Identifying the Tenets for Socio-Emotional Learning (SEL) & Development of Pr...iosrjce
India struggling to come out of the developing nation is undergoing lots of changes. The
industrialization and urbanization has already brought a change in the society wherein the women also have
started to earn for a living which is not only because of ambition but in order to run their homes. The joint
families are breaking and more and more nuclear families are coming into existence. Thus in such changing
times it is the children who become the bait of parents struggle and stress. In such conditions the preschools
should offer something which provides them more then education. The researcher in this paper has tried to
come out with a solution that can provide kids with support, love and care and take care of their social and
emotional needs which they can get deprived off. The educationist, psychologists and theorists have given a lot
of principles on which today’s early childhood education is based on. All this literature is like a goldmine from
within which the present researchers can still extract lots of gold. The researcher has done the same. After
going through all these theories the researcher has tried to extract some tenets that can be applied for the social
and emotional development and learning. It is not so that these tenets will lead to only social and emotional
development but can also lead to holistic development of preschoolers.
'Parenting and family ties christian parenting and counselling in the home'Dr Wango Geoffrey
Many Christian parents want to bring up their child based on religious philosophy. This Power Point focuses on parenting and family ties based on the book, Parenting: Counselling in the Home. The Christian parenting concept is a life-long process based on Christian principles and values inasmuch as it involves constant and continuous guidance and counselling, coaching and mentorship of the child. The authors’ emphasis on an all-round growth, development and nurturing of the child is attuned to the Christian perspective. The Christian parent/s wants their child upbringing to correspond to the Christian philosophical underpinnings, a rigorous methodological discipline. In particular, there is need for meeting the physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual needs of the child that must be critically aligned to the Christian philological task. The PowerPoint offers empirical illustrations on that foregrounds Christian ethos while promoting effective Christian parenting and counselling based on the author’s immense hands-on experience of working with parents, teachers, counsellors, psychologists, social workers, religious leaders, children and families. This position is distinctive and decisive in modern living with the positivist perspective in that Christian living is highlighted as the focal point in effective parenting. The PowerPoint is a useful guide to parents, counsellors, teachers and social workers dealing with children and young people based on Christian principles.
Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Identifying the Tenets for Socio-Emotional Learning (SEL) & Development of Pr...iosrjce
India struggling to come out of the developing nation is undergoing lots of changes. The
industrialization and urbanization has already brought a change in the society wherein the women also have
started to earn for a living which is not only because of ambition but in order to run their homes. The joint
families are breaking and more and more nuclear families are coming into existence. Thus in such changing
times it is the children who become the bait of parents struggle and stress. In such conditions the preschools
should offer something which provides them more then education. The researcher in this paper has tried to
come out with a solution that can provide kids with support, love and care and take care of their social and
emotional needs which they can get deprived off. The educationist, psychologists and theorists have given a lot
of principles on which today’s early childhood education is based on. All this literature is like a goldmine from
within which the present researchers can still extract lots of gold. The researcher has done the same. After
going through all these theories the researcher has tried to extract some tenets that can be applied for the social
and emotional development and learning. It is not so that these tenets will lead to only social and emotional
development but can also lead to holistic development of preschoolers.
'Parenting and family ties christian parenting and counselling in the home'Dr Wango Geoffrey
Many Christian parents want to bring up their child based on religious philosophy. This Power Point focuses on parenting and family ties based on the book, Parenting: Counselling in the Home. The Christian parenting concept is a life-long process based on Christian principles and values inasmuch as it involves constant and continuous guidance and counselling, coaching and mentorship of the child. The authors’ emphasis on an all-round growth, development and nurturing of the child is attuned to the Christian perspective. The Christian parent/s wants their child upbringing to correspond to the Christian philosophical underpinnings, a rigorous methodological discipline. In particular, there is need for meeting the physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual needs of the child that must be critically aligned to the Christian philological task. The PowerPoint offers empirical illustrations on that foregrounds Christian ethos while promoting effective Christian parenting and counselling based on the author’s immense hands-on experience of working with parents, teachers, counsellors, psychologists, social workers, religious leaders, children and families. This position is distinctive and decisive in modern living with the positivist perspective in that Christian living is highlighted as the focal point in effective parenting. The PowerPoint is a useful guide to parents, counsellors, teachers and social workers dealing with children and young people based on Christian principles.
Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Powerpoint parenting plans for children with special needsBrenda McCreight
Children who have special needs require specialized parenting plans that reflect the child's unique capacity to make transitions, to have health care needs met, and to have therapeutic services provided in each home.
Child development is multidisciplinary, which draws its knowledge from several other fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology and neuroscience to name a few. Likewise, it informs the practices of various experts who are keen to improve the lives of children. These include educators, paediatricians, psychologists, child care service providers, social service professionals, and parents. This presentation includes important aspects of the following:-
Physical Development
Intellectual Development
Social Development
Emotional Development
Moral Development
Language Development
Individual Differences
Please contact on email for the presentation of this script.
'Parenting and family ties counselling in the home'Dr Wango Geoffrey
The PowerPoint Presentation is based on the book, Parenting: Counselling in the Home. The book seeks to address the challenges of parenting in modern living. From the onset, the authors define parenting as the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, spiritual and intellectual development the child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting is an on-going process. Nonetheless, it has become extremely difficult in today's society for parents, especially the ever busy working father and/or mother and in particular the single parent, to adequately attend to all the needs of the child. The book helps make greater gains by assisting parents with important learning support services including a range of information on various issues in life and home. It adopts the Positive Parenting strategic approach which is constructive, purposeful, practical and progressive. The book accomplishes this task by: (1) assisting parents in understanding the needs of the child; and, (2) providing parents with information and support about child growth and development. The book is written primarily for parents as well as a wide range of people from the helping and health professions. These include: Clinical Psychologists; Counsellors; Psychologists; Psychiatrists; Sociologists; Social Workers; Physicians; Nurses; Teachers and other educators; members of the clergy as well as personnel working in the home, school and education.
The slides deals with the 4 types of parenting style and its features. in addition to that it also discusses few means to be a good parent and the do's and dont's of parenting
Developmental Task by Havighurst in the process of DevelopmentPuneethKumarGB
PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT:
Robert J Havighurst life, concept of developmental task, What is Developmental Task, Characteristics of Developmental Task, Intellectual Contribution, Havighurst identified six major stages in human life covering birth to old age, Sources for Developmental Tasks, Developmental Tasks, Educational implications, Teacher role in Developmental task, Parents role in Developmental task, Conclusion, Reference.
Powerpoint parenting plans for children with special needsBrenda McCreight
Children who have special needs require specialized parenting plans that reflect the child's unique capacity to make transitions, to have health care needs met, and to have therapeutic services provided in each home.
Child development is multidisciplinary, which draws its knowledge from several other fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology and neuroscience to name a few. Likewise, it informs the practices of various experts who are keen to improve the lives of children. These include educators, paediatricians, psychologists, child care service providers, social service professionals, and parents. This presentation includes important aspects of the following:-
Physical Development
Intellectual Development
Social Development
Emotional Development
Moral Development
Language Development
Individual Differences
Please contact on email for the presentation of this script.
'Parenting and family ties counselling in the home'Dr Wango Geoffrey
The PowerPoint Presentation is based on the book, Parenting: Counselling in the Home. The book seeks to address the challenges of parenting in modern living. From the onset, the authors define parenting as the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, spiritual and intellectual development the child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting is an on-going process. Nonetheless, it has become extremely difficult in today's society for parents, especially the ever busy working father and/or mother and in particular the single parent, to adequately attend to all the needs of the child. The book helps make greater gains by assisting parents with important learning support services including a range of information on various issues in life and home. It adopts the Positive Parenting strategic approach which is constructive, purposeful, practical and progressive. The book accomplishes this task by: (1) assisting parents in understanding the needs of the child; and, (2) providing parents with information and support about child growth and development. The book is written primarily for parents as well as a wide range of people from the helping and health professions. These include: Clinical Psychologists; Counsellors; Psychologists; Psychiatrists; Sociologists; Social Workers; Physicians; Nurses; Teachers and other educators; members of the clergy as well as personnel working in the home, school and education.
The slides deals with the 4 types of parenting style and its features. in addition to that it also discusses few means to be a good parent and the do's and dont's of parenting
Developmental Task by Havighurst in the process of DevelopmentPuneethKumarGB
PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT:
Robert J Havighurst life, concept of developmental task, What is Developmental Task, Characteristics of Developmental Task, Intellectual Contribution, Havighurst identified six major stages in human life covering birth to old age, Sources for Developmental Tasks, Developmental Tasks, Educational implications, Teacher role in Developmental task, Parents role in Developmental task, Conclusion, Reference.
Revised Outcome 1(a) re some theoretical approaches to health.
Been introduced to Outcome 1(b): Explain the basic health needs of children.
Know about the categories of basic health needs for children.
Began to examine the basic health needs of children.
Respond to 8 students - due in 2 hours - 50 words each - I have put mickietanger
Respond to 8 students - due in 2 hours - 50 words each - I have put a guided response for each set to help with the response:
Guided Response:
Review several of your classmates’ posts and respond to at least two classmates. Offer an additional example of how development of the age groups your classmates selected influence curriculum decisions.
Student 1: Tracie:
The age group I chose is 3-5 years of age. The physical development of children in this age group is movement and coordination which can also influence the curriculum. During this time, children’s’ brains are like sponges. They are watching and learning everything in their environment. This age group brings a “wide variety of experiences to the preschool setting, which should serve to inform curricular decisions (Jaruszewicz, 2013). The social and emotional aspect of this age group is that of caring, understanding and many more. Three to five-year old’s need the aptness to proceed around and we as teachers should promote physical development. A great way of doing this is consistently doing active play inside and also outside of the classroom. Teachers should label bins and shelves that have objects such as toys and the areas they are playing/ working in. The children will be able to independently pick them up and return them as they play. Incorporate games in the curriculum that lets them move free and easily within the game.
Cognitive aspect of a 3-5-year-old is that their brain functions are learning things on a daily base to help the child. In the newsletter by Paraskevopoulou it was written: “Curriculums that include topics such as appropriate scheduling, creating a developmentally appropriate classroom, and making the most of learning centers, will help create a classroom environment that actively engages the child and keeps his or her attention. When implemented in the classroom, these components contribute to less discipline problems and a smoother day” (Paraskevopoulou, F, (2008).
The key to successful learning, especially for children ages 3-5, you must have a classroom environment that’s design especially for them. The environment should be one where they able to move around freely with no obstacles in their way. The curriculum must be on the preschool level for the students to understand.
References:
Jaruszewicz, C. (2013). Curriculum and methods for early childhood educators. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu (Links to an external site.)
Paraskevopoulou, F, (2008), Teachers of young children (3-5 years old) and their
interaction with pupils:
approaching positive classroom management
. Retrieved from
https://www.cceionline.com/newsletters/May_08.html
Student 2: Stephanie:
The group I selected that I would love to work with is age range from 3 to 5 years old. During this stage, the children are using language to express their feelings, questions, and thoughts. This age group is considered what I would call " preschoolers".
The physical domain ...
This unit enables you to gain an understanding of the basic health needs of children from 0-12 years.
You will also examine the role of professionals, carers and agencies in the promotion of child health.
You will also investigate influencing factors on the health of children.
This presentation will raise awareness of the connections between the health of young children and a healthy school environment, with emphasis on the benefits of exposure to the outdoors. It will show how these benefits can be strengthened through collaboration, including the efforts of the No Child Left Inside Coalition.
14DIABETES Instructions Broadening Traditional Vie.docxmoggdede
1
4
DIABETES
Instructions
Broadening Traditional Views on Intelligence and Intelligence Testing (worth 30 points)
The purpose of this discussion is to re-conceptualize intelligence while exploring multiple, diverse intelligences.
Step 1: Please watch the following Ted Talk by Robert "Bob" Sternberg, the theorist who conceptualized the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otlmKZeNi-U (Video runs 11:32, opens in new tab)
Step 2: Watch the following vignette on Kim Peek, who is a person diagnosed as a savant that demonstrates calendar counting and other rare abilities: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0lVdxXTANA (Video runs 7:56, opens in new tab)
Step 3: Integrating what you learned from the textbook readings and watching the videos, please thoroughly respond to the following questions, integrating relevant content from the readings.
· Traditional Intelligence Tests tend to measure logical and analytical reasoning. The field of psychology tends to disagree regarding how intelligence should be defined. With this in mind, compose and present your own thorough and thoughtful definition of intelligence.
· According to research studies, IQ and other standardized tests, such as the SAT and ACT, tend to measure logical and analytical reasoning skills. In your opinion, do you feel that we place too much emphasis on these tests to predict success? Explain your opinion based on your readings and how the results of these types of tests are used.
· Next, please click on the following link and take one of the tests based on Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Inventory of Multiple Intelligences(webpage, opens in new tab). Describe your findings regarding your top three intelligences, and explain the extent to which you agree or disagree with the results.
Maslow and Erikson
The theories of Abraham Maslow and Erik Erikson support the use of human response
assessment in the experiential and behavioral perspectives.
Erikson describes eight stages of development through life. This implies a person continues to
develop at all ages. Each stage identifies a task that must be achieved. The achievement can
be complete, partial, or unsuccessful. The greater the task achievement, the healthier the
personality of the person. Failure to achieve a task for one stage influences the person’s ability
to achieve the next task. The developmental tasks are viewed as crises, and successful
resolution is supportive to the person’s ego. The individual must find a balance between the
positive and negative side of the task. For example, the balance between trust and mistrust.
During assessment the nurse determines what stage the patient should be in based on age,
what the task is for the stage, and whether there are positive or negative indicators of resolution
of the task. Erikson states no level of development can be bypassed. However, stressors/
illness can change positive resolution to negati ...
The focus of this 1.5 hour webinar will be on the importance of social emotional development and lifelong outcomes for young children with disabilities. Specific topics will include:
-Evidence-based outcomes for young children with disabilities related to achieving developmental milestones, school and academic success, and developing life skills,
-Social emotional developmental milestones for young children birth to five years, cultural, ethnic, racial, and linguistic influences and variations on milestone achievement,
-Impact of disability on milestone achievement,
-Typical challenges for children with disabilities, and
-Parent coaching strategies to support parents’ facilitation of their children’s social emotional development.
Similar to NQ Holistic Approaches Outcome 1 Session 3 (19)
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path