This document defines personality and discusses several theories of personality. It provides definitions of personality from several psychologists that describe personality as a stable set of characteristics that determine differences in individual behavior and adjustment. The document also discusses the determinants of personality including heredity vs environment and nature vs nurture. It outlines several major personality attributes that influence organizational behavior such as Type A behavior, authoritarianism, and locus of control. Finally, it discusses several theories of personality including psychodynamic, trait, self-concept, and social learning theory. It also outlines several models of personality dimensions and types including Cattell's 16PF, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and Holland's typology of personality and occupations.

1. UNIT 2
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

2. PERSONALITY

3.  Q: What is Personality?
 A: Are all people the same?

4. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION
a. Salvatore Maddi
Personality is a stable set of characteristics
and tendencies that determine those
commonalties and differences in the
psychological behavior (thoughts, feelings
and actions) of people that have continuity
in time and that may not be easily
understood as the sole result of the social
and biological pressures of the moment.

5. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (CONTD.)
b. Gordon Allport
Personality is the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that
determines his unique adjustment to his environment.

6. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (CONTD.)
c. R.T. Hogan
Personality refers to the relatively stable pattern of
behaviours and consistent internal states that
explains a persons behavioural tendencies.

7. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (CONTD.)
d. Stephen Robbins
Personality is the sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts and interacts with others.

8. PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS
 HEREDITY Vs. ENVIRONMENT
 NATURE Vs. NUTURE
 Also- SITUATION

9. PERSONALITY AND OB
 Personality and performance
 Personality and work behaviour

10. MAJOR PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES
INFLUENCING OB
1. Type A Behaviour
2. Authoritarianism
3. Bureaucratic
4. Machiavellianism
5. Locus of control
6. Goal orientation

11. 1. TYPE A BEHAVIOUR
 Restless, Impatient,
 Does several things at once,
 Starts another before completing one,
 Schedules too many work in less time,
 Has no time to relax and enjoy
 Is stress prone

12. 2. AUTHORITARIANISM
 Blind acceptance of authority
 Conservation, strong parental control
 Make good followers
 Dogmatic

13. 3. BUREAUCRATIC
 Respect for authority not totally blind
 Rule bound; do not take risks
 Better supervisors in routine, repetitive,
proceduralised work.

14. 4. MACHIAVELLIANISM
 Cool, calculating
 Use others to serve their own goals
 Do not hesitate to lie
 Not swayed by friendship, trust, loyalty.
 Exploit vulnerable people

15. 5. LOCUS OF CONTROL
Extent to which individuals believe
 they control their own lives (internals)
 external factors control their lives(external)

16. 6. GOAL ORIENTATION
Goal orientationPredisposition to
Learning -develop new skills
and mastering new
situations.
Performance -demonstrate and
validate competence by
seeking favourable
judgemet from others
and avoiding negative
judgements.

17. PERSONALITY THEORIES
1. PSYCHO ANALYTICAL THEORY
Sigmund Freud- unconscious nature of personality
psycho analytical concepts:
Id- reservoir of thoughts, biological pleasures
Ego- conscious in nature
Super ego- higher level of restraining force

18. 2. TRAIT THEORIES
Visualises personality as a reflection of certain traits
of the individual
 Many traits are common to most people
 Some traits are unique to some people

19. 3. SELF CONCEPT THEORY
 Personality and behaviour are largely determined by
the individual himself.
 We act in ways consistent with our image

20. 4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
 Personality more a result of social variables rather
than biological drives.
 Motives can be traced to known and conscious needs
rather than unconscious desires
 Learning by observation of others rather than
interaction

21. OTHER SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITY
CONCEPTS
 Risk taking propensity
 Self monitoring
 Self esteem

22. PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS-
PERSONALITY TRAITS
 Personality traits are enduring characteristics that
describe an individual’s behaviour.
 Early research identified- 17,953 traits
 R.B. Cattell reduced it to- 171 traits.
 He further reduced it to-16 primary traits

23. CATTELL 16 PF
1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing
2. Less intelligent Vs. More intelligent
3. Affected by feeling Vs. Emotionally stable
4. Submissive Vs. Dominant
5. Serious Vs. Happy go lucky
6. Expedient vs. Conscientious

24. CATTELL 16 PF (CONTD.)
7. Timid Vs Venturesome
8. Tough minded Vs. Sensitive
9. Trusting Vs Suspicious
10.Practical Vs Imaginative
11. Forthright Vs Shrewd

25. CATTELL 16 PF (CONTD.)
12. Self assured Vs. Apprehensive
13. Conservative Vs. Experimenting
14. Group dependant Vs. Self sufficient
15. Uncontrolled Vs. Controlled
16. Relaxed Vs. Tense

26. MYERS & BRIGS TYPE
INDICATORS(MBIT)
1. E or I- Extroversion or Introversion
2. S or N- Sensing or Intuitive
3. T or F- Thinking or Feeling
4. J or P- Judging or Perceiving

27.  ESTJ- Corporate executives, organizers
 ENTJ- Natural Leaders
 ISFJ- Have high sense of duty
 INTJ- Visionaries
 ENTP-Conceptualisers

28. BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS-
FACTOR 1
HIGH CONSCIENTIOUSNESS LOW
FOCUSSED BALANCED FLEXIBLE
Stable, measures of Impulsive,
Confident, reliability Irresponsible
Careful, Distracted,
Organized, Disorganized,
Dependable Unreliable,
Persistent, Spontaneous,
Cautious, Fun loving,
Stubborn. Experimental.

29. FACTOR 2
HIGH EMOTIONAL STABILITY LOW
RESILIENT (ADJUSTMENT) REACTIVE
RESPONSIVE
Relaxed, measures of persons Depressed,
Secure, ability to with Anxious,
Calm, stand stress Indecisive,
Poised, Have mood swings,
Unflappable, Insecure,
Guilt free, Excitable,
Worrying,
High strung.

30. FACTOR 3
HIGHOPENESS TO EXPERIENCE LOW
Explorer MODERATE PRESERVER
Creative, measures an Practical,
Curious, individuals range Conservative,
Artistically of interests Efficient,
sensitive, fascination to Expert,
Broad interests, novelty Conventional,
Impractical. Finds comfort in
familiar.

31. FACTOR 4
HIGH AGREEABLENESS LOW
ADAPTER NEGOTIATOR CHALLENGER
Courteous, measures Uncooperative,
Good-natured, individuals Short tempered,
Empathic, propensity to Irritable,
Caring , defer to Cold,
Warm, others Rude.
Tactful,
Considerate.

32. FACTOR 5
HIGH SOCIABILITY LOW
EXTROVERT AMBIVERT INTROVERT
Assertive, measures Private,
Sociable, one’s comfort Independent,
Warm, level with Works alone,
Optimistic, relationships Reserved,
Talkative, Timid,
Outgoing. Quiet,
Hard to read.

33. HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY OF PERSONALITY AND
CONGRUENT OCCUPATIONS
TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT
(Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION
1. Realistic: Shy, genuine, stable Mechanic,
Skill, Strength Persistent, confirming farmer, Drill Press
& coordination. practical. operator, assembly
line worker.
2. Investigative: Analytical, original Biologist, Economist,
Thinking, organizing Curious, Mathematician,
& understanding. independent. News Reporter.
3. Social: Sociable, friendly Social worker,
Helping & developing cooperative, Teacher, Counsellor,
Others. Understanding. Clinical psychologist.

34. HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY (CONTD.)
TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT
(Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION
4. Conventional: Conforming, efficient, Accountant
rule regulated, Orderly practical, unimaginative, Corporate manager
unambiguous. in flexible. Bank Teller, File clerk.
5.Enterprising: self confident Lawyer, Real estate
Opportunities to ambitious, energetic agent, Public relations
Influence others & domineering. & specialist,
And attain power small-business manager.
6. Artistic: Imaginative, Partner,
Ambiguous& disorderly, Musician,
Unsystematic that idealistic, Writer,
allow creative emotional, Interior decorator.
expression. Impractical.

35. CONCLUSION
 Personality and job, occupation and organization fit.
 Know your associates personality to function better.
 Know your personality for self development.