Nutrients are substances that provide nourishment essential for life and growth. There are major nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrients must be absorbed and exchanged between the blood and tissues via the circulatory system. Homeostasis, the tendency to maintain stable internal conditions, regulates nutrient exchange and other bodily functions through receptors, control centers, and effectors in feedback loops that can be positive or negative. Examples of homeostatic mechanisms include blood clotting, thermoregulation, blood homeostasis, and osmoregulation. Homeostasis is crucial for sustaining life by keeping innate variables like nutrient levels within optimal ranges.
The above presentation discuss about the stages of sugar cookery and difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy. The different stages of sugar cookery is been explained step by step with pictorial representation for easy understanding. Temperature and the physical properties of the different stages of sugar cookery is been tabulate and the food products made by these stages of sugar is also mentioned. The difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy their physical and chemical properties and changes is also explained.
non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) commonly referred to as dietary fibre.
Food polysaccharides also include exudates gums, seed gums, microbial
polysaccharides, algal polysaccharides.
carbohydrates that are not digested
or absorbed, pass through the colon where bacteria ferment them for energy,
thereby stimulating their growth.The major
polysaccharides in the plant cell wall are cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose,
hemicellulose and pectin.
The above presentation discuss about the stages of sugar cookery and difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy. The different stages of sugar cookery is been explained step by step with pictorial representation for easy understanding. Temperature and the physical properties of the different stages of sugar cookery is been tabulate and the food products made by these stages of sugar is also mentioned. The difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy their physical and chemical properties and changes is also explained.
non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) commonly referred to as dietary fibre.
Food polysaccharides also include exudates gums, seed gums, microbial
polysaccharides, algal polysaccharides.
carbohydrates that are not digested
or absorbed, pass through the colon where bacteria ferment them for energy,
thereby stimulating their growth.The major
polysaccharides in the plant cell wall are cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose,
hemicellulose and pectin.
A presentation about types of biscuits and raw chocolates: defining history of biscuits, ingredients of biscuits, types of biscuits with pictured examples, and last basic chocolate, types, making process and benefits.
Yogurt is a diary product widely used by the present generation in their daily diets. you probably don't give much thought to buying yogurt in the store. You have your favorite brand, or maybe you like trying new varieties each week; either way, you just grab it and go.
It is easy to take yogurt for granted, but this delicious dairy product has a long and storied history that started way before the convenience of commercialized yogurt. Read on to discover its surprising origins in ancient civilizations and how it started being mass-produced.
A presentation about types of biscuits and raw chocolates: defining history of biscuits, ingredients of biscuits, types of biscuits with pictured examples, and last basic chocolate, types, making process and benefits.
Yogurt is a diary product widely used by the present generation in their daily diets. you probably don't give much thought to buying yogurt in the store. You have your favorite brand, or maybe you like trying new varieties each week; either way, you just grab it and go.
It is easy to take yogurt for granted, but this delicious dairy product has a long and storied history that started way before the convenience of commercialized yogurt. Read on to discover its surprising origins in ancient civilizations and how it started being mass-produced.
In Physiology, homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits
lec 2 Homeostasis and its mechanism with examplesayeshavirk45
In this slide you will find introduction of homeostasis, mechanism of homeostasis, processes involve in homeostasis, nwgative amd positive feedback mechanisms with examples.
Hotel management involves overseeing all aspects of a hotel's operations to ensure smooth functioning and exceptional guest experiences. This multifaceted role includes tasks such as managing staff, handling reservations, maintaining facilities, overseeing finances, and implementing marketing strategies to attract guests. Effective hotel management requires strong leadership, communication, organizational, and problem-solving skills to navigate the complexities of the hospitality industry and ensure guest satisfaction while maximizing profitability.
Hamdard Laboratories (India), is a Unani pharmaceutical company in India (following the independence of India from Britain, "Hamdard" Unani branches were established in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) and Pakistan). It was established in 1906 by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed in Delhi, and became
a waqf (non-profitable trust) in 1948. It is associated with Hamdard Foundation, a charitable educational trust.
Hamdard' is a compound word derived from Persian, which combines the words 'hum' (used in the sense of 'companion') and 'dard' (meaning 'pain'). 'Hamdard' thus means 'a companion in pain' and 'sympathizer in suffering'.
The goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him.
They had always maintained that working in old, traditional ways would not be entirely fruitful. A broader outlook was essential for a continued and meaningful existence. their effective team at Hamdard helped the system gain its pride of place and thus they made an entry into an expansive world of discovery and research.
Hamdard Laboratories was founded in 1906 in Delhi by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed and Ansarullah Tabani, a Unani practitioner. The name Hamdard means "companion in suffering" in Urdu language.(itself borrowed from Persian) Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed was born in Pilibhit City UP, India in 1883 to Sheikh Rahim Bakhsh. He is said to have learnt the complete Quran Sharif by heart. He also studied the origin of Urdu and Persian languages. Subsequently, he acquired the highest degree in the unani system of medicine.
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed got in touch with Hakim Zamal Khan, who had a keen interest in herbs and was famous for identifying medicinal plants. Having consulted with his wife, Abdul Majeed set up a herbal shop at Hauz Qazi in Delhi in 1906 and started to produce herbal medicine there. In 1920 the small herbal shop turned into a full-fledged production house.
Hamdard Foundation was created in 1964 to disburse the profits of the company to promote the interests of the society. All the profits of the company go to the foundation.
After Abdul Majeed's death, his son Hakeem Abdul Hameed took over the administration of Hamdard Laboratories at the age of fourteen.
Even with humble beginnings, the goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him. Unfortunately, he passed away quite early but his wife, Rabia Begum, with the support of her son, Hakeem Abdul Hameed, not only kept the institution in existence but also expanded it. As he grew up, Hakeem Abdul Hameed took on all responsibilities. After helping with his younger brother's upbringing and education, he included him in running the institution. Both brothers Hakeem Abdul Hameed and Hakim Mohammed
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Roti Bank Delhi: Nourishing Lives, One Meal at a Time
Nutrient equilibrium
1. Nutrient
Equilibrium
Presented by Sarah Ahmed
Presented to Miss Rimsha Zulfiqar
Course code FN-501
Course title Physiological aspects of Nutrition
BSc(Hons). Home Economics
3. Nutrients
Any substance that provides nourishment essential for the
maintenance of life and for growth.
Nutrients are molecules in food that all organisms need to
make energy, grow, develop, and reproduce. Nutrients are
digested and then broken down into basic parts to be used
by the organism
.
5. Types of Nutrients
Concentration
High concentration inside
the body.
It leads to obesity and diabetes.
Concentration
Minute concentration
inside the body.
Excessive ingestion
It leads to suppressing immune
function.
Consequences of
deficiency
It can cause PEM,
Kwashiorkor, marasmus
etc.
Consequences of
deficiency
It causes diseases like night
blindness, beriberi, scurvy,
goiter etc.
Macro nutrients Macro nutrients
Excessive ingestion
6. Absorbtion of Nutrients
● Animals are heterotrophs,
● They absorb nutrients or ingest food
sources
● The majority of animals, use a mouth to
ingest food. Absorptive feeders,, live in
digestive system of another animal and
absorb nutrients from that animal directly
through their body wall.
● Plants are autotrophs.
● Plants can absorb inorganic nutrients through
their root system, and carbon dioxide from the
environment.
● The combination of organic compounds, along
with water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight,
produce the energy that allows plants to grow.
Animals Plants
7. Nutrient Cycle
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the
movement and exchange
of organic and inorganic matter back into
the production of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional
and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement
of mineral nutrients is cyclic
8. Nutritional Equilibrium
Nutritional Equilibrium means that you
consume just the right amount of calories,
macronutrients and micronutrients from your
diet. In an optimal nutritional state, all of your
nutritional needs are met without exceeding
your caloric needs. Maintaining a stable
healthy weight, having low blood cholesterol
and healthy blood-pressure levels are just a
few signs of being nutritionally equilibrated.
9. Nutrient Equilibrium
The nutrient equilibrium is defined as the
difference between the nutrient inputs
entering a system and the nutrient
outputs leaving the system.
Nutrient equilibrium provide information
about environmental pressures.
11. Nutrient Exchange
The heart, blood and blood vessels work
together to service the cells of the body. Using
the network of arteries, veins and capillaries,
blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs (for
exhalation) and picks up oxygen. From the small
intestine, the blood gathers food nutrients and
delivers them to every cell.
12. Nutrient Exchange
Exchange of Gases, Nutrients, and Waste
Between Blood and Tissue Occurs in the
Capillaries. In the lungs, capillaries absorb
oxygen from inhaled air into the
bloodstream and release carbon dioxide for
exhalation
14. CREDITS: This presentation template was created
by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and
infographics & images by Freepik.
Please keep this slide for attribution.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency not to
stray from the range of favorable or
ideal internal conditions.. Maintaining a
stable internal condition is crucial to
any form of living thing. Different
physiological strategies are employed
to maintain the proper functioning of a
system in spite of the external
environment’s dynamicity.
15. Etymology
The term homeostasis comes
from the Ancient
Greek ὅμοιος (hómoios,
meaning “similar”),
from στημι (hístēmi,
“standing still”) and stasis,
from στάσις (stásis,
meaning “standing”).
The concept of
homeostasis was first
described in 1865 by
Claude Bernard, a French
physiologist. However,
the term was coined later
in 1962 by the American
physiologist Walter
Bradford Cannon.
16. Homeostatic equilibrium
The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its
internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback
controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning,
regardless of the outside changing conditions
18. Components of Homeostasis
Control
center
Component that processes
impulses relayed by the
receptors.
The effectors are the target of the
homeostatic response that would
bring the reversion of conditions
Receptor
Receives Information regarding
the status of the body.
Effector
19. Receptors
Photoreceptors
receptors that react
to light stimuli
Thermo receptors
receptors in a
sensory cell sensitive
to changes in
temperature
Mechanoreceptors
receptors in the skin
that reacts to various
mechanical stimuli Interceptors
receptors that
respond to stimuli
inside the body
20. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Homeostatic mechanisms responds to an
agitation may be in the form of a looping
mechanism that may be positive or negative.
Positive feedback maintains the direction of
the stimulus. Negative feedback is a self-
regulatory system and is employed in various
biological systems
21. Blood clotting
The formation of a blood clot is an example of
positive feedback. The conversion of blood
from a liquid into a solid form entails series
activations of clotting factors. As soon as
one clotting factor is activated, the next
clotting factor is activated, resulting in the
formation of a fibrin clot. In this process, the
direction of the stimulus is maintained.
23. Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is an example of negative
feedback. It refers to the homeostatic regulation of
body temperature. The human body tends to
maintain an internal temperature of about 98.6
degrees Fahrenheit also referred to as the set point.
The core temperature is regulated chiefly by the
nervous system, particularly the anterior
hypothalamus and the preoptic area of the brain.
25. Blood homeostasis
Human blood is comprised of cellular elements and
plasma. While the cellular elements include the blood
cells and the platelets, the plasma consists chiefly of
water, about 95% by volume, and the remaining
percentage includes dissolved proteins (e.g. serum
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), glucose, clotting
factors, electrolytes, hormones, carbon dioxide, and
oxygen. The levels of these components in the blood
plasma go through homeostatic regulation
27. Osmoregulation
The amount of water molecules between these
two fluids needs to be regulated and stabilized.
The body does so by osmoregulation. The
homeostatic mechanism is initiated by the
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. These
receptors are sensitive to osmotic pressure
changes. When these receptors detect
hypertonicity (more solute) or hyper-
osmolality in the extracellular environment,
vasopressin is released into the circulation.
29. Biological Importance of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is important to maintain and sustain life. Without
these homeostatic mechanisms to ensure that the innate variables
are kept within the optimal or suitable values, there would be
instability in the body. The system would not be able to function
properly and efficiently. In the long run, the individual would get ill,
or worse, face death from the failure of the body to rectify rogue
variables that impede the system to function as it should.
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
The words nutrient and nourish both come from the Latin word nūtrīre, "to feed, nurse, support, preserve." Although usually used as a noun, the word nutrient started out in 1650 as an adjective meaning "providing nourishment." It's important to your health to get the proper nutrients, so the food pyramid was developed
Carbohydrates are referred to as energy-giving foods.
65% of our energy comes from carbohydrates. This energy is usually in the form of glucose. The main sources of carbohydrates are bread, wheat, potatoes, rice, sweets, sugar cane, sweet fruits, and honey
Fats and oils are concentrated sources of energy and so are important nutrients for young children who need a lot of energy-rich food Fat is found in meat, chicken, milk products, butters, creams, avocado, cooking oils and fats, cheese, fish and ground nuts.
Saturated fats .
Unsaturated fats
Proteins About 10–35% of calories should come from protein. Proteins are needed in our diets for growth and to improve immune functions.
All animal foods contain more protein than plants and are therefore usually better sources of body building foods
Vitamins are also called protective foods. They are grouped together because, as their name implies, they are a vital factor in the diet.
Classifications of vitamins
Vitamins are classified into two groups:
Fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K) Water soluble vitamins (vitamins B and C, and folic acid)
The best sources are fruits and vegetables
Minerals
Minerals are the substances that people need to ensure the health and correct working of their soft tissues, fluids and their skeleton. Examples of minerals include calcium, iron, iodine, fluorine, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, selenium, and sodium.
Water:50 kg adult contains about 31 litres of water
For the body to make cells and fluids such as tears, digestive juices and breastmilk
Protein Energy Malnutrition
such as tapeworms
Mineral cycles include the carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into productive ecological nutrition.
A balanced diet supplies the nutrients your body needs to work effectively. Without balanced nutrition, your body is more prone to disease, infection, fatigue, and low performance
If you notice sudden weight gain or lack of energy, it may be time for you to adjust your dieChildren who don't get enough healthy foods may face growth and developmental problems, poor academic performance, and frequent infections
. Capillaries are tiny vessels that branch out from arterioles to form networks around body cells
Such conditions must be kept the same constantly
The ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of stability within its internal environment when dealing with external change.
It monitors and perceives the changes in its environment, both the internal and the external. It is in the form of a sensory nerve terminal that receives the information (i.e. stimulus) and then responds by producing a nerve impulse
(called feedback mechanism)
It tends to accelerate or promote the effect of the stimulus. Examples are labor contractions, blood clotting, and action potential generation.
. It reverses the direction of the stimulus and tends to inhibit the source of stimulus or slow down the metabolic process.
(98.6 ˚F, equivalent to 37 ˚C),
In the case of osmoregulation, vasopressin targets the kidney to exert an antidiuretic response, particularly by promoting water reabsorption, thereby inhibiting further water loss. Apart from the vasopressin release, the hypothalamus also stimulates the thirst center of the brain to increase the urge to drink water. In the case of hypo-osmolality in the external environment, there is a low plasma vasopressin level. In consequence, water is not reabsorbed from the kidney tubules and therefore excreted into the urine.