Nursing Case Study African American Hypertension

Nursing Case Study African American Hypertension
African– American female, 71 years old, has been admitted to the hospital from her primary care
provider ten days post–op following a right below the knee amputation. Her only complaint is that
of abdmonial pain. Her vitals are as follows: BP 100/70, HR 122, RR 22, Temp 101.1, and oxygen
level 96% on room air. Glucose level is 563mg/dl on glucometer and the patient states that she takes
a round white pill for her diabetes. She has also been diagnosed with hypertension in the past and
takes a white oval pill for it. Head to toe assessment that has been completed noted a foul smell
omiting from the bandage where the leg has been amputated. Clearly this patient is exhibiting
clinical signs of sepsis. The initial thought is that the source of infection is the surgical wound since
the foul odor is present. The next few hours are critical in initating treatment for sepsis. Multi–organ
failure can result if treatment is not received in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the patient is stabilized the nurse can begin to assess the cultural aspects of care for this
patient. Noting that the patient is African American the percentage of that ethnicity having adequate
health care and education is very low. The last admission may have very well left her without a leg
and any means to help care for it. Setting her up for another admission due to infection. She does
have a primary healthcare provider but as far as knowing the extent of her home care or education
level the patient could have been set up for failure. During the admission, it is the nurses job to
educate the patient when appropriate. Clearly, she needs teaching on the importance of knowing her
medication, signs and symptoms of infection, and taking proper care of a surgical site. Although
since we do not know exactly what her health insurance will and will not pay for it is important for
the patient and family to be properly educate before
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4 Week Training Report
Training to Be Better AS.4 – Kata Brill
This report summarises and requires me to discuss performing physical activities which are there to
improve a final goal. Over the six weeks I completed a training programme suited to these activities,
cooper run, vertical test, max push ups, agility test and max leg press. I did this through a variety of
gym sessions, runs or interval training. Which can hopefully positively adopt into my basketball.
Over my 6 weeks of training I had to do pre–tests and post–test. For the cooper run I did nearly 7
laps of a 400m track and on my post–test did 7 full laps. Push ups, 42 pre–test to 50 post– test. Max
Leg Press of 80kg 22 pre–test 30 post–test. Agility Test pre–test 19,87, post–test 18.72. Vertical Test
59cm to 61cm. To accomplish improving all these areas I set a 4 week training schedule which
specified on these tests for improvements. Which comprehensively worked as all my tests improved
from pre to post.
Throughout the 6 weeks a implemented sports phycology to help maximise my final outcomes.
Using things such as self–motivation, goal setting etc. I used the training principles of
SPORTSFITT ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is created by your body not having enough oxygen to complete the exercise. A substance called
lactate, which your body converts to lactic acid without oxygen. This lactic acid is used as short and
heavy energy system which can also gradually build up and cause fatigue. An example of this is
during ring road endurance session. A couple of minutes through my run my legs started to feel
heavy this was due to the lactic acid system. It effected the pace and intensity which my body could
run at and effected my goal setting as I wanted to achieve a certain time, effecting my confidence
for the next run. This then flowed on to me having disadvantages such as a slower time but
gradually over the run it started to burn off as it is a type of energy

Muscle Apartness Or DOMS
It's not about the lactic acid Muscle soreness is actually not from the buildup of lactic acid! It is
actually delayed onset muscle soreness or DOMS. It is very important for a person to know the
causes of muscle soreness. For example, if a person knows what muscle soreness is and why it is
caused, then they will not have to worry when the muscles actually get sore. It is important to know
why our muscles get sore after exercising so we can gain an understanding, the causes of it, and if it
is healthy for your body. Knowing the causes of muscle soreness is a very important topic to
understand. For example, is a person knows why muscle soreness is caused, then they can know
how to avoid it or control it. "Sore muscles after physical activity is known as delayed onset muscle
soreness, or DOMS.(Well n.p.). After exercising, the muscles are going to be sore because of
DOMS. Muscles will be more sore than usual though if someone introduces new movements such
as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, if humans know about muscle soreness than we don't have to be concerned when our
muscles get sore. "DOMS is sometimes attributed to the buildup of lactic acid, but this isn't true. It
is likely caused by microscopic muscle tears."(Harrington n.p.). People often say that muscle
soreness is caused by lactic acid but it is actually microscopic muscle tears. This shouldn't be a
concern to the muscles because it is a completely normal process for the go through. "DOMS is
completely different from pain that you may feel during a workout"(Harrington n.p.). For example,
if you a lifting a weight the wrong way or using too much weight, then you may feel pain on your
bones or tendons. DOMS is delayed muscle soreness. So if you feel pain during a workout, then is is
completely different than DOMS. In conclusion, if we gain a better understanding of muscle
soreness then we don't have to be concerned when our muscles get

Brief History Of Field Hockey
Introduction: A Brief History
Field hockey's origins can be traced back 4000 years to ancient Egypt, Greece and Persia, although
the game, as we have all come to know it, was developed in Britain in the late 19th century
(Longstreth, 2014) . It is said to be the oldest team sport in history (Girasole, 2010) . Field Hockey's
original name was the "ball and stick" game. Hockey was initially played with a cube, instead of the
ball we use today. Hockey was initially considered to be too dangerous for women, but it became
socially accepted when women were allowed to play sports such as lawn tennis and croquette
(Girasole, 2010). The first Women's field hockey team was formed in 1887 in England. Hockey
made its debut in the Olympics in 1908 and thus the International Hockey Federation was
assembled (Girasole, 2010). Today, field hockey is the second largest team sport in the world,
played in over 100 countries (McBryde, 2013).
Identification of Problem
In a sport with so much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These different responses can be a result of genetics, body size and shape, chronic conditions, past
experience, injuries, gender and so forth. For example, the training program for a women's hockey
team will be different to the training program for a men's hockey team. This would be due to factors
such as men having higher testosterone levels, allowing them to build muscle mass faster, and men
having lower flexibility, the men would thus have to do more flexibility exercises in order to abstain
from injury. Another example would be that the links would have a different training program to the
goalkeeper. The links would have a greater emphasis on fitness and speed, while the goalkeeper
would have more of an emphasis on flexibility and skill, although fitness would also be a large
aspect. It is imperative that a goalkeeper knows how to save a goal and is able to do so without
injuring

The Effects Of Exercise On Health
The Effects of Exercise on Health
Introduction
Today, physical exercise is evolving and highly promoted through society in the United States. In
the past few years people have begun to use social media to encourage themselves and others to get
in shape. People post pictures and videos on apps such Instagram, Snapchat and Facebook in order
show workout techniques and progress. Physical activity is essential in order to reduce the risk of
many diseases and promote a healthy lifestyle. It is encouraged by the American College of Sports
Medicine that "adults should exercise for about 150 minutes per week if they want to enhance their
cardiorespiratory wellness." (Henkel, 2011) Regular exercise encourages physiological and physical
health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also important to properly warm up and cool down in order to prevent injuries. "It may be
hypothesized that a warm–up period with moderate aerobic exercise prior to intensive eccentric
exercise will reduce DOMS by reducing the extent of muscle damage." (Olav Olsen,1, Mona
Sjøhaug, Mireille van Beekvelt, and Paul Jarle Mork, 2011). With gradual workout progression, it
allows your muscles to adjust to adjust to the load of force you put on it in your workout.
Including Flexibility
Studies have shown that "flexibility exercises have been shown to be beneficial in at least one
randomized trial and are recommended in the management of several common diseases in older
adults" (Nelson, Rejeski, Blair, Duncan, Judge, King, Macera, Castaneda–Sceppa, 2007). Flexibility
is important in exercise because it can help prevent injuries by increasing your ability to control
your muscle through its full range of motion. Warming up and cooling down before and after
working out plays an important role in flexibility because it helps loosen up your muscles and
prepares them for for the workout. Including flexibility workouts regularly can improve your
posture balance and performance throughout the exercise. Thus, also preventing injuries.
Resistance Training
Resistance training is essential in weightlifting. It improves your health by allowing your muscle to
work against the force applied. With

Investigating The Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue...
Whether it be elite athletes or weekend warriors, all athletes have experienced muscle tightness that
impacted their athletic performance. I wanted to investigate whether instrument assisted soft tissue
mobilization (IASTM) was more effective at reducing hamstring muscle tightness than foam rolling
in high school athletes. Most high school athletes work very hard at practice and in the weight room
and therefore, hamstring muscle tightness is very common. I chose the high school population
because I want to work in the high school setting following graduation. I wanted to investigate if
IASTM techniques could be more effective in the high school to reduce lower extremity muscle
soreness than foam rolling. The case series by Baker, Nasypany, Seegmiller & Baker (2013)
investigated the effectiveness of IASTM for treatment of hamstring tissue extensibility dysfunction.
Tissue extensibility dysfunction (TED) includes ROM limitations during standing flexion test, sit
and reach test, passive and active straight–leg hip flexion and 90/90 active knee extension test
(Baker et.all). The participants in this study consisted of three collegiate athletes who can had long–
lasting tightness in the lower extremities, and exhibited hamstring TED. All patients had baseline
active range motion measurements taken. The participants recorded their pain during activity using
the numerical rating scale (NRS) during the initial examination. The participants received three
IASTM treatments a week

Exercise Physiology Of Ski Racing Essay
Task 2: Exercise Physiology
Ski racing is a sport where you race quickly down a ski slope around gates. There are short–term
effects whilst performing the sport and long term from training.
1. Short Term Responses
Cardiovascular Respiratory Muscular
Heart rate increases
Body temperature increase, particularly in the face. Respiration rate increases Muscle Pain
Heart rate increase:
During a race your muscles are contracting very frequently and working very hard, especially the
leg muscles, this means a lot of oxygen and waste removal is required to keep the muscles working.
Blood delivers oxygen to the muscles and helps to remove wastes such as lactic acid, during a race
the heart rate increases to perform these tasks. This affects my sport as the increased heart rate
allows muscles to contract more frequently and last longer without burning and feeling like 'jelly',
by providing them with more oxygen and waste removal you can therefore work harder and perform
to a higher level.
Body temperature increase:
For muscles to work at a high level and contract frequently they require energy, this energy is
obtained by burning fuels in a chain of chemical reactions. Heat is a by–product of these reactions
and they cause the body temperature to increase. Heat is released predominantly by blood vessels
coming to the skins surface, particularly in the face; this is because much of the heat energy is
carried away from the muscles by the blood. After a race, which is

Fermentation Is A Natural Process
Fermentation is a natural process. Meaning that it has always been constantly happening whether we
are aware or not. When it comes to fermented foods, it speaks on a fermentation process that has
been manipulated for centuries by mankind. Humans have taken this pure process and used it as a
way to preserve flavors, and create exciting new flavors. There are the common foods that many are
aware of that undergo fermentation including bread, yogurt, wine, and beer. But the new trend in the
fermentation of foods focuses on vegetables and fruits like sauerkraut, pickles, and Kombucha.
What happens is these vegetables are soaked in salt water (or their own juice). Doing this allows for
the growth of bacteria, which in turn eat the vegetable sugars, and produce lactic acid. This acid
produces a product that has a sour, tart, or funky taste which all depend on the pH levels at the end
of the process and the palate of the person consuming the product. When the pH levels drop the
lactic acid levels go up, which cause the bad bacteria to die off, because they cannot survive acidic
conditions. While all of this happens the tart flavors begin to emerge.[1]
This fermentation of fruits and vegetables has allowed many new products to appear on the market.
One of these products has been a food item called kimchi. Kimchi is a traditional food, in the
Korean culture, of fermented vegetables which is often cabbage. It has an acquired taste that is very
pungent, and vibrant. Other vegetables

The Effects Of Alcoholism On Collegiate Athletic Performance
The Negative Effects of Alcoholism on Collegiate Athletic Performance
According to research and statistics, alcohol is the number one drug used by college students. Most
individuals do not label alcohol as a drug due to the way it is consumed, but when considering the
negative side effects that accompany alcohol, the comparison of alcohol to drugs may not be that far
of a stretch. Alcohol can not only be harmful to an individual's external health but also their internal
health as well. Consumption of alcohol over a long period of time may result in negative side effects
to your heart, liver, pancreas, immune system, and ultimately if enough is consumed may result in
cancer. This addicting, yet dangerous drug is best known for its ability ... Show more content on
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On the surface, alcohol may seem harmless and a normal part of the college experience, however
research suggests that alcohol and athleticism do not in fact go hand in hand. Excessive alcohol use
among college students is widely recognized as a serious public health problem in the United States.
A survey was conducted at a large state university in the Northeastern United States and data was
collected on 109 intercollegiate athletes during the competitive season and 119 during the off–
season. Participants were asked to estimate the amount of alcohol consumption levels of 4 different
groups of individuals; closest athlete friend, closest non–athlete friend, typical athlete, and typical
non–athlete. Results of both in–season and off–season indicated that the athletes reported that others
consumed more drinks per week than they did, and insights of these social averages predicted
personal use. Although the typical athlete average emerged as the strongest predictor of personal
alcohol use, the relative strength of the relationships between individual behavior and the athlete
and non–athlete norms varied according to seasonal status.
There are many reasons to expect collegiate athletes to be excluded from the number of college
students who partake in heavy drinking on a regular basis. Athletes are expected to acquire optimal
health and functioning requirements in order to participate in intense training, and also

Synergistic Effect Of Feeding Aspergillus Awamori And...
Synergistic effect of feeding Aspergillus Awamori and Lactic acid bacteria on performance, egg
traits, egg yolk cholesterol and fatty acid profile in laying hens
(Running title: Fungi and Bacteria in laying hens diets)
Ahmed A. Saleh1*, B. Gálik2, H. Arpášová3, M. Capcarová4, A. Kalafová4, M. Šimko2, M.
Juráček2, M. Rolinec2, D. Bíro2 & A. M. Abudabos5
1 Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 333516 Kafr El–
Sheikh, Egypt
2 Animal Nutrition Department, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of
Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
3 Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food
Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
4 Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak
University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
5 Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding: Dr. Ahmed Ali Saleh,
Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh
333516, Egypt
E–mail: ahmed.saleh1@agr.kfs.edu.eg Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the effects of
a combined supplementation of Aspergillus awamori (AA) and Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in feed
on growth and egg quality. Hens (28 week old) were fed on a basal diet as control group; diets
supplemented with 0.05%

Dehydrogenase Synthesis Lab Report
BIOC222 Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Lab Report
Introduction
In this investigation, the inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzyme isolated from
Dissostichus mawsoni by oxamic acid will be analysed through spectrophotometric assays, and
compared with parallel experimental data obtained from other groups using a different inhibitor (⍺–
ketoglutarate), and using LDH obtained from a different fish (Squalus acanthias). LDH is a
tetrameric enzyme with two different types of subunits, subunit M and subunit H. This allows the
LDH enzyme to exist in five different isoforms. The differences between different isoforms of LDH
will be examined through polyacrymide gel electrophoresis and subsequent stains for protein
presence and activity.
Methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aspartate and Glutamate are the two negatively charged canonical amino acids, due to their
negatively charged side chain groups, and therefore these amino acids would contribute to greater
negativity within the H subunit. The spacing of bands visible on the polyacrymide gel of the gel
electrophoresis is regular because the negativity of each isoform is determined by the subunits
which comprise it (either the H or M subunit). Therefore the negative charge on each isoform will
change at regular intervals as the subunit composition of the isoform

Muscles Are Important
Why Exercising Muscles Tire When Needed Most Muscles are a very complex part of your body.
They are responsible for the movement of your body. Even just taking one step, you use 200
muscles. If you think about how many steps we take in just one day, that is a lot of work for just
those 200 muscles. Muscles are the largest tissue in your body. The question is, why exercising
muscles tire when needed most? While exercising, your muscles both burn available fuel for energy
and contract in response to a rush of electrical signals from the brain. It burns fatty acids, amino
acids, and glucose. When the intensity of your workout increases, you depend less on fatty acids and
more on your carbohydrates. This is because carbohydrates ... Show more content on
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Even when you do not think your muscles are at work, they are. Muscles are in your heart too.
Muscles are hard workers. Fatigue during intense workouts is connected to the anaerobic
metabolism for force production that muscles rely on so much. As your muscles use up the ATP
while exercising, they become fatigued and tired. You can do aerobic exercises longer because while
you are using ATP, oxygen is helping create more. But Anaerobic exercises are more intense but
shorter workouts. As ATP starts to run out during these types of workouts, your muscles start to
produce acidosis. This is why sometimes your muscles burn during workouts. Lactase then comes in
to reduce the acidosis and in result, creates ATP. So why working out, you create more ATP.
Sometimes your working so hard and so fast that the oxygen that is trying to help create ATP is too
slow and that is why you get tired and have to take a break to catch up. Often why you have cool
downs after high intensity workouts to get more oxygen in your body to perform better and recover
faster. If one were to believe in the theory of Evolution, they might think that muscles tire out to
protect the organism from a catastrophic failure. Another reason one might believe is that the muscle
tire out because our ancestors performed low intensity activities. This supports the idea of polarized
training. According to an article written by Daniel A. Boullosa and Fábio Y. Nakamura, polarized
training is what people like to say as keeping "easy training easy, and hard training

The Discovery Of Its Effects On The Body
B nCreatine was first found in 1832 by a French scientist named Michel Eugene Chevreul. This
discovery was found by isolating it from the basified water–extract of the skeletal muscle in
animals. He named it creatine after he found concentration of it in animal blood and meat. Justus
Von Liebug confirmed in the year 1847 that creatine can be found in the flesh of animal. During his
research he also found that wild foxes have more creatine in their muscles than their domestic
counterparts. Around 1846, the decomposed product of creatine/creatinine was present in urine. In
1923, the first research demonstrated that when animals were to intake oral creatine, the result was
an increase in their weight. After they were to stop or slow their creatine intake, their weight
increased slowly over the period of time. In 1926, Alfred Chanutin, showed in his study that humans
can retain the storage of creatine in their muscles by taking 10 grams of creatine during the period of
a week. The weight gained caused by the intake of creatine allowed Chanutin to come to a
conclusion that it has an anabolic effect on humans. However, taking creatine from meat is very
expensive for researchers so they started trying to produce the synthetic version of creatine. This
was successfully done in the laboratory in the 1950's. The research studies done in 1978 confirmed
that creatine guarantees that nitrogen is retained better in the muscles. This in turns helps muscles to
recover faster. Within this

Why Polylactic Acid And Polypropylene
A plastic water bottle must be able to hold it shape, withstand high temperatures, must not absorb
the water or release toxins, should be easy to clean and must be eco–friendly. To understand this, it
is first necessary to define polymers, how they are made and the intermolecular forces that lead to
polymers properties. Two polymers, Polylactic acid and polypropylene, will be explained to
illustrate the connection between structure and properties. The differences and similarities will be
explained, followed by the environmental and economic considerations. These factors will be used
to show why Polylactic acid is preferable to other polymers for the production of water bottle.
A polymer is a long chain of molecules made up of many repeating identical units called monomers.
A polymer made from two or more repeating units of monomers are called copolymers (Smith et al.,
2006). Monomers are often made up of Hydrogen and Carbon with extra elements such as Oxygen,
Nitrogen and Chlorine, creating the backbone of the polymer. These can be made synthetically, such
as polyethylene or occur naturally like cellulose, as are the polymers being investigated are.
Polylactic acid is made naturally and Polypropylene is made synthetically. Polymers can be three
dimensional networks which don't melt such as epoxy resin, and are called thermoset polymers, two
dimensional or one dimensional networks or chains which can be melted such as polypropylene
called thermoplastic polymers

A Research Study On Bone Regeneration
Decades ago, numerous studies toke place on bone growth and healing with the use of guided bone
regeneration concepts. Bone has been considered as the one tissue with the greatest potential for
regeneration among the many tissue in the body. A long time ago in 1889 senn reported that the
present of decalcified bone could encourage healing of the bone defects (170). Guided bone
regeneration is frequently used the same concept for hard tissue reconstruction (128, 171, 172). The
treatment concept includes the application of occlusive membranes for the regeneration of osseous
defects. The membrane induce osteogenic cell population coming from the parent bone tissue by
excluding the non–osteogenic cell population from the surrounding soft tissues, thereby inhibit the
osseous wound (173–176). Actually, the placement of mechanical membranes over the jaw bone
defects resulted in effective results in rabbits (177) and over cranial defects in rats (178). Therefore,
guided bone regeneration (GBR) was introduced as a therapeutic modality aiming to achieve bone
regeneration, via the use of barrier membranes (87).
The introduction of biodegradable membranes limits the drawback of non–resorbable one but also
the use of traditional biodegradable plates and screws have some disadvantages including poor
mechanical stability, difficulty handling properties, and time–consuming fixation. So the
introduction of PDLLA (poly–L, D–lactic acid) copolymers had been developed to resolve these

The Effects of Creatine on Athletes' Bodies Essay examples
The Effects of Creatine on Athletes' Bodies
From a very early age sports are introduced upon both young boys and girls. Although it begins with
sportsmanship and teamwork, it begins to evolve into new objectives when these young athletes
enter high school. In fact, high school sports are vastly different. Your mind is trained to obliterate
the opponent and win at all costs. This mentality can often lead many young athletes to turn to
supplements to assist in muscle building. The most common supplement in use currently is Creatine.
While athletic departments and sports nutrition stores claim that it is harmless, why do so many high
school athletes end up with severe muscular and pulmonary damage? The answer has yet to be
clearly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The human body will generate half of all needed creatine and ATP on a daily basis. The remaining
half is produced from the food that we consume. What this means is that we naturally accumulate
almost 100% of the needed energy on a daily basis. When these young athletes now add another 5–
15%, the body may undergo some changes or side affects. According to the American College Of
Sports Medicine, creatine is not recommended for athletes that work out in heated areas or warm
climates. Furthermore, they also warn that adolescents have a much greater risk of damaging their
internal organs than adults with a similar level of health. These warnings should serve as a red flag
for parents who willingly allow their student athletes to consume creatine as a dietary supplement.
In fact, if athletes or parents researched this product they would find that it is not currently regulated
by the Food And Drug Administration (FDA). Meanwhile athletic departments all over this country
purposely influence athletes to participate in the use of this drug, all in the name of winning. Sadly,
high school sports has turned into a method of financial dependency by fiscally strapped public
school systems. In fact, these school systems put pressure on high school athletic associations to
allow athletes to experiment with these supplements that are not regulated or controlled. People are
still under the assumption that Creatine is safe because it is sold over the counter.

What Is The Truth About Creatine
The truth about creatine
Quick facts about creatine:
–Creatine increases strength and muscle mass.
Regular creatine works well, you do not need to spend money on more expensive types of creatine.
Take creatine during training and with any insulin–raising for the best effect.
Creatine is not dangerous.
–Muscle activity stimulates creatine.
Creatine is according to researchers one of the few supplements that have proven efficacy. Already
in the 1970s, creatine use as a performance enhancer in the Soviet Union and other Eastern
European countries. But what is the truth about creatine and how does it work?
Do we need supplements of creatine?
Creatine is produced in the liver and kidneys from three amino acids, glicyn, arginine and
methionine. Since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Choosing the right type of creatine?
Will get better results if you buy expensive creatine? No, because there is a maximum level of how
much creatine we can store in our muscles feel it unnecessary to buy expensive types of creatine.
The transport into the muscle cell also takes place via a conveyor which allows creatine hydrophilic
character is of less importance. Sure, there may be certain types of creatine which has some
advantages over the others, but on the whole it does not matter.
Is creatine dangerous?
No, there are no studies demonstrating the negative effect of creatine supplementation in areas such
impairment.
The initial charging period
When you first start to take creatine recommend some one to run an initial charging period, ie a
period which increases the intake to replenish supplies. If you are taking 5g of creatine per day for 4
weeks, you will fill your kreatinf?rr?d. Also remember not to eat creatine for too long, for best effect
should be taken at intervals of a few

Argumentative Essay On Massage Therapy
What does back pain, neck tension, headaches and anxiety all have in common? They are all
treatable issues that can be relieved or treated through massage therapy. Stress–related symptoms
are one potential treatment option for massage therapy. Massage may also be used to treat muscular
pain following strenuous exercise. Tiffany Field, head of Psychology at the University of Miami
School of Medicine's Touch Research Institute, explains that massage can limit our bodies fight or
flight response associated with stressful or fearful situations. In university, many students will
experience stressful moments with assignments, exams, and projects. What many students are
unaware of, is how stress negatively impacts mental and physical health. Through the use of
massage therapy, students can relieve stress and even sleep better at night. Massage can be used to
cope with mood disorders and relieve muscle pain or tension. Field explains massage can increase
blood flow and circulation of oxygen or nutrients throughout the muscles, as a method of removing
metabolic wastes such as lactic acid that are produced through exercise (58). Massage is an
excellent treatment for stress, pain, and sleep deprivation. With a massage therapy clinic on campus,
charging at reduced rates, students would benefit by having the opportunity to improve their quality
of sleep, limit emotional issues they may be feeling, improve their athletic performance and improve
their academic performance. Massage is a

The Musculoskeletal System Is Under The Control Of The...
The Musculoskeletal system is under the control of the nervous system and is responsible for human
movement; this is comprised of the skeletal and muscular system, with the human body containing
640 skeletal muscles (Watkins 2010). Skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibres (myofibres) and
contain multiple nuclei; within the cytoplasm of these cells, there are long chains of myfibrils which
are chains of many sarcomeres and these run from end to end of the muscle. Sarcomeres are
comprised of thin and thick bands of proteins called actin and myosin; which overlap when a muscle
contraction occurs; shortening the sarcomere (Edmiston 2012). Muscle contractions are stimulated
by motor neurons; these carry information from the central nervous ... Show more content on
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The variables being discussed in this report are the percentage of peak power decrease (in the
quadriceps) between repeated sprints and either active or passive recovery; from this, two major
questions arise; Is the percentage decrease in peak power on a repeated sprint significantly different
between subject groups who completed an active recovery or a passive recovery? And what are the
physiological mechanisms that cause a decrease in peak power to occur? The following alternative
hypothesis will therefore be tested, to determine if; there is a significant difference in the decrease of
peak power between repeated sprints where subjects complete either an active or passive recovery
and the following null hypothesis has been set, predicting that; there is no significant difference in
peak power decrease between repeated sprints where either an active or passive recovery technique
was used.
Subjects and Ethics
To take part in the study subjects were required to give written consent; approved by researchers at
the university, who carried out risk assessments prior to the study; part of this was reminding
subjects that they were able to withdraw at any time if they felt like they could not physically
continue with the study and participants with any leg injuries did not take part. Participant
information such as age, gender and weight and thigh circumference were

Bacteria Is The Next Gatorade
Is Bacteria the Next Gatorade?
It is a fact that there are exceptional athletes all across the globe. America withholds the astounding
Michael Phelps. Jamaica is home to the quickest man on Earth– Usain Bolt. Each and every day,
new athletes are being bred for competition. Students and adults alike spend hundreds of hours
training. They limit themselves to strict diets. Athletes have been known to do the craziest things.
Have we ever thought that we were just born inheriting something to make one stand out above the
rest? Is that even possible? Instead, must we train to reach such a level of sufficiency? Can sports
change our body and its genetic makeup? In recent studies, scientists have found that different
sports have created different bacteria in different locations of the body which they believe
contributes to specific and astounding athletic abilities.
Johnathan Scheiman, Ph.D., claims that these results were not what he was initially looking for.
Scheiman claims, "When we first started thinking about this, I was asked whether we could use
genomics to predict the next Michael Jordan." Basically, the researchers were at first interested in
the field of biology that focuses on genomes. This includes the structure, function, evolution, and
mapping of the genomes, which can be used to make genetic predictions. This allows many
scientists to trace inherited diseases down different family lines across many generations, and even
predict the next generation where the disease

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bio-Based Polymers
Introduction
Bio–based polymers are materials which are produced from renewable resources. The terms bio–
based and biodegradable will be used repeatedly in the literature, however there is a key difference
between the two types of materials. Biodegradable are defined as materials whose physical and
chemical attributes will undergo degradation and completely deteriorate when exposed to
microorganisms, aerobic processes, anaerobic processes, or both process simultaneously. On the
other hand, Bio–based polymers can be biodegradable like polylactic acid or not degradable like
biopolyhethylene. Comparably many bio–based polymers are biodegradable, yet not all
biodegradable polymers are bio–based.
Only a small fraction of the total global plastic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet obtaining high molecular weight proves difficult via polycondensation reaction due to water
formation. Nature Works LLC has developed a low–cost continuous process of manufacturing PLA
(Erwin et al. 2007 ). Firstly, very short polymer chains are formed in the condensation process,
known as lactide dimers. The next step is to convert these lactide dimers into higher molecular
weight PLA via ring–opening polymerization using a catalysts. Various types of PLA polymers can
be obtained using l–lactic or d–lactic acid in differing ratios. The final properties of PLA is highly
dependent on the ratio of these various forms of lactic acid, listed in Table 1 are various blends of
PLA (Garlotta

Informative Speech On Cold Showers
Attention–Getting Opening: It is 7:30 and you are in a nice steamy water. What you don't realize is
that the minute you step out of the shower you are going to be tired again. What could you do
differently next time? Do you have the strength to take a cold shower or do you continue to take
piping hot showers?
Reason Your Audience would be interested in this speech: Regularly taking cold showers can be
incredibly beneficial when it comes to your everyday lifestyle.
Establishing your credibility: According to a study, "79% of participants in the intervention groups
completed the 30 consecutive days protocol. A 29% reduction in sickness absence for a cold
showered regiment" (Effect of Cold Showering on Health and Work).
Thesis Statement: Although many people prefer hot showers, cold showers provide a large array of
health benefits to your everyday health.
Main Points (overview)
Helps to improve immunity and circulation
Helps to relieve depression and other mental health issues
Helps to prevent muscle soreness
Transitions to the body of the speech: These points not only need to examine, but they need to be
examined in greater detail.
Body
Main Point #1: Helps to improve immunity and circulation
Main Point Introduction: A major advantage to taking a cold shower is of improve your immunity
and circulation within the body.
Subpoint– The increase in the blood circulation will lead to an increase in the circulation that
surrounds the organs.
Subpoint– According to Dr. Joseph Marcela, "It also lowers blood pressure, clears blocked arteries,
and improves our immune system" (Borreli, Lizette).
Subpoint– By cold showering, the water encourages blood cells to gather around your organs,
therefore improving your heart health.
Transitions: Cold showers not only to help to improve your body but your mental health too.
Main Point #2: Helps to relieve depression and other mental health issues
Main Point Introduction: Another advantage of the showers is the reduction of depression and risk
of serious mental health.
Subpoint– Helps to decrease your stress levels.
Subpoint– Helps to level out the uric acid levels and to increase glutathione, and helps with the
oxidate stress.
According to this New York Times article and

18 Lactic Acid Bacteria Lab Report
As described, eighteen lactic acid bacteria strains were screened by quantitative and qualitative
evaluation methods for biosurfactant production. The results of the qualitative assays (Table 2)
revealed that six strains (SHU6811, SHU1593, SHU1563, SHU3455, SHU1904 and SHU68) had
the ability to cause complete hemolysis (β–hemolysis) in blood agar culture medium. In addition,
five strains (SHU6343, SHU1593, SHU3455, SHU1904 and SHU68) were detected positive by the
oil spreading and drop–collapse assays. Also, two strains (SHU6811 and SHU1965) showed
positive results only in the drop–collapse experiments. The results of the quantitative assays (Table
3) revealed that %E24 values of extracted biosurfactant produced by strains SHU1593 and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the hemolytic activity must be considered by oneself as an unreliable criterion to detect
of biosurfactant activity of a microbial culture [53]. The hemolytic activity of biosurfactants was
first discovered when Bernheimer and Avigad [7] reported that the biosurfactant produced by
Bacillus subtilis, surfactin, lysed red blood cells. Oil spreading method is based on that droplet of
biosurfactant–containing solution can displace the oil and spread in the water. In drop–collapse
method, the droplets contain biosurfactant spread or even collapse due to reduction of the force or
interfacial tension between the liquid droplet and the hydrophobic surface. The stability of droplets
is dependent on biosurfactant concentration and correlates with surface and interfacial tension
[3,60]. In general, it was shown that hemolytic activity test has a relatively clear relationship with
the qualitative oil spreading and drop–collapse tests. Hamzah et al. [20] reported that quantitative
analysis including emulsification index and surface tension measurement are more reliable for
detection of the presence of biosurfactant in the medium by bacterial isolates. In emulsification
assays, in order to create emulsion, the biosurfactant must reduce the oil–water interfacial tension to
low values, also the biosurfactant must rapidly diffuse to

The Power Of Pomegranates
Weightlifting devices demonstrate the true power of pomegranates
Pomegranates are well–known for their antioxidant content, providing a healthy range of health
benefits. In fact, it is quite common for people to regularly use pomegranate juice. Even more so,
scientific research has shown that it can help active adults and athletes gain their sporting
performance. Let's look at this truly amazing fruit:
Pomegranate facts
1. Pomegranates have been cultivated for thousands of years and have played a significant role in
cultures from ancient China and India, to societies inhabited by the Mediterranean coast. In fact,
pomegranate is a bit synonymous with the last region.
2. Each pomegranate part contains valuable nutrients and antioxidants: ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Seeds – linoleic acid (CLA), linoleic acid, oleic acid, punicic acid.
peel and cellulose – quercetin, gallagain, camepferol, punalagin
Roots and peel – gallic acid, punctonic acid, mannitol, grantierin, n–methylisopellethirin.
Flower – oleanol acid, uric acid, anthocyanins
3. The outer parts of the fruit are usually consumed as extracts, but juice and seeds are the parts that
we usually eat and drink.
4. Antioxidant pomegranate works differently to improve health and athletic performance.
Our muscles during workout
Depending on the intensity of the workout, our body experiences varying degrees of stress. All are
affected by muscle tissue, cells and central nervous system.
Task–induced stress or oxidative stress means that physical activity impairs normal body function. It
causes inflammatory chemicals, increases lactic acid levels, discomfort and reduces energy.
Pomegranate juice helps athletes and active adults to exercise less fatigue and discomfort, so they
are popular liquids to drink to improve their

Blood Lactate Results
This lab report looks how blood lactate levels are affected during an incremental cycle test with an
oxygen restriction mask and without an oxygen restriction mask. Blood lactate is lactic acid that
appears in the blood due aerobic and anaerobic training. Billat et.al (2003) states that during a
moderate cycling exercise performed during 30–50 minutes, 20% of glucose utilisation went to
lactate formation, 20% of the blood lactate appearance came from glucose. Furthermore Billat et.al
(2003) also states that the net release of lactic acid from muscle to blood is determined by the mass
of active muscle and the intensity of the activation of these muscles. Furthermore this occurs
because of insufficient oxygen delivery to the muscles, the blood ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Step one of the procedure includes participants recording the measurements of their; weight, height,
age, sex, resting heart rate and activity levels before doing anything else. Step two of the procedure
involves sterilisation of equipment, the area and the participants, equipment that will be sterilised is
the bikes, and nobody other than the participant is to touch the bike after it has been cleaned. Step
three of the procedure involves the participant testing their resting blood lactate levels and their
resting blood glucose level. Step four is the participant beginning a five minute warm up on the bike
with no weights, step five is beginning the first three minute interval with no weight. For step six at
the second minute of each three minute interval blood must be taken from the participant to carry
out the readings, the blood lactate must be tested before the blood glucose, the rider must not stop
during this. For step seven at the end of the three minutes the weight should be increased by 0.5kg.
Step eight involves this process being repeated five times. For step nine participants must cool down
on the treadmills after they are finished on the bike and should be supervised to ensure

Netball Test
Introduction
Good Morning/Afternoon Mr/Mrs Flynn, My name is Alex Manley and in this assignment I will be
selecting one of the three Fitness tests provided for an elite Netball player and critically evaluating
the effectiveness of the Octorepeater Test in targeting the energy & fitness demands of a Wing
Defence position. I will also propose recommendations to the test to improve the effectiveness of
the test to Netball. Energy Demands
All three energy systems is important to have in a game of netball. Muscles are also need for all
three energy systems in a game of netball. Muscles require energy to work, and all energy is
provided by a chemical in our cells called Adesonine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is only stored to last
for a couple of seconds. There are three energy systems which make up of anaerobic and aerobic
parts in our body. The anaerobic system is split into 2 energy systems Creatine Phosphate (CP) and
Lactic Acid (LA) System. These two systems do not need oxygen as ana means no and aerobic
meaning air. The ATP–PC (Alactacid) energy system is the predominant 'engine ' used by athletes
competing in short duration, high intensity 'power events (Macmilian et el. 2010 pg.109). If we
suddenly begin sprinting, the ATP has to resynthesise very quickly. The quickest way is a chemical
reaction that uses creatine phosphate (CP) which is found in the muscle cell. There is only enough
CP to resynthesise ATP for about 10 seconds. It takes several minutes of rest or low

Risks Involved in the Game of Netball Essay
Risks Involved in the Game of Netball
All sporting activities carry some risk. We can reduce the risk and help to prevent injury by
preparing for sport properly, and take part with the right attitude.
Netball is a fast, exiting team sport. It is played in many countries throughout the world. It is an easy
game to pay, but at a higher level becomes very tactical game that needs great skill.
Warm up/Cool down
Warming up before playing Netball is vitally important, you need to prepare your body for exercise.
You need to stretch thoroughly from your neck down to ankles, as all the muscles off the body may
be used throughout the period of the game or training session. Stretching also ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
We need to practice to perform difficult skills with out any trouble. When we have good skills, it
shows in a positive way in our performance. In Netball good footwork is essential, and quick
reaction, as the maximum time you are allowed possession of the ball is three seconds. We need to
know our ability and how far we can go. A skilful player will have confidence, which can help to
avoid injury. Apart from shooting, the primary skills of netball are throwing and catching. There are
3 different passes that are most commonly made in netball, The Chest pass, The shoulder pass and
The bounce pass, these are all used constantly in a game off netball. A player may step with the
other foot in any direction any number if times, pivoting on the landing foot. The pivoting foot may
be lifted, but the player must throw or should before regrounding their foot. If this rule is broken the
player must then be penalised, the ball is given to the opponent for a 'free pass', because a 'foot fault'
has taken place.
· Footwear
Trainers should be worn, if the sole is wider than the ankle it will give your ankles more support and
balance. They must be made of lightweight material. Spiked soles are not allowed in netball.
Jewellery
· No items of jewellery except a wedding

Start An Exercise Program After Leading A Somewhat...
Have you ever decided to start an exercise program after leading a somewhat sedentary lifestyle? If
so, you probably have experienced the feeling of lactic acid build up. Consider an individual with no
prior exercise experience who decides to train for a 5k foot race. On the first bout of exercise, the
person performs a simple walk/run combination for 20 minutes. At the onset of the walk/run, the
body does well; breathing is deep, effort is easy and pace is consistent. However, 5 minutes into the
walk/run session, the individual perceives a noticeable difference in breathing, which has become
shallow and fast paced. Five more minutes pass and subject is now quite winded and tenderness can
be felt in the calf and lower back muscles. As the person continues to complete the 20 minute
session, breathing becomes extremely labored and the exercise pace has slowed to a complete walk.
Since the subject had no prior experience with exercise, the exertion level was likely higher than the
energy production and oxygen transportation within the body. At the time the person noticed labored
breathing and muscle aches, the body was providing feedback to functioning in oxygen deficit, also
commonly referred to as lactic acid build up or delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS.) DOMS is a
more commonly used term because after exercise there is a delay anywhere from a few hours to a
few days of soreness in the exercised muscles. Lactic acid build up occurs most often in untrained

Does Creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic...
Does Creatine Supplementation Really Enhance Athletic Performance?
The Purpose of Creatine
In our competitive society, being the best is of utmost importance. Athletic performance is no
exception, and athletes are constantly striving to find new ways to train which will help them to
become the best. Many supplements promising results have come and gone, but creatine may
actually be able to deliver improved athletic performance. Many athletes are currently
supplementing their diets with creatine to increase their strength, muscle mass, and weight by
providing their bodies with more available energy, thus reaching new heights in athletic
performance.
What is Creatine and how does it work
Improving Energy Production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(http://www.creatine.com/creatine.html#source)
Usually relying on ATP production for energy is alright except for two problems. The first is that
ATP is produced at a slow rate, too slow to supply the energy needed to run a 200–meter sprint, for
example. The second problem is that ATP production takes a while to get started. As one goes from
rest at the starting line of a race to running at race speed, for example, the traditional method of ATP
production does not begin working at full capacity until a couple of minuets have passed. Another
source of energy is therefore needed to get one through the early moments of a race or workout.
(http://www.creatine.com/creatine.html#source)
Creatine phosphate serves as this other source of energy. CP donates its phosphate to ADP, thus
creating the ATP needed to make muscles work. It has been hypothesized that by increasing the
amount of free Creatine in the diet one could increase the amount of creatine phosphate in skeletal
muscles which would then provide better availability of high energy phosphate for energy
production during muscle contraction. If one were to start running at top speed from a standing start,
creatine phosphate would supply almost all of the necessary energy during the first six seconds of
the run. Http://www.creatine.html#source)
Buffers Lactic–Acid Buildup

Creatine phosphate also acts as a ''buffer'' which helps to combat jumps in muscle acidity during
intense exercise.

Lactic Acid Energy System
How much should you rest between sets? In my free weight training program for body building I
will show you how long to rest and why.
Believe it or not, the amount of time that you rest between sets has an effect on your training results.
When you are resting less than two minutes between your sets, you are using the lactic acid energy
system. This is a medium duration energy source and is the primary energy source used in most
body building workouts. If you rest longer than 3 minutes between sets, you are using more of the
ATP–PC energy system. This is the most powerful energy system for short bursts of exercise. There
is one more energy system called the Aerobic Energy System. Generally, this energy system is used
for long duration, low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The body does not switch from the Lactic Acid Energy System to the ATP–PC system at exactly 2
minutes rest between sets. For some people it will be sooner and for some it will be later. Either
way, it is not a sudden change, but rather a gradual changing of the guard with the Aerobic Energy
System helping to bridge the gap between the two.
So what is the best way to manipulate these energy systems for maximum muscle growth? The
answer depends partly on your weight lifting plan, but generally speaking, bodybuilders should
spend most of their training time using the Lactic Acid Energy System. A significant amount of time
should be spent doing heavy weight training with 3 or 4 minutes rest to increase your strength, and
the rest of the time (maybe 70 percent of your training) should be done with rest periods of 90 to
150 seconds rest between sets.
By training like this, you can build your strength levels during the heavy training with longer rest
periods, and then use that new strength to lift more weight for more reps when you train using the
Lactic Acid Energy System. This will maximize the benefits of each energy system and keep your
body from adapting, which will result in amazing muscle

Taking a Look at Muscle Fatigue
Muscle Fatigue Date: 20/5/14
Introduction:
I know that the more times I skip, lactic acid will build up in my legs, from my own experience this
makes you fell horrible. As our bodies perform strenuous exercise, we begin to breathe faster as we
attempt to move more oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its
energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. The cells follow the aerobic process when the
blood supplies enough oxygen to the cells, which is:– Glucose+ oxygen–>Carbon Dioxide+ water+
Energy. But when the blood cannot get the needed oxygen to the cells, it has to get the energy from
the glucose in another way. The cells use the anaerobic pathway; It does this then by breaking
glucose down into lactic acid, Glucose–>Lactic Acid+ Energy. Lactic acid is released into the
muscles when they have used up glucose stores but still have intense energy needs. Small amounts
of lactic acid operate as a temporary energy source, which helps you avoid fatigue during a workout.
However, a build–up of lactic acid during a workout can create burning sensations in the muscles
that can slow down or halt your activity. This is not an effective energy source for long periods of
exercise, so the blood takes lactic acid to the liver which coverts it back into glucose to be used in
the normal aerobic process. Scientist are always looking into ways to decrease lactic acid build up in
elite athletes so they can perform faster

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lactic Acid
Several lactic acid producing miroorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, fungi , yeast and
microalgae were analyzed for the fermenetation process of the lactic acid production. Since the
fermentation step is the producing step of the whole it is very essential that the chosen strain is
feasible, economically compeptitve and yields efficent amount of desired product which is lactic
acid.There were several criteria that were considered during the elimination process for the
microorganims such as the ph tolerability which is correlated with the acid tolerancy, thermal
resistivity in order to determine the safety measures of the process, the type of feremntative process
that is implamented by the organism and the efficency were among these criteria.First ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lactobacillus delbrueckii have also high acid tolerance which is a must fort he fermentator
envoriment. It can also be engineered using Standard procedures for etiher d or L isomer

Lactic Acid In Muscle: A Case Study
Lactate threshold and the increase of lactic acid in muscles throughout intense exercise has become
a major interest for athletes, coaches and clinicians, it is to be noted that lactate is ''the product of,
not the cause of muscle contraction'',(Myers, J et al, 1997).Lacate threshold gives a good insight as
to how long an individual can endure a particular intensity. Resting value for amount of lactic acid is
1 mmol/liter. Just over a heart rate of 90% of the maximum gives a good estimate of threshold
intensity. This 24 year olds maximal heart rate is about 176 bpm, therefore from observing the two
graphs we can note that his threshold intensity occurs approximately at 210 watts.(high performance
sports conditioning)
Lacate threshold usually

Benefits Of Using Creatine And Anabolic Steroids Essay
According to Rogers &Hardin (2007), a performance enhancing substance is any form of
supplement or drug that is consumed without prescription with a purpose of improving the
performance in sports. This covers the substances that are taken for gaining weight or losing weight,
those used to increase oxygen carrying capacity, to build muscle, increase strength, taken in
therapeutic doses or without therapeutic indication, and any substance to disguise discovery, or
reduce the side effects of another performance enhancing substance. The most used performance
enhancing supplements are creatine and anabolic steroids.
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound that is produced from amino acids by the kidneys and
liver. It is also found in foods such as poultry, fish and meat. Creatine monohydrate is produced
commercially for use as a supplement. There are benefits of using creatine as a performance
enhancing supplement which include; supplying energy to muscles, delay fatigue during short and
intense exercises, decrease recovery time between sessions of activities, enhancing the volume of
muscles, increase of muscle mass and neutralizing lactic acid build–up. Creatine functions by
increasing the amounts of creatine phosphate in the muscles which in turn increases the rate at
which ATP can be regenerated from ADP (Marzilli, 2008). This regeneration of ATP leads to
decrease in fatigue allowing the muscle to function for a longer period. High levels of ATP
decreases dependence on

Reflection Of The Poem ' The Great Gatsby ' By F. Scott...
He Ran and Ran
The ball was thrown to the wide receiver
Who ran and ran with the ball
Trying to score that first down
That was needed so desperately
He ran and ran through the line
Dodging each defender in his way
He twisted and weaved through the safeties
He ran and ran to get first down
Zipped through the hands of every lineman
The crowd cheered him as he plowed
He ran and ran and continued to run
All the way to touchdown
Reflection for Poem #1
I feel that this poem does really well in describing what happens in the moment when the ball is
caught by the receiver. I changed the structure of the ballad like poem so that it fits more with the
steady pulse and the overall poem is rather smooth. The constant "ran and ran" does very well with
the overall poem because the whole purpose of this poem is to run and run when the ball is caught. I
also changed a couple words so that it flows slightly better. I really enjoyed writing this poem
because I felt that this poem was not hard to write at all and required a bit of creativity as well. This
poem was probably one of my favorites as well because the ballad like structure made this poem
with a sense. I did not have to be too creative in writing the format of the essay and only had to
write the words to fill in the format. I did not change too much of the poem as I felt that it was
already really well written and only needed a bit of tweaking to make it editorial level.
The poem I felt was not too long either because it

Compression clothing is apparel designed to press firmly...
Compression clothing is apparel designed to press firmly against an athlete's body to provide
physical support. The use of compression first appeared 60 years ago to provide relief for those
suffering from circulation disorders, and clothing to provide compression had been introduced
following this. In recent years, the clothing has grown rapidly in popularity among sports
practitioners and enthusiasts. The benefits that compression clothing provides include circulation
improvements, enhanced muscle recovery from injuries, improvements in oxygen use efficiency and
distribution, and increases in overall athletic performance.
1. Circulation: A 1987 study by the American Journal of Physical Medicine showed that athletes
who wore compression ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theories for the causes of these two benefits include improved muscle function due to the
compression clothing holding the muscles in place. When muscles are not held into place, they
vibrate, which could lead to energy loss. It is also quite likely that circulation system and oxygen
usage improvements described previously contribute to increases in athletic endurance.
For all these reasons, athletes can stand to benefit from wearing compression clothing while taking
part in sports or exercising. Due to improvements in the way the body handles oxygen and blood
during aerobic activity from wearing this type of clothing, intensity of exercise can be increased and
endurance–related benefits may also be experienced. Not only can compression clothing promote
recovery from injuries, compression clothing also commonly features thick padding that eliminates
excess sweat produced by the body and provides cushioning to shield athletes' bodies from injury.
Because of this, wearing compression clothing is advisable not only for efficiency reasons, it just
might make you safer while you are out on the field as well.
Sources:
Earnshaw, Kyle. The science of compression wear. Australian Fitness Network.

Lactic Acid Research Paper
The expression "lactic acid" is used most commonly by athletes to describe the intense pain felt
during exhaustive exercise, especially in events like the 400 metres and 800 metres. When energy is
required to perform exercise, it is supplied from the breakdown of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
The body has a limited store of about 85 grms of ATP and would use it up very quickly if we did not
have ways of resynthesising it. There are three systems that produce energy to resynthesise ATP:
ATP–PC, lactic acid and aerobic.
The lactic acid system is capable of releasing energy to resynthesise ATP without the involvement of
oxygen and is called anaerobic glycolysis. Glycolysis (breakdown of carbohydrates) results in the
formation of pyruvic acid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To prevent the rise in acidity pyruvic acid accepts H+ forming lactic acid that then dissociates into
lactate and H+. Some of the lactate diffuses into the blood stream and takes some H+ with it as a
way of reducing the H+ concentration in the muscle cell. The normal pH of the muscle cell is 7.1
but if the build up of H+ continues and pH is reduced to around 6.5 then muscle contraction may be
impaired and the low pH will stimulate the free nerve endings in the muscle resulting in the
perception of pain (the burn). This point is often measured as the lactic threshold or anaerobic
threshold (AT) or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).
The process of lactic acid removal takes approximately one hour, but this can be accelerated by
undertaking an appropriate cool down that ensures a rapid and continuous supply of oxygen to the
muscles.
Astrand et al. (1986)[1] found that the normal amount of lactic acid circulating in the blood is about
1 to 2 millimoles/litre of blood. The onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) occurs between 2
and 4 millimoles/litre of blood. In non athletes this point is about 50% to 60% VO2 max and in
trained athletes around 70% to 80% VO2

Research Paper On Stretching Routine
Bodybuilder's Stretching Routine:
My Stretching Routine:
My stretching routine is usually what my body tells me. I do all the stretches above daily, and
incorporate some new stretches every so often to keep things new and fresh. Always listen to your
body, and make sure it tells you what it needs. As time goes on, you can delve deeper into
stretching, as far as technique and routines.
Abdominal Stretch:
Hyper extensions are a great way to stretch your abs, you can even add weights after you are
comfortable with your body weight.
Dynamic Stretching:
Dynamic Stretching is a bit too advanced for a beginner, as it requires a lot of patience and it
delivers an immense amount of pain. This will likely turn you away from stretching, so just ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protein will never turn its back on you, it will always give itself fully, and to help you build your
muscle promotes great growth. I use Optimum Nutrition Whey simply for the fact that it is cheap,
great tasting, and it's given me great results.
I have tried numerous whey products but they never lasted the test of time, because a frothy
chocolate shake is always welcome anytime of the day, but you can easily grow tired of lemonade,
berry, and all that other fruity stuff.
Multivitamin:
Let's face it people. Due to poor agricultural farming, over production, pesticide infestation, and
many other horrible things– we can never all get the vitamins we need from our food nowadays.
Eating all our wheaties, vegetables, and milk just won't cut it anymore. We need a reliable source of
vitamins and multivitamins are our answers.
"A good vitamin/mineral supplement is like a cop for your muscles. You don't always need cops.

But when you do need them, boy, are you glad they're here. Same with vitamins and minerals: If
you eat well, you might not always need a vitamin/mineral supplement. But there will be times
when you do."

Muscle Soreness Essay
Muscle Soreness Nearly anyone who works out regularly has experienced sore muscles after
exercise. Sometimes you will feel it later that night, or the next morning and in some cases, you may
actually think you are out of the woods, only to wake up two days later with stiff, tender muscles
that feel as tight as rubber bands. For some people, sore muscles are a reward after a hard workout.
In fact, some people are not happy unless they are sore after their workout, while others could live
without it. Either way, all of us have probably experienced muscle soreness at one time or another.
There are two types of exercise–related muscle soreness. Immediate muscle soreness or acute
muscle soreness quickly disperse and is the pain you feel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to Richard Weil, Med, CDE, the answer is swelling in the muscle compartment that
result from an influx of white blood cells, which are anti–inflammatory, and other nutrients and
fluids that flow to the muscle to repair the damage after a tough workout. The type of muscle
referred to is microscopic and is part of the normal process of growth in the body called anabolism.
It is not the type of damage or injury that you see your doctor about. The swelling and inflammation
can build up for days after a workout, and that is why muscle soreness may be worse two , three, or
three or even four days after a workout for muscles to heal completely depending on the intensity of
the workout. Muscle soreness can be prevented with some measure taken. Start exercise program
slowly and exercise for a short time only. Increase your activity a little each day until personal goal
is reach. Once an individual has experienced delayed muscle soreness at specific exercise intensity,
he or she shouldn't encounter that sensation again until the intensity level is increased. This is
because muscle soreness has been shown to produce a rapid adaptation response, which means that
the muscles adapt to a given exercise intensity level. Unless the exercise intensity level is changed,
soreness will not occur. Base on how much intensity level as individual increase the recommended
approach to preventing delayed muscle soreness are as follows; gradual progression and
conservative increases in

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