counteract the ... Show more content on
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Pharmaceutical companies do everything they can to make the studies turn out right" (7). Some people may think that the federal government actually
supervises the safety of all the drugs that are screened, but this is not the case. The drug manufacturers themselves do the testing and can therefore
pick the doctors who would endorse the drug. These are often people with longstanding relationships with the company. In the Manufacturer's Report
of June 1998, Eli Lilly claims: "the efficacy of Prozac for the treatment of patients with depression (>18 years of age) has been studied in 5 and 6 week
placebo–controlled studies"(6). There are several major points that are essentially left unsaid by this statement. One might ask is this drug safe for
adolescence or the elderly; what are the effects of long–term dosages on the nervous system; was this drug able to prevent suicide in at risk patients?
The answer to these questions is that they don't know. The community at large is basically one big guinea pig at the moment with thousands of
people on antidepressants. "86 percent of all the patients in all the studies were treated for 'three months or less'"(7). This is inadequate time to
monitor the effects on one's body. It will not be surprising if, twenty years from now, someone discovers major damage is done to the liver or the
brain. There has already been evidence that Prozac is addictive. In addition to the lack of long–term observations, the trials did not

Persuasive Essay On Antidepressant In Children
Depression is defined as a mental illness in which a person is experiencing deep sadness and loneliness. It is known as one of the most common
mental illnesses and it affects all kinds of people, regardless of sex, age and religion. Many people are not aware that depression is not only diagnosed
in adults, but in children and adolescents as well. Therefore, there is a debate about whether children suffering from depression should be allowed to
take antidepressants. Antidepressant drugs should be prescribed for children suffering from depression under the conditions of doctors limiting the
medication, including therapy and having the parents informed/educated.
Depression, diagnosed in children and adults is something to be taken serious. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Antidepressant drugs, which can be lifesaving, are being underused in young people. Their use fell significantly after the Food and Drug
Administration issued its black–box warning in October of 2004, stating that all antidepressants were associated with a risk of increased suicidal
feeling, thinking and behavior in adolescents; later on that warning was extended to young adults (Friedman 1). The Food and Drug
Administration–FDA ordered drug companies to place a black–box warning on antidepressant drugs, this would then allow parents to see the side
effects the drug might come with. As antidepressants can have its benefits, it is not the only way to treat a mental illness like depression. The majority
of parents believe antidepressant is the only treatment and that psychotherapy is a waste of time and money. "About 80 percent of people with
depression respond positively to professional medical treatment––usually talk therapy, medication or a combination of both––and almost all patients
gain some relief from their symptoms. Unfortunately, less than half of those with depression seek treatment(Clayton

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Antidepressants Essay
Introduction
Antidepressants are used when the symptoms of a sufferer of anxiety or depression are persistent and severe. Anxiety is the general term used to
describe an array of disorders that cause intense fear, apprehension, and distress (Cassiday, 2016). A depressive disorder is a disorder that causes
persistent sadness and loss of hope and interest in life (Malhi et al., 2015). As antidepressants tend to have side effects whereas many other treatments
do not, a sufferer of anxiety will commonly be initially treated with cognitive–behavioural therapy or other forms of talking therapy, meditation,
exercise, and healthy eating if these treatments are not effective a patient will be considered to be prescribed medication (Cassiday, 2016). However
patients that are prescribed antidepressants additionally are typically treated with other therapies, as the combination of different remedies is almost
always far more effective than only one (Sethi, 2012).
Every medical practitioner has varying methods of prescribing medications for anxiety and depression, however they are often similar. Initially the
medical practitioner will analyse the severity and specific symptoms of the illness to determine what general family of antidepressant to prescribe as the
severity and specific symptoms are the most important factors in determining antidepressant prescription. Secondly, personal factors of the patient will
be analysed as a person's genetics has a great impact on prescription. Next

Essay on Prozac: Mania
Prozac: Mania
"Yeah, I'm on Prozac," I hear quite often, said as if the speaker had just received a new Porsche. I often do catch myself responding with,
"I'm on
Zoloft isn't modern medicine great?" In a way, this exchange is a way of bonding. In another, more twisted way, it is a way of receiving a stamp
of approval from my peers, for antidepressants have become extremely widespread and widely accepted. "Prozac...has entered pop culture
...becoming the stuff of cartoons and stand–up comedy routines" вЂ№and, of course, really bad jokes by people who do not take the drug. (
Chisholm and Nichols 36).
These days, being prescribed an antidepressant carries less stigma than in the past. "Prozac has attained the ... Show more content on
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But "no disease can be blamed solely on a serotonin imbalance" (Watson 86). External factors and genetics often affect depression. As a
two–year recipient of Zoloft, I discovered that, during the course of my treatment, my interludes of depression would return at stressful times, despite
the medication. Mental illness also runs in my family. On my father's side of the family, my great–grandmother suffered from dementia, and on the
maternal branch of the family tree, my mother shows signs of dysthymia.
This, of course, does not mean that clinical depression is not caused by a serotonin imbalance. The truth is, researchers are still looking for the causes
of emotional illnesses in order to design more specific solutions (86).
In the meantime, many people are receiving Prozac and related medications for trivial personality disorders, and a stigma remains firmly attached to
people with genuine mental illness. "Mental illness is still often thought of as something you or your parents did wrong," which is another
reason why many patients are simply taking the medication instead of also seeing a therapist (Marrou). I will readily admit that I am on Zoloft, but I
usually keep my "shrink" appointments a secret from all but my closest friends.
Of course, the pop culture references only serve to heighten the overall contempt toward

Meditation Not Medication
Meditation Not Medication Suicide from depression medication is becoming an issue. Antidepressants should help you cope with your depression, not
make you want to end your life. Most antidepressants do not have the right kinds of effects on the prescription buyers. They have serious risks and
side effects but the users feel no different, if anything they feel worse. A risk on the medication is the increase of suicidal thoughts. I have personally
experienced the risk of increased suicidal thoughts. In my personal experience antidepressants are ineffective and can do more harm than good.
Research shows antidepressants do not work and can actually harm you. Killing yourself from the side effects is something that americans are
prescribed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having depression since middle school, I have always had issues coping and keeping my emotions under control. In high school I finally got the
help I thought I needed. Going to my doctor and having her prescribe me pills that, I hoped would help, made me feel like I was finally in control
of my sadness. Depression makes you feel hopeless, unworthy of life, and many other emotions. You feel as if you are never good enough and you
would be better off if you just ended your sad story of a life. Once I started taking my daily dosage of the medication I noticed that they were not
working. My doctor gave me higher dosages in hopes I would start feeling them work.
I noticed the pills affecting me but not in the way I had wished for. I felt as if I was blank and emotionless.The pills made me feel dull and the
actually made my depression worse. My personality had vanished and I could no longer be myself. I have had multiple people come up to me and tell
me that I am a drag and that I bring down everyone in the room. They do not realize how much that hurts someone who is battling themselves every
moment they are awake. I have tried the medication, the therapy, and staying positive but they have never been enough for my darkening

The Effects Of Depression And Its Effects On People With...
In today's day and age, there are many things that can effect a person's personality and mood. Relationships, careers, personal life, all those things
are adversely effecting everyone. Sometimes, these things can effect someone negatively and emotionally. The death of a loved one, for example,
could affect someone and cause them to feel grief. If not handled with correctly, that grief could cause a person to sink into depression, until they
would require outside help to overcome it. Depression is a serious mental illness that effects day to day activities and one's personal life, and serious
matters need to be taken before it goes too far. Unfortunately, experts today are more inclined to prescribe a pill to help people with depression,
rather than recommending psychotherapy, which has been proven for decades to help many individuals with psychological problems. By now, it has
gotten to a point in where drugs aren't even always being prescribed for their intended use. Over half of the antidepressants prescribed to Americans in
2005 were for uses other than depression, which can greatly increase the already high risks to taking psychiatric drugs (King 2012).
Antidepressants have been used for many decades and are often considered a "miracle cure" until a complication arises. An antidepressant is used to
treat mild to severe depression in most patients, although many doctors prescribe it for other problems, such as eating disorders, obsessive compulsive
disorder, and other

Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental disorders, with a 12–month prevalence of 6.7% of adults in the United States (NIMH).
There is no definite etiology of depression, but several risk factors have been identified. Functional and structural changes in the brain have also been
explored. The most common treatment for depression is the use of drugs that act on monoamine transmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and
serotonin. Decreases in these transmitters, especially serotonin, were hypothesized to play an important role in the cause of depression (Breedlove &
Watson, 2013). The serotonin hypothesis led to the development of selective–serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of
serotonin in the brain. Further research suggests that the serotonin hypothesis is not entirely accurate and the neurobiology of depression is much
more complex. The "chemical imbalance" explanation of depression may not reflect the full range of causes and may be given greater credibility by
patients and doctors than is supported by evidence based research. Depression is characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure,
changes in weight or appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty
concentrating, or recurrent thoughts of death. A diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of five or more symptoms during the
same two–week period and

Depression : Depression And Depression
According to a study done by CDC, one out of ten Americans have some form of depression at any given time, and another study by NIH states that
over 15 million people have depression in any given year ("Depression" The Gale). There are many different parts to depression such as: what
depression is, what leads up to depression, and the treatment for the depression.
Depression is a disorder depicted by sadness, inactivity, & having a hard time concentrating ("Depression" The Gale). Depression is a disturbance of a
person's mood ("Depressive disorders"). Another way to describe to depression is a time when a person feels sad, hopeless, and is not able to enjoy
their daily life ("Antidepressant"). Depression can differ from grief, mourning, and bereavement which are some emotional responses to the loss of
a loved one ("Depression" The Gale). The majority of people who have depression never seek for help ("Major Depression"). MRI's show that the
brain of people with depression looks different than someone without depression, but a MRI cannot show how the depression started or the
diagnosis ("Major Depression"). Depression can interfere with daily life and cause pain for not only the person with depression, but the people
around them ("Major Depression"). Depression is an illness that causes feelings of sadness and it lasts for a longer time, it is not just "the blues"
("Depression" UXL). There are many different types of depression that can occur to different people who go

Anxiety And Anxiety Disorder
Fear and anxiety are feelings that are natural human responses. These feelings are necessary in humans and animals for survival and to deal with
dangerous and stressful events. They/such feelings help individuals cope with adverse or unexpected situations. However, there are certain
individuals who will experience these feelings on a daily basis for long periods of time. The constant fear and anxiety interferes with individual's
daily lives and it is then when these feelings become a mental health problem, identify as Anxiety Disorders (Steimer, 2002). One of these anxiety
disorders is Panic Disorder. Panic Disorder is characterized by individuals suffering from unpredicted and constant attacks of fear which normally
last between 10 to 20 minutes. These attacks are known as panic attacks. Panic attacks are identified by fear of losing control even in situations
where there is no real danger. Some of the most frequent symptoms a person experience when having a panic attack are chest pain, palpitations,
sweating, feeling short of breath and the feelings of going crazy or having a heart attack (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). Furthermore,
people who suffer from Panic Disorder often develop other conditions such as depression, phobias and drug abuse. Many people with Panic
Disorder will avoid certain situations and environments because they fear they may suffer a panic attack. Because of this, it is also very common
for individuals with Panic Disorder to develop agoraphobia (NIH, 2016). As a consequence of fearing a panic attack, people with this disorder often
engage in catastrophic and negative thinking. A common example is "my heart is beating fast, I am having a heart attack" (Steimer, 2002). Therefore,
Panic Disorder is a condition that have a negative impact on people's family, social and working lives (Kessler et al., 2005). Panic Disorder is treatable,
and numerous treatments exist which help reducing the severity of the symptoms as well as decreasing the number of panic attacks that occur in the
disorder. These treatments are biological treatment, which involve pharmacological drugs, psychotherapy or a combination of both (National Institute
of Health and Care Excellence, 2013). This essay

John Robin Williams ' Death
In August 2014, the world was shocked when the news of Robin Williams' death was reported by the media. At first, people thought that it was just
another hoax; rumors of celebrities dying had been making its rounds on the internet, only to be shut down by the representatives of those
celebrities. The world was forced to face the truth when Williams' family confirmed that he, indeed, had died. Police have confirmed that Williams
took his own life by hanging himself in his home. As days passed, reports that Williams was suffering from depression before he took his own life
came to light. Many people found it hard to believe since Robin Williams always drove people to tears of laughter and joy. During that time,
people cried because of the loss of one of the greatest comedians of all time. Robin Williams is one of the many people who have taken their lives
because of depression, which is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in today's society. Because of this, doctors and scientists have
developed ways to battle this illness. One of those ways is using antidepressant medications. Unfortunately, there are people who refuse to take them.
Why? Some are afraid to take these medications on fear of being dependent and addicted to them while some people believe that antidepressants are
just a waste of money and that they are not actually effective. Some argue that antidepressants make the depression worse and can cause violent
behavior. In extreme cases, a few people even

Research Paper On Antidepressants
Veronica Rudolph
Writ. 1120 Trenberth
Research Paper
Research Question: Are antidepressants being over prescribed, if so what other options do doctors have and what should they be considering?
Audience: Doctors/ Medical field One in every 25 adolescents is prescribed antidepressants to help manage depression. Depression is a serious
mental illness that affects how people feel, think and behave. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. People may have trouble
doing normal day–to–day activities, and sometimes they feel as if life isn't worth living. Doctors and physicians prescribe antidepressants as a
treatment to patients who show signs of depression or have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). Antidepressant

Antidepressant Drugs Research Paper
Depression is the fourth leading cause of disease burden worldwide and is expected to show a rising trend over the next 20 years. Depression is
associated with a marked personal, social and economic morbidity, loss of functioning and productivity, and creates significant demands on service
providers in terms of workload. Although pharmacological and psychological interventions are both effective for major depression, antidepressant
drugs remain the mainstay of treatment. During the last 20 years, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have progressively become the most
commonly prescribed antidepressants. Sertraline, one of the first SSRIs introduced in the market, is a potent and specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake
into the presynaptic

Psychiatrists and Special Population Essay
SPECIAL POPULATION Psychiatrists often encounters patients who are in special situations such as pregnancy, extreme of ages and/or medically ill.
These situations cause deviation from the normal physiological process of the body and renders the group vulnerable to adverse drug effect. Therefore
it is crucial for the clinicians to have fair knowledge about appropriate medication selection and dosing while treating these special populations.
Psychiatric illness during pregnancy is not an uncommon scenario. A large meta–analysis reported that up to 18% of women experience depressed
mood during pregnancy with nearly 13% having an episode that would meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual–Fourth Edition (DSM–IV)
diagnostic criteria for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abuse and misuse of prescription drugs, use of illicit drugs, and excessive alcohol use are growing issues among older persons. Individuals aged 50
to 59 reporting use of illicit drugs within the past year doubled from 5.1% in 2002 to 9.4% in 2007. Suicide disproportionately impacts older adults,
accounting for 14% of all suicide. Appropriate dosing of medications in older adults particularly require vigilance, due to physiological changes
associated with aging such as slowing down of metabolism, body weight change and declined function of organs. It is also essential to keep in mind
other factors during treatment of geriatric group, such as confusion or change in mental status, memory loss, non–compliance, tendency to
self–medicate and possibility of drug–drug interaction resulting from use of multiple prescription and OTC drugs. Nearly 5 million children in the U.S.
have some type of serious mental illness that hinders adequate functionality. According to National Mental Health Association, one in three American
children– some of pre–school age suffer from depression. Because children and adolescent are less likely to report symptoms, a large number of
children with psychiatric disorders go unidentified. According to a survey, in any given year, only 20 percent of children with mental disorders are
identified and receive mental health services. According to NIMH, one in twenty teens have moderately severe to severe depression, a number of

Essay about Anti-Depressants and Teen Suicide
Abstract Two percent of preteens and five percent of adolescents suffer from depression (www.about–teen–depression.com 2014). There are specific
signs and symptoms associated with depression, which are helpful in detection of the illness. There are various ways to treat depression, such as
medication, group therapy, and/or herbal supplements. There are pros and cons with each treatment, but the worst coincides with the medication –suicide
. Much research has been conducted, which will be discussed in the paper that has shown a link to antidepressants and suicide. However, there is also
evidence that the suicide rate could be decreased with proper diagnosis and early, supervised treatment for depression, especially when dealing with ...
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There are still several options for treatment that you must choose from, as well as having to deal with side effects that accompany each treatment. Of
all the treatments, antidepressants tend to have the most side effects. Some of the side effects common to all three types of antidepressants are: anxiety,
vomiting, confusion, chest pain, blurred vision, irritability, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, headache, and nervousness (Cheung et al. 2003,
Vanderkooy et al. 2002). Some other, more severe, side effects are difficulty urinating, decreased appetite, heart complications, and suicide (Simon and
Stern 2003 – Review). It is the last side effect, suicide, which has recently caused some controversy within the medical field. With recent research
showing a correlation between antidepressants and suicide, as well as the FDA ordering warning labels for suicide on antidepressant medication,
physicians have to be careful prescribing the drugs, especially to children and adolescents.
Statistics show suicide to be the third leading cause of death among 13–19 year olds, with approximately 6000 suicide deaths each year (Dickinson
1999). Because of statistics like this, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) researchers are vying to find interventions to help prevent suicide
among children and adolescents. However, until then, the best prevention appears to lie in early diagnosis

Teen Depression : Is It Really Doing What It Should?
Depression is a prodigious issue in today's society and is especially prevalent in teens. According to teen depression statistics, around 20% of teens have
or are currently experiencing depression symptoms. And that doesn't include self– harm or suicide/attempted suicide. Because depression is becoming
such a major issue, antidepressant prescription has skyrocketed; but is it really doing what it should? If antidepressant use is increasing, why are
the numbers of depressed teens growing or remaining the same? I believe that though antidepressants can be helpful in some cases, they tend to
cause more side effects and problems in the long run. Alternative options have been proven to work just as well without the incredibly surprising
and potentially serious side effects of antidepressant drugs. When antidepressants were first introduced, they were seen as a miracle drug for those
struggling with depression; an amazing and innovative "happy pill" for those who were clinically depressed. In their beginnings as new drugs, they
were not prescribed unless necessary. These days, however, antidepressants are prescribed at even the possibility of even depression symptoms. I
have a friend, Tiffany, (not her real name) who told me about a time she went to the doctor and was prescribed antidepressants simply because she
sometimes felt sad. Doesn't this seem like overkill? Everyone feels sad sometimes; and though that can occasionally be a precursor to depression, it
seems

Cymbalta
Case Analysis – Cymbalta
By
Haris Shahid
AMBA 650
The University of Maryland University College
Introduction: The Problem
At Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly), patent expiration is part of everyday business. However, Prozac, Lilly's flagship product and market leader in the
most popular class of pharmaceuticals used to treat depression – the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was definitely a cause for concern
(Ofek & Laufner, p.1). Patent expiration meant that generics would flood the market and Prozac's current $2 billion in annual sales would create a
huge revenue gap (Ofek & Laufner, p.1). Although management at Lilly was actively seeking a successor to Prozac the road to pharmaceutical
breakthroughs is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This analysis, termed as SWOT analysis and defined by Kotler & Keller (2009) as "the overall evaluation of a business's strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats," of Lilly is as follows:
|Strengths |Weaknesses |
|High revenue/profitability. |Perceived primarily as "the Prozac (antidepressant) company" although |
|High market share. |it has other highly profitable ventures in other pharmaceutical drug |
|High customer satisfaction. |market segments. |
|Financially and intellectually gifted marketing & R&D departments. |Too large a segment of the annual revenue is dependent on its SSRI |
|Long established innovator in the pharmaceutical drug industry. |Prozac. |
|Market innovator in the most profitable SSRI antidepressant market |Not enough resources are allocated to market its other profitable |

Depression and Its Causes
The purpose of this essay is to give a critical overview of the current treatment approaches offered to individuals experiencing a mental health problem.
The mental health problem that will be discussed throughout the essay is depression. The chosen treatment that will be examined is, antidepressant
treatment, by taking in to account the issues associated with this particular treatment.
Additionally, the essay will deliver an understanding of mental health and illness by focusing on the underlying perspectives (biomedical). According to
Reynolds et al. (2009, p. 8) "compared with other areas of health practice, the mental health field is particularly subjected to heated debate". Therefore,
the essay will attempt to look at the contemporary issues within mental health care by drawing on relevant research.
There are various theories and understandings given to the term 'mental health'. A previous understanding given by the Health Education Authority
(1997, in Tilford and Cattan, 2006 p. 17) defined mental health as "the emotional and spiritual pliability which allows us to enjoy life and to survive
pain, disappointment and sadness. It is a positive sense of well being and an underlying belief in our own, and others', dignity and worth". However
more recently, mental health has been defined by the World Health Organisation (2011) "as a state of well
–being in which every individual realises his
or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work

The Relationship Between Marijuana And Depression
By: Tyler Thomas
The relationship between Cannabis sativa (marijuana) and depression has been a primary concern to research scientists. However, the actual
relationship remains double–edged as different scholars have made conflicting conclusions regarding the relationship. A focus has been on the
cannabinoids, a group of chemicals that confer the impacts of the plant on the users. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main active pharmacological
constituent of marijuana and the point of interest for the researchers to discern the relationship between marijuana and depression in the users. In
particular, studies try to find the impact of THC on the cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1. The receptor is located in the peripheral as well as the central
nervous system. THC is an agonist of the CB1, which forms the point of influence of the marijuana on the nervous system.
The primary concern of researchers is to understand the impact of marijuana on occurrence on depression. Also, there should be an elaboration on how
such an interaction increases or attenuates depression in the users. Understanding the relationship between marijuana and depression in users will be
instrumental in diverse perspective. The use of marijuana may be promoted if anti– depressive impact is found. It may lead further research to explore
the opportunity. Such may include pharmacological modifications to treat depressed patients. Otherwise, a negative relationship would lead to
increased studies to be utilized in

Bipolar Disorder And Major Depression
Mood disorders are characterized by unstable emotions, which are not always completely within the individual 's control. Mood disorders are one of
the most common categories of psychological disorders, and the two most common disorders within this category are bipolar disorder and major
depression (also known as clinical depression). These disorders often require a patient to take medications to regulate their mood, which is often
paired with psychotherapy or "talk therapy." While they are common, they are no less serious than any other psychological disorder and should be
treated as such. Major depression, also called clinical depression, is mostly identified by its significant symptoms. Some symptoms of major depression
include... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mania is characterized by extreme excitement, euphoria, and hyperactivity. A person suffering from bipolar disorder may do dangerous or
extreme things during an episode of mania. The signifier for bipolar disorder that causes many to mistake it for depression is the sudden shift, in
which people experiencing an episode of mania will have a drastic drop in mood. This drop will cause an episode of depression, characterized by a
depressed mood, low levels of activity, fatigue, and suicidal thoughts or actions. Sometimes people experiencing bipolar disorder only have a subtle
shift in their mood, or a less alarming one. This leads people to believe that instead of experiencing bipolar disorder, they are actually experiencing
depression, as their period of mania is not in fact as hyperactive and excited as others may experience. Treatments for clinical depression vary
depending on the specific patient being treated. Some may experience an array of antidepressants, or drugs that regulate the neurotransmitters
(noradrenaline and serotonin) discussed earlier. Most antidepressants are taken for several months, or years, and have to be strictly regulated to
promote the healthiest and most reliable treatment option. Although antidepressants must be taken for long periods of times, unlike other drugs the
dosage does not need to be raised in order for it to keep the same

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Depression Essay
Everyone feels blue or sad occasionally, but if debilitating negative emotions begin to interfere with your daily life and normal functioning
treatment should be sought to see if you may be suffering from depression. The rate of depression worldwide has seen a steady increase over the
last few decades and according to the World Health Organization (2011), it is the number one cause of disability in the U.S. with economic costs
exceeding in to the billions. Stress, which is directly correlated to depression, has many contributing variables that can be very detrimental to your
physiological and psychological health [may be need more explanation and some specific examples to make argument stronger]. Depression is a very
serious mental illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. It can be caused by stressful events or can occur
spontaneously, with no identifiable specific cause. Those suffering from depression looking for a treatment to alleviate feelings of negative affect will
most likely be prescribed some sort of antidepressant drug. During the past 15 years, a plethora of antidepressant drugs has entered the marketplace all
claiming to be the cure–all for your biochemical dysfunction (Benkert, O., Szegedi, A, Muller, M. J., 2002). However, many antidepressants can cause
severe side effects both physically and mentally. Tensions between the research literature, pharmaceutical treatment options and alternative medicines
available leaves

Major Depressive Disorder ( Mdd )
INTRODUCTION
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental illnesses around the world. It is estimated that over 120 million people suffer
from depression and it can be recognised in people as having episodes of low mood and a loss of interest in activities. MDD is a very disabling mental
illness and highly costly in society. It is also referred to as clinical depression and it affects how you feel, think and behave. As a result it can lead to
various emotional and physical problems (Cowen, Sharp, & Lau, 2013).
Internationally major depression is recognised in many different parts of the world and is diagnosed via the DSM–IV diagnostic criteria which takes
into consideration a range of somatic symptoms. The relapse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, in order to determine the role of medications in major depression and their effectiveness in treatment. This assignment will also be
identifying two commonly prescribed medications used to treat major depression and how the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these
medications function in individuals. The common medications analysed will be Fluoxetine (Prozac) which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and
the other is Mirtazapine (Avanza) which is known as a tetracyclic antidepressant. As research on major depression is ever expanding and developing, it
is pivotal to critically analyse the validity of studies in this area. The main focus of researchers over time has been centered on discovering ways to
implement effective treatments and determining preventative measures. However, more importantly identifying key theories behind why major
depression occurs in the first place in this assignment will help to further understand this common mental illness and how certain medications can either
improve or worsen a person's condition.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Biochemical theories behind major depression.
Serotonin is a chemical generated by the human body which works as a neurotransmitter, it is also referred to as 5–hydroxytryptamine (5–HT).
Biochemical theories over time suggest that a decreased level of serotonin is a major contributing factor in depression. According to Jacobsen,
Medvedev, and Caron

Ssri 's For Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
SSRI stands for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. These medications are in a class of drugs called antidepressants. Antidepressants first started
being marketed in the late nineteen nineties to adults for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Studies done during this time showed that SSRI's
had less negative side effects compared to depression medications that were already being used. Prozac was the first drug in this classification of
antidepressants. Today not only are SSRI's used for the treatment of depression and anxiety but they also are prescribed to treat post–traumatic stress
disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. When SSRI's first started being prescribed they were intended for use in adults only but in the early...
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Physical symptoms can include changes in appetite, changes in sleep, vocal outbursts or crying, difficulty concentrating, fatigue and low energy, and
physical complaints such as stomachaches, headaches. In most cases there tends to be a reduced ability to function during events and activities at
home or with friends, in school, extracurricular activities, and in other hobbies or interests that are caused by feelings of worthlessness or guilt
(Cummings et al., 2014). It is important to note that not all children have all of these symptoms. Most children will display different symptoms at
different times and in different settings. Although some children may continue to function reasonably well in structured environments, most kids
with significant depression will suffer a noticeable change in social activities, loss of interest in school and poor academic performance, or a
change in appearance. It is also common that children may also begin using drugs or alcohol, especially if they are over the age of twelve. Suicide
is a very real concern in today's young depressed population young, it is a fact that children do attempt suicide (Stone, 2014). Many children may do
so impulsively when they are upset or angry. Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, but boys are more likely to actually kill themselves

Mental Depression And The Depression
Almost everyone in the world suffers from mental depression. Mental depression is a familiar but a very serious mental disturbance. It is most of the
time categorized by tiredness, loss of appetite, lack of sleep, sadness, changes in behavior, lack of self–confidence and concentration. According to the
doctors, depression is a mood disorder which includes anger, frustrations or loss. Mental Depressions often runs in the families but most likely it is
caused because of stress or alcohol and drugs abuse. Sometimes depression comes without any reason even if everything in one's life is perfectly fine.
A person who suffers from mental depression usually appears to be confused, frightened or nervous. It affects a person's appetite and social life. They
feel worthless, restless and tired most of the time. They lose their self–confidence, concentration and they lose their control over themselves. People
with mental depression may experience from mood swings, lack of sleep and lack of energy. The most effective ways to treat mental depression are
psychotherapies and antidepressant pills. It is one of the common mental disorders which can affect anyone regardless their age, sex or race. Mental
Depression is just not about feeling down, it is a real illness that could be dangerous if not treated properly on time.
Furthermore, a person who suffers from mental depression often feels they are worthless and lose interest in everything which they used to like before.
Mental Depression can

Effectiveness of Antidepressant Drugs Essay example
Effectiveness of Antidepressant Drugs
In Issue 13 of Taking Sides, the controversial question Have Antidepressant Drugs Proven to be Effective is analyzed. Psychiatrist Peter D. Kramer
argues in this issue that antidepressant drugs "can transform depressed patients into happy people with almost no side effects" (p.212). On the contrary,
professors of psychology Seymour Fisher and Roger P. Greenburg "claim that the studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of antidepressants are
seriously flawed" (p.212). Kramer's agreement with the statement above is due mostly to the testing he did with his patient Tess and antidepressant
drugs. However Fisher and Greenberg disagree with the statement mainly because of the bias drug studies that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In Tess taking the drug Kramer found out very quickly what remarkable changes it had on her. Kramer learned that the drug had a "quickly alteration
in ordinary intractable problem of personality and social functioning" (p.218). Kramer also learned that Prozac enabled a person to understand what
was important to them and who they were and wanted to be. Although Kramer saw the effects Prozac had on Tess, Tess also taught him to look at the
border picture. Tess made Kramer think what if this "redefinition of self led to a culture in which this biologically driven sort of self understanding
becomes widespread" (p.222). Kramer found it unbelievable what the drug Prozac could do to a patient, something that psychiatrists have always
hoped to accomplish. The main thing though that Tess taught Kramer and what the drug itself taught him was that the effects of the drug would have
to re examined and our sense of what is constant in the self to be revised. As earlier stated, Fisher and Greenberg disagree with the effectiveness of
antidepressant drugs which is mainly due to the bias studies. As Fisher and Greenberg state, "no one actually knows how effective antidepressants are.
Confident declarations about their potency go well beyond the existing evidence" (p.223). One of the main biases on antidepressant drugs is that
"patients learn to discriminate between drug and placebo largely from body sensations and symptoms" (p.225). Another point Fisher and

Teenagers Are More Likely To Commit Suicide Than Adults
Teenagers are more likely to commit suicide than adults . "Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15– to 19–year–olds. In any given year, about
20% of all high school students think of committing suicide; almost 10% try" (Cropper 112). This shocking statistic shows the high risk of suicide
among teens, but what some might not know is that the most common form of treatment used to help teens suffering with depression is one that might
also increase the risk of suicide and/or harmful actions to oneself. Tricyclic antidepressants such as Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, and Lexapro are commonly
prescribed to adolescents and young adults to relieve symptoms of depression, and they work by either releasing more of the brain's "happy chemical,"
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the side effects of these antidepressants have become more evident, the FDA among many other medical associations have released several
statements cautioning people of the risks associated with these medications; some professionals have even warned not to use the pills at all. The risk
of suicidal behavior in teens that are prescribed tricyclic antidepressants is high and is not a fact to be overlooked.
Due to the harmful side effects of antidepressants, other forms of coping and dealing with depression should be implicated. Using tricyclic
antidepressants as a last resort is an option that should be considered only after trying other forms of therapies such as cognitive and behavioral
treatment, group therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on trying to change the behavior of the patient
instead of focusing on the past and root issue of the problem. "The main idea of behavioral therapy is that people who are rewarded for the wrong
things and punished for positive acts end up behaving in ways that don't serve them well" (Wolff 61). Another equally effective aid for depression is the
most commonly known type of therapy, psychodynamic therapy; psychodynamic therapy works by setting an example of a healthy

Can Ketamine Be Used As An Antidepressant?
Can Ketamine Be Used as an Antidepressant?
Marilynn Mendoza
PSY 314
Dr. Penton
Abstract
Individuals all over the world suffer with clinical depression, which affect their quality of life. Depression usually affects a person's emotions, thoughts,
behaviors and overall physical health. Symptoms include sadness, guilt, moodiness, loss of interest, with drawling from people, changes in sleep,
decrease in sex drive, and thoughts of self–harm or suicide. The common antidepressants take at least a two–week period to take effect; that two–week
period is a critical time where a patient can increase their symptoms and experience suicidal depression. The party drug, known as ketamine has recently
made a big impression for neuroscientists trying to formulate a medication to help those who suffer from clinical depression in a rapid time frame. A
key element in the advancement for faster medications is realizing how and why, ketamine works so quickly, in comparison to the other generic drugs
that are prescribed. According to Newport, a dose of the nonselective N–methyl–D–aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine can produce a constant
antidepressant effect within hours. With the amount of experiments being conducted to expand the knowledge of ketamine, the objective is to find a
solution that can be used to relieve the patients who experience serious symptoms in the fastest time possible.
Introduction
Ketamine was used in a double–blind study to assess the effects

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