How nuclear energy is formed and which regulators have functioned behind the formation of nuclear energy, and how nuclear energy has brought about blessing as a sustainable renewable energy, also, how nuclear energy has brought about curses in the generation of the nuclear bombs on the basis of the terms “Fusion” and “Fission”. Besides the trial of the working efficiency of the nuclear bombs & nuclear weapons into the depth of the oceans that is, through and through, responsible for the destruction of under water’s bio-diversity.
Nuclear physics is a branch of physics that focuses on the study of atomic nuclei and their interactions. It explores the properties and behavior of atomic nuclei, which are the central cores of atoms containing protons and neutrons. This field is crucial for understanding the fundamental forces that govern the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Types Of nuclear reactions. Nuclear Fission Reaction. Nuclear Fusion Reaction. Difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fusion. Light Element Fission. Light Element Fusion. Nuclear Fusion on Sun. Beta Decay process happening in sun. A short explanation of D–D reaction, D–He(3) reaction, D–T reaction. the outstanding problem is the tritium supply. Binding energy curve.Energy partition in process of fusion reactions. How then can light element fusion reactions be initiated? A major explanation for all these above steps. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
Nuclear physics is a branch of physics that focuses on the study of atomic nuclei and their interactions. It explores the properties and behavior of atomic nuclei, which are the central cores of atoms containing protons and neutrons. This field is crucial for understanding the fundamental forces that govern the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Types Of nuclear reactions. Nuclear Fission Reaction. Nuclear Fusion Reaction. Difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fusion. Light Element Fission. Light Element Fusion. Nuclear Fusion on Sun. Beta Decay process happening in sun. A short explanation of D–D reaction, D–He(3) reaction, D–T reaction. the outstanding problem is the tritium supply. Binding energy curve.Energy partition in process of fusion reactions. How then can light element fusion reactions be initiated? A major explanation for all these above steps. A complete explanation by Syed Hammad Ali Gillani.
Unification theory with no extra dimensions. The first part unifies the strong nuclear force with the gravitational force in a mathematical way; the quantum vacuum is treated as a deformable system by the strong nuclear force. The second part unifies the nuclear force with the quantum vacuum in a hypothetical structure; the quantum vacuum is treated as a supersymmetric and metastable system with properties related to the different types of particles’ motion.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
How the USA has been Superpower in the Unipolar World practicing monopolistic power upon the whole world politically, martially, economically and diplomatically has been shown throughout the paper.
Unification theory with no extra dimensions. The first part unifies the strong nuclear force with the gravitational force in a mathematical way; the quantum vacuum is treated as a deformable system by the strong nuclear force. The second part unifies the nuclear force with the quantum vacuum in a hypothetical structure; the quantum vacuum is treated as a supersymmetric and metastable system with properties related to the different types of particles’ motion.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
How the USA has been Superpower in the Unipolar World practicing monopolistic power upon the whole world politically, martially, economically and diplomatically has been shown throughout the paper.
Napoleon’s ideology reposed for a less time because at that time feudalism based discriminatory characteristics were being dissuaded by the exploited classes.
From monarchism to feudalism, from feudalism to capitalism, unchangeable characteristics of class-distinctions, class-division, labor and wage based discriminatory characteristics from the worlds society did never change now or never. Only revolution has come, and new idealism soars up, and thinking.
Throughout the paper, the definition of both inflation and deflation has been discussed from the Russia-Ukraine's combat's perspective, on the other hand, from the point of view of the massive IT Companies' cutting of employees, the definition of deflation has been discussed. Which kinds of negative effects are falling into the world's economy ,all of them have been discussed throughout the paper.
Who is a powerful leader of America, who is the possessor of racial free mentality,and who has been successful to establish global universality,particularly, these kinds of hints are given throughout the whole paper.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Nuclear Chain System.docx
1. Paper Title: Deathtrap
Author:DEEN SAYEEDIN
Northern University, Bangladesh.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
DEATHTRAP
ABSTRACT:
How nuclear energy is formed and which regulators have functioned behind the formation of nuclear energy, and how nuclear energy
has brought about blessing as a sustainable renewable energy, also, how nuclear energy has brought about curses in the generation
of the nuclear bombs on the basis of the terms “Fusion” and “Fission”. Besides the trial of the working efficiency of the nuclear
bombs & nuclear weapons into the depth of the oceans that is, through and through, responsible for the destruction of under water’s
bio-diversity.
KEYWORDS:
Atom,
Nuclear Energy Formation Process,
Fusion,
Fission,
Theory of Relativity,
Atomic Nucleus,
The Calculation of the Chain Reaction,
The Protection of the Under Water Bio-Diversity.
Initial Notion of Atom:
Nuclear energy is a form of energy that takes place through nuclear fusion or fission. The upheaval of nuclear energy
accomplishes in three steps. The first is, the emergence of nuclear energy takes place through the ebb of radioactive or the ebb of
neutrons and protons of which position is in the nucleus of an atom of radioactive substances.
2. 2
The Source of the Generation of the Nuclear Energy from Theory of Relativity:
If the center of an atomic nucleus has been broken up, its weight will be a little bit diminished after that the lost weight will turn into
energy, and a high amount of the emitted energy will be identified as nuclear energy. Nuclear energy has been generated in a nuclear
chain system reaction that occurred at the atomic explosion. Generated nuclear energy from the atomic outburst that is easily
measured by the equation of the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein. In 1905, Albert Einstein proved that both substance and
energy are identical, indeed. Suppose, any substance's mass=m the velocity of light= c
To convert the substance into energy entirely, the received total amount of energy is to be solved by the equation of the theory of
relativity.
E= mc2. [E= energy; m= mass of substance]
c=velocity of light { c = 3x108 m/s}
Definition of Nuclear Energy in Terms of Atom and Atomic Nucleus
The basic unit of the fundamental substance is an atom that is in three segments: electron, proton & neutron. The centrum of an
atom is consisting of protons and neutrons which is known as an atomic nucleus.
3. 3
In the center of the atomic nucleus, the electron is rotating in various orbits. On account of the breakage of an atomic nucleus, the
atomic nucleus declines its mass which is converted into nuclear energy. Vast nuclear energy becomes generated through the
breaking down of an atomic nucleus incessantly.
The Accomplishment of the Emergence of Nuclear Energy
through the Three Initiatives:
The first is, the emergence of nuclear energy takes place through the ebb of radioactive or the ebb of neutrons and protons
of which position is in the nucleus of an atom of radioactive substances. In that process, more than one nucleus of an atom
becomes united and relatively makes the heavy nucleus and excessively emits energy is known as fusion. In the case of
nuclear fusion, the total mass of the generated atomic nucleus is lesser than the previous atomic nucleus's mass.
The second is, the upheaval of nuclear energy through nuclear fusion, and this process is accomplished through the
addition of the two atomic nuclei and the formation of the gigantic nucleus. In the process, the nucleus of a heavy atom
makes the two nuclei of its almost equivalent weight through the dividing of it of which eventually, vast energy and
countless neutrons are created. This process is known as fission.
4. 4
The last is, the generation of nuclear energy through nuclear fission, and the process is accomplished through the breakage
of the massive nucleus, and the subtraction of the more than two atomic nuclei.
The Calculation of the Chain Reaction
The breakage of the heavy element’s atom getting hit at a neutron turns itself into the mild element’s atom from which heat energy
is diffused that is known as nuclear energy.
At the beginning of its reaction, the three neutrons are made up of.
Suppose, nuclear reaction =n; numbers of generated neutrons from every reaction=3
One nuclear reaction generates three neutrons. The equation is n=3.
Two nuclear reactions generate 6 neutrons. The equation is (n)²=(3)²=6.
Three nuclear reactions generate 9 neutrons. The equation is (n)³=(3)³=9
By and by the amounts of neutrons will increase through taking part in the nuclear reactions; and after that, that will turn into a
nuclear chain reaction system.
The continuous generation of neutrons from nuclear reactions will be continuing that has been proved from the above stated
calculation of the nuclear chain system.
Misusages of Nuclear Energy
Destruction of Under Water Bio-Diversities
Trial of the Efficiency of Nuclear Weapons under Oceans
The constant continuity of the nuclear reactions and incessant production of nuclear energy can never bring about any positivity of
which testimony is Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The production of nuclear energy should be done as a necessity for research and
electricity generation. The extra production of nuclear energy should be used either in making atomic bombs or nuclear weapons.
Misuse of nuclear weapons can bring about a massive loss for the world's climate. To experiment on the effectiveness and the
capability of sea-based nuclear weapons can never bring about a good solution; as a matter of fact. Oceans' bio-system is now at
stack. Ocean's ecosystem and biodiversity stand at stake. Nuclear-based defected submarines' immersion at the bottom of the seas
brings about the danger of the sea biodiversity.