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Stars are large balls of ionized gas held together by gravity that emit energy through nuclear reactions. They are classified by size, temperature, and brightness. Size categories include super giants, red giants, and main sequence stars. Temperature determines color, from red (coolest) to blue-white (hottest). Brightness depends on a star's luminosity and distance, though tools like spectroscopy can provide more information about chemical compositions and temperatures to help understand stars.
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Nebula
Nebulae are giant clouds of dust and gas found in space where stars are formed. They can be light years across and look fuzzy in appearance. When the gas and dust in a nebula collapses under its own gravity, it forms hot, dense cores where stars ignite and shine. Some nebulae glow due to radiation from young stars, called emission nebulae. Others reflect the light of stars, known as reflection nebulae. Planetary nebulae are formed when aging stars blow off their outer layers.
Galaxies
Galaxies come in different shapes and sizes. The largest are spiral galaxies which have a flattened disk with spiral arms and a bulge in the center. Elliptical galaxies have no definite shape and little gas or dust. Irregular galaxies have an irregular shape and active star formation. Well-known galaxies include the Andromeda Galaxy, Whirlpool Galaxy, Sombrero Galaxy, and Sunflower Galaxy.
Star formation
1. Stars form from dense clouds of gas and dust in interstellar space.
2. Gravity causes the cloud to contract over many stages until fusion begins in the core and a new star is born on the main sequence.
3. The size and mass of a star determines its position on the HR diagram, with more massive stars being larger and hotter.
Galaxies
There are several types of galaxies including spiral, elliptical, irregular, and barred galaxies. Spiral galaxies are the most common type and have tightly or loosely wound spiral arms. The Milky Way is a typical spiral galaxy located in the outer range of the galaxy. Other galaxy types include whirlpool galaxies like M51a, barred galaxies like NGC 1365, and elliptical galaxies which can be very large or small dwarf galaxies. Irregular galaxies have no distinct shape.
Magnetism
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Neutron Star
Pulsars are powered by the loss of rotational energy or by accretion of infalling matter. Magnetars are pulsars with extremely strong magnetic fields that provide their power. Neutron stars are formed during the gravitational collapse of massive stars over 8 times the mass of our Sun in a supernova explosion. They are only about 20 km in diameter but have around 1.4 times the mass of our Sun, making them incredibly dense - a teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh over a billion tons on Earth.
H-R Diagram
This document discusses the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R diagram), which plots stars' brightness against their surface temperatures. It shows that 90% of stars are average "main sequence" stars that are not too bright, hot, or large. The remaining 10% are "giants", "supergiants", and "white dwarfs". The H-R diagram demonstrates that hotter stars are usually brighter, while cooler stars appear dimmer.
Types of galaxies
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You can edit this powerpoint for your own presentation but don't re-upload.
I used hyperlink(especially on images) and alot of animation.
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Nebula
Nebulae are giant clouds of dust and gas found in space where stars are formed. They can be light years across and look fuzzy in appearance. When the gas and dust in a nebula collapses under its own gravity, it forms hot, dense cores where stars ignite and shine. Some nebulae glow due to radiation from young stars, called emission nebulae. Others reflect the light of stars, known as reflection nebulae. Planetary nebulae are formed when aging stars blow off their outer layers.
Galaxies
Galaxies come in different shapes and sizes. The largest are spiral galaxies which have a flattened disk with spiral arms and a bulge in the center. Elliptical galaxies have no definite shape and little gas or dust. Irregular galaxies have an irregular shape and active star formation. Well-known galaxies include the Andromeda Galaxy, Whirlpool Galaxy, Sombrero Galaxy, and Sunflower Galaxy.
Star formation
1. Stars form from dense clouds of gas and dust in interstellar space.
2. Gravity causes the cloud to contract over many stages until fusion begins in the core and a new star is born on the main sequence.
3. The size and mass of a star determines its position on the HR diagram, with more massive stars being larger and hotter.
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There are several types of galaxies including spiral, elliptical, irregular, and barred galaxies. Spiral galaxies are the most common type and have tightly or loosely wound spiral arms. The Milky Way is a typical spiral galaxy located in the outer range of the galaxy. Other galaxy types include whirlpool galaxies like M51a, barred galaxies like NGC 1365, and elliptical galaxies which can be very large or small dwarf galaxies. Irregular galaxies have no distinct shape.
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Neutron Star
Pulsars are powered by the loss of rotational energy or by accretion of infalling matter. Magnetars are pulsars with extremely strong magnetic fields that provide their power. Neutron stars are formed during the gravitational collapse of massive stars over 8 times the mass of our Sun in a supernova explosion. They are only about 20 km in diameter but have around 1.4 times the mass of our Sun, making them incredibly dense - a teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh over a billion tons on Earth.
H-R Diagram
This document discusses the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R diagram), which plots stars' brightness against their surface temperatures. It shows that 90% of stars are average "main sequence" stars that are not too bright, hot, or large. The remaining 10% are "giants", "supergiants", and "white dwarfs". The H-R diagram demonstrates that hotter stars are usually brighter, while cooler stars appear dimmer.
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We are afraid of an asteroid impacting Earth on April 13, 2036. We call the object that might impact a Near-Earth Object (NEO).
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Milky way galaxy
The Milky Way galaxy is our home galaxy, which contains over 100 billion stars. It is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 120,000 light years in diameter. The Solar System is located in one of the galaxy's spiral arms, about 27,000 light years from the galactic core. In the future, it is expected that the Milky Way will collide and merge with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy in 3-4 billion years.
The sun
The Sun is a G2V type star made of gas and dust from other stars. It is approximately 4.65 billion years old and has a lifetime of another 5.5 billion years. The Sun has different inner layers including a core with a temperature of 15 million Kelvin, a radiative zone, and a convective zone that moves the Sun's mass. The Sun's surface, called the photosphere, is about 5,800 Kelvin and features solar spots. The Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, reaches temperatures over 20 million Kelvin and features magnetic coronal loops.
Gravity mass weight
Gravity is an invisible force that pulls objects with mass towards the center of planets like Earth. Gravity gives objects weight, which is measured in Newtons and describes the force of gravitational pull, while mass describes the amount of material in an object and does not change in different gravitational fields. On Earth, a 50kg person has a weight of 500 Newtons, but their mass would remain 50kg on the Moon where gravity is weaker - there their weight would be 83.3 Newtons due to the lower gravitational pull.
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The earth and beyond
Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. The Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once a year, causing the changing of seasons as the Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of the year. Other objects in our solar system include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
Lightyear
A light year is a unit of distance used to measure large distances in space. It is defined as the distance that light travels in one year, which is about 9.46 trillion kilometers. Looking at distant objects in the universe means seeing them as they appeared in the past, since it takes time for their light to reach us - the further away an object is, the further back in time we are seeing it. The universe is estimated to be at least 156 billion light years in size.
Galaxies and stars
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Black holes
1) Black holes are formed when massive stars over 10 times the mass of the Sun collapse in on themselves due to nuclear fusion and strong gravitational forces.
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3) If you fell into a black hole, the extreme tidal forces would spaghettify and kill you before you reached the central singularity, and from your perspective you would see the universe compressed into a brief flash of light before destruction.
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Star Classification
Stars are large balls of ionized gas held together by gravity that emit energy through nuclear reactions. They are classified based on size, temperature, and brightness. Size categories include super giants, red giants, main sequence, white dwarfs, and neutron stars. Temperature determines color, from red (coolest) to blue (hottest). Brightness depends on both a star's intrinsic luminosity and its distance from Earth. Spectrographs are used to analyze starlight and determine properties like chemical composition, temperature, and distance.
Presentation listening about stars
Stars are born from clouds of gas and dust in space called nebulae that collapse under their own gravity, generating nuclear fusion at temperatures over 10 million degrees C. The nearest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri over 25 trillion miles away. There are estimated to be about 200 billion billion stars in the universe, ranging in size from the Sun to supergiant stars over 700 times the Sun's size. Stars glow through nuclear fusion reactions, their color depends on temperature from blue-white hot stars to red cool stars, and they twinkle due to Earth's moving atmosphere distorting their light.
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This document provides information about the solar system and universe from the perspective of an 8th grade physics student named Ravi Prakash Singh. It discusses key topics like the universe, celestial objects, our solar system, galaxies, light years, and various astronomical units of measurement. Specific details are given about planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and characteristics that differentiate inner and outer planets.
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1. Electric current is the flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes.
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Here are potential responses to the questions:
We are afraid of an asteroid impacting Earth on April 13, 2036. We call the object that might impact a Near-Earth Object (NEO).
The chances of an impact depend on the size and orbit of the NEO, but large impacts are very rare - only happening every few hundred thousand years. Most NEOs will pass Earth at a safe distance.
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The Milky Way galaxy is our home galaxy, which contains over 100 billion stars. It is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 120,000 light years in diameter. The Solar System is located in one of the galaxy's spiral arms, about 27,000 light years from the galactic core. In the future, it is expected that the Milky Way will collide and merge with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy in 3-4 billion years.
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The Sun is a G2V type star made of gas and dust from other stars. It is approximately 4.65 billion years old and has a lifetime of another 5.5 billion years. The Sun has different inner layers including a core with a temperature of 15 million Kelvin, a radiative zone, and a convective zone that moves the Sun's mass. The Sun's surface, called the photosphere, is about 5,800 Kelvin and features solar spots. The Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, reaches temperatures over 20 million Kelvin and features magnetic coronal loops.
Gravity mass weight
Gravity is an invisible force that pulls objects with mass towards the center of planets like Earth. Gravity gives objects weight, which is measured in Newtons and describes the force of gravitational pull, while mass describes the amount of material in an object and does not change in different gravitational fields. On Earth, a 50kg person has a weight of 500 Newtons, but their mass would remain 50kg on the Moon where gravity is weaker - there their weight would be 83.3 Newtons due to the lower gravitational pull.
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Helps explains day, night,summer, winter for the elementary student. URL's for some very good visuals are included.
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The solar system consists of planets, moons, asteroids and comets that orbit the Sun. There are eight major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet. The inner planets are small and rocky, while the outer planets are large and gaseous. The planets are surrounded by smaller objects like moons, asteroids and comets.
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Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. The Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once a year, causing the changing of seasons as the Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of the year. Other objects in our solar system include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
Lightyear
A light year is a unit of distance used to measure large distances in space. It is defined as the distance that light travels in one year, which is about 9.46 trillion kilometers. Looking at distant objects in the universe means seeing them as they appeared in the past, since it takes time for their light to reach us - the further away an object is, the further back in time we are seeing it. The universe is estimated to be at least 156 billion light years in size.
Galaxies and stars
There are three main types of galaxies: irregular galaxies with no defined shape, elliptical galaxies that are flattened balls containing only old stars, and spiral galaxies with a central bulge and rotating disk containing gas, dust, and younger stars. Stars form within giant clouds of gas and dust called nebulae, and their lifetime depends on their mass - smaller stars live much longer than larger ones. The universe contains these galaxies, nebulae, and stars, all bound together by gravity.
Black holes
1) Black holes are formed when massive stars over 10 times the mass of the Sun collapse in on themselves due to nuclear fusion and strong gravitational forces.
2) We can detect the presence of black holes through the X-rays emitted when matter around the black hole is heated and through gravitational lensing effects on light passing by.
3) If you fell into a black hole, the extreme tidal forces would spaghettify and kill you before you reached the central singularity, and from your perspective you would see the universe compressed into a brief flash of light before destruction.
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Star Classification
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The document discusses the classification of stars based on size, temperature, brightness, and lifespan. It describes how stars are born from nebulae and how their lifespan and death depends on their mass. Smaller stars have less violent deaths, becoming white dwarfs, while larger stars die in supernova explosions, potentially leaving behind neutron stars or black holes. It also provides an overview of the different types of galaxies including spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies.
life cycle of a star
The life cycle of stars depends on their mass. Lower mass stars like our Sun will eventually become red giants then white dwarfs. Higher mass stars live shorter lives and end as supernovas, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes. All stars begin as nebulae of dust and gas that collapse under gravity into protostars and main sequence stars fueled by nuclear fusion.
Similar to Notes stars (20)
IB Astrophysics - stellar radiation and types - Flippingphysics by nothingnerdy
IB Astrophysics - stellar radiation and types - Flippingphysics by nothingnerdy
The Stars of the Sky and their Life Cycles (2).pptx
The Stars of the Sky and their Life Cycles (2).pptx
More from MrsKendall
Forces in fluids
This document discusses various principles related to forces in fluids. It explains that pressure relates to force over an area and is greater the deeper one is in a fluid. Objects will float if their density is less than the fluid and sink if greater. Buoyancy creates an upward force opposing gravity. Archimedes' principle states buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid. Pascal's principle explains how pressure changes in confined fluids are transmitted equally. Bernoulli's principle describes decreasing pressure as fluid speed increases.
Newtons laws
Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's second law states that acceleration depends on the net force acting on an object and its mass. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, and the law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant unless an outside force acts on it.
Energy
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. There are two main types of energy: kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, and potential energy, which is stored energy due to an object's position or shape. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change forms.
Motion etc
This document defines and explains key concepts related to motion, speed, velocity, and acceleration in physics. It defines motion as the changing distance between objects based on a reference point. Speed is defined as the distance traveled over time, while velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity over time, which can refer to increasing or decreasing speed or changing direction. Examples and calculations are provided for each term.
Notes galaxies
This document discusses different types of galaxies. Galaxies are massive systems of stars, dust and gas held together by gravity, and usually have a central bulge containing a supermassive black hole. The main types are spiral galaxies with arms radiating from a central bulge, barred spiral galaxies with a bar through the center, elliptical galaxies in an elliptical shape, and irregular galaxies with no defined shape. The Milky Way is described as a barred spiral galaxy over 120,000 light years in diameter containing between 100-400 billion stars. It has a massive black hole in the center, around 4 million times the sun's mass. The closest galaxy to the Milky Way is the Andromeda galaxy, around 2.5 million light years
Notes nebula starlife
The document summarizes the life cycle of stars from their birth in nebulae through their evolution into red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. It explains that stars produce light through nuclear fusion, where hydrogen fuses into helium. Nebulae are large clouds of dust and gas where stars are born as gravity causes material to collapse and form protostars at the center.
Asteroids, comets, meteors
Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the sun and are smaller than planets. Comets are made of ice and dust with elongated orbits around the sun, forming tails as they near the sun. Meteors enter Earth's atmosphere as meteorites and appear as "shooting stars", transitioning from meteoroid to meteor to meteorite. While both appear as streaks of light, comets remain stationary while meteors quickly streak across the sky.
Keplers laws
Early Greek astronomers believed in a geocentric model of the universe, with Earth at the center. Ptolemy hypothesized that planets moved in circular orbits around Earth. Nicolaus Copernicus later developed a heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler analyzed astronomical data collected by Tycho Brahe, leading Kepler to discover his three laws: 1) planetary orbits are ellipses rather than circles, 2) planets move faster when closer to the Sun and slower when farther, and 3) the squares of planetary orbit periods are proportional to the cubes of their average distances from the Sun.
Keplers laws
The document discusses the history of models of the solar system from ancient Greek astronomers to Johannes Kepler. It describes how Greeks originally believed in a geocentric model with the Earth at the center, which was later supported by Ptolemy. Copernicus then developed the heliocentric model of the sun at the center. Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons and use of the telescope supported this model. Tycho Brahe and Kepler collected extensive observational data, allowing Kepler to develop his three laws: planets orbit in ellipses, their speed changes as they revolve with closer planets moving faster, and their orbital period relates to their average distance from the sun.
Notes on our solar system
Our solar system contains 1 sun, 8 planets, 5 dwarf planets, and over 170 moons. The planets are divided into two groups - terrestrial planets which are small and rocky, and gas giants which are much larger and composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Terrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Gas giants include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Dwarf planets such as Ceres and Pluto have not cleared their orbital path. Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet after astronomers discovered other similar objects in the Kuiper belt.
Sun, Earth, Moon System
This document discusses the relationships between planets, moons, and other celestial bodies. It explains that the Moon orbits the Earth and is considered our natural satellite. A satellite revolves around a planet. Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes behind Earth into its shadow, while solar eclipses happen when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. The Moon's phases are caused by varying amounts of sunlight reflecting off its surface due to its orbit around Earth. Tides are also influenced by the Moon's gravity, with high and low tides occurring regularly due to the positions of the Moon and Sun relative to Earth.
Notes revolution rotation
This document provides an overview of key astronomy concepts including:
- The structures of the solar system such as the sun, planets, and moons.
- Key terms like axis of rotation, period of rotation, period of revolution, and ellipses that describe planetary motion.
- Distances in our solar system measured in Astronomical Units and on a galactic scale using light years.
- How the tilt of the Earth on its axis and its revolution around the sun cause the seasons.
- The equinoxes in March and September when day and night are equal length and the solstices in June and December when the sun is farthest from the equator.
CHONPS (basic o-chem intro)
Carbon plays a central role in living organisms due to its ability to combine with itself and other elements in many ways. Organic compounds contain carbon and were originally thought to only relate to living things, but are now known to exist more broadly. Polymers are long chains of molecules formed when monomers link together repeatedly through chemical bonds, and include both synthetic materials like plastics as well as natural polymers like proteins, DNA, and silk that make up living things.
Acids bases
The document discusses acids, bases and the pH scale. It explains that the pH scale ranges from 0-14 and measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Acids have a pH below 7 and contain hydrogen ions, while bases have a pH above 7 and contain hydroxide ions. A pH of 7 is neutral. The document also provides examples of common acids and bases, their properties, and some of their uses.
Balancing equations
The document discusses how to balance chemical equations by ensuring the total number of atoms on both sides of the equation are equal. It explains that coefficients are used to represent the number of molecules in a reaction, while subscripts indicate the number of atoms in a molecule. The steps to balance an equation are to: 1) Write the unbalanced equation, 2) Count the atoms on each side, 3) Use coefficients to make the atoms equal on both sides. Examples are provided to demonstrate balancing equations through adjusting coefficients and verifying the balanced atoms.
Chemicall change
This document discusses observing and describing chemical changes. It defines chemical and physical properties and changes. A chemical change results in a new substance, while a physical change only changes the appearance or form of a substance. Chemical changes involve reactants changing into products and can be represented by chemical equations. They involve breaking and forming bonds. Evidence of a chemical change includes new properties, energy changes, and conservation of mass, with the same number and types of atoms in the reactants and products. A system can be open or closed to matter flow during chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions
This document summarizes key concepts about chemical reactions and properties. It defines chemical properties as the ability of a substance to change into a new substance, and physical properties as observable characteristics that do not change the substance. Chemical changes result in new substances, while physical changes alter appearance but not substance. For a chemical reaction to occur, bonds must be broken and reformed, allowing atoms to rearrange. Signs that a chemical reaction has taken place include formation of a precipitate, release of heat or light, and changes in color, temperature or gas formation. Chemical equations balance reactants and products to obey the law of conservation of matter, where mass and atoms are conserved despite rearrangement during bonding changes. Reaction rates depend on factors like activation energy
Periodic table
The document summarizes the history and organization of the periodic table. It describes how Mendeleev organized the first periodic table based on atomic mass and properties, and how the modern table is organized by atomic number. The periodic table is divided into periods and groups; elements in the same group have similar properties. The document also defines metals, nonmetals, semimetals, and inert gases, and provides examples of their characteristic properties.
Metallic bonds
Metallic bonds form when metal atoms come together and their valence electrons move freely around the atomic nuclei, creating a "sea of electrons" that positively charged metal ions are suspended within. This bond structure allows metals to be malleable, ductile, shiny, electrically conductive, and thermally conductive. Alloys are mixtures of metals that are generally stronger than their pure metal components due to metallic bonding between different kinds of metal atoms.
Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to gain a full outer shell. Atoms that form covalent bonds, like hydrogen and oxygen in water, share electrons so that neutral molecules are created. Covalent bonds generally occur between nonmetals and result in molecules with low melting and boiling points that do not conduct electricity well.
More from MrsKendall (20)
Notes stars
- 1. Stars! I’m seeing stars!
- 2. What IS a star anyway?!?! STARS: A star is a large ball of ionized gas, held together by gravity, that emits energy produced by nuclear reactions in its interior. Types of stars: Stars are classified by their size, temperature, and brightness!
- 3. Classifying Stars SIZE!!!! Temperature!!! Super Giant Hot = Red Red Giant Hotter = White Main Hottest = Blue/White Sequence Brightness! White Dwarf How bright it appears Neutron Star depends on it’s distance from us How bright it actually is depends on its size & temp.
- 4. Relationship between surface temperature and color of stars: 3,500 K 5,000 K 7,000 K 25,000 K (red) (yellow) (white) (blue) Just like car headlights You may notice at night look small and dim when you look up at the when they are far away stars that some seem and then BLIND you as to be slightly different they get closer, Stars colors, that has to do are similar. with their temperature!
- 5. Apparent vs. Absolute Apparent Magnitude Absolute Magnitude The observed The apparent luminosity of a celestial magnitude a star body, such as a star, as would have if it were observed from earth. 32.6 light years away The apparent from Earth. magnitude of a star depends on its luminosity and distance.
- 6. TOOLS OF ASTRONOMY Spectrograph: A tool that is used to obtain information from stars by breaking up the colors they emit.http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/farIRandSubmm.shtml
- 7. Chemical compositions: Each element absorbs different wavelengths of light and shows up as lines on a spectrum.
- 8. Temperature: Stars at different temperatures produce a different line spectra.
- 9. Distances to stars •Light Speed: Light travels at 300,000 km/s. •Light Year: The distance light travels in a year.