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This document provides an overview of the course "Organic Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications". The 27-lecture course covers basic organic chemistry concepts, functional groups, drugs, chemistry of odors and flavors, photochemistry, organic materials, green chemistry, catalysis, enzymes, and solid phase synthesis. It also details the content that will be covered regarding molecular structures and stereochemistry, including conformational analysis, stereoisomerism, chirality, diastereomers, and the properties dependent on molecular shapes and functional groups. The document lists common organic reaction types and provides examples of nucleophilic substitution reactions in biological systems and drug synthesis.
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3. Chiral molecules have asymmetric carbon atoms bonded to four different groups and can exist as enantiomers. Common methods to represent chiral molecules include wedge diagrams, Fischer projections, and Newman projections.
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The aim in this lecture is to study
1. isomer
2. Enantiomers
3. Chiral carbon atom
4. Optical activity
5. Mesocompound
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This document provides an overview of stereochemistry. It begins by defining stereoisomers as isomers that differ in the orientation of atoms in space but have the same molecular formula and bonding. It then discusses different types of stereoisomers including geometric isomers (cis/trans), optical isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It also covers chiral centers, meso compounds, racemic mixtures, and Fischer projections for denoting stereochemistry. The document aims to provide basic concepts and classifications in stereochemistry.
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Alex stereo chemistry
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Des.term paper
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### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
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2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
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- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
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### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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organic chemistry
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- 12. Protein Structures are controlled by these intermolecular interactions, and are responsible for the structures that they assume and functions they carry out!
- 13. Substitutions Eliminations Additions Reaction Types Rearrangements Oxidations Reductions Most reactions occur by two major reaction types: Homolysis and Heterolysis (Pericylic reactions with no intermediates)
- 15. Typical SN1 Reaction Can we worry about Carbocation Reactivity???
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