- In late December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood market in Wuhan, China. Through testing samples from these patients, a novel coronavirus was discovered and named 2019-nCoV.
- Using samples from the pneumonia patients, researchers were able to isolate and culture the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) using human airway epithelial cells. Electron microscopy of the cultured cells showed coronavirus particles.
- Genomic sequencing of samples from the patients identified the virus as a new strain of coronavirus within the subgenus sarbecovirus, most closely related to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV but distinct from them.
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019MANUELPERALTA33
- In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause emerged in Wuhan, China and was linked to a seafood market.
- Researchers isolated a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with pneumonia.
- The virus was able to infect and replicate in human airway epithelial cells in vitro, causing cytopathic effects. Electron microscopy images showed spherical virus particles around 60-140nm in diameter with distinctive spikes.
El coronavirus, relacionado con el virus que causa el SARS (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), ha desencadenado un renovado debate sobre si las variantes de laboratorio de ingeniería de virus con posible potencial pandémico valen los riesgos.
En un artículo publicado en Nature Medicine 1 el 9 de noviembre, los científicos investigaron un virus llamado SHC014, que se encuentra en murciélagos de herradura en China. Los investigadores crearon un virus quimérico, compuesto por una proteína de superficie de SHC014 y la columna vertebral de un virus del SARS que se había adaptado para crecer en ratones e imitar una enfermedad humana. La quimera infectó las células de las vías respiratorias humanas, lo que demuestra que la proteína de superficie de SHC014 tiene la estructura necesaria para unirse a un receptor clave en las células e infectarlas. También causó enfermedades en ratones, pero no los mató.
----------------------
Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research
Lab-made coronavirus related to SARS can infect human cells.
12 November 2015
An experiment that created a hybrid version of a bat coronavirus — one related to the virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) — has triggered renewed debate over whether engineering lab variants of viruses with possible pandemic potential is worth the risks.
In an article published in Nature Medicine 1 on 9 November, scientists investigated a virus called SHC014, which is found in horseshoe bats in China. The researchers created a chimaeric virus, made up of a surface protein of SHC014 and the backbone of a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and to mimic human disease. The chimaera infected human airway cells — proving that the surface protein of SHC014 has the necessary structure to bind to a key receptor on the cells and to infect them. It also caused disease in mice, but did not kill them
The document describes the development of multiplex qPCR assays that can rapidly and reliably detect Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis. The assays target pathogen-specific DNA sequences and include an internal control (B. thuringiensis cry1 gene) to control for DNA extraction and amplification. Validation showed the assays can simultaneously detect 3 pathogen targets with high sensitivity and specificity, and that inclusion of the internal control reduces the risk of false negatives. The assays provide a useful tool for the detection of these high-risk pathogens.
This document summarizes a case report of tularemia (Francisella tularensis infection) in British Columbia and reviews 16 other cases over 15 years. All cases were acquired rurally and presented most commonly with skin lesions and lymphadenopathy. Two severe cases of sepsis and pulmonary infection were also reported. Physicians and public health workers should be aware of this rare but potentially serious disease endemic to BC, especially for those exposed to wildlife.
Remdesivir and chloroquine were found to be highly effective at inhibiting the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Remdesivir had an EC50 of 0.77 μM and chloroquine had an EC50 of 1.13 μM, both showing potent antiviral activity at low micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition experiments demonstrated that remdesivir and chloroquine functioned at stages post viral entry. Given their proven safety profiles in humans and effectiveness against other viruses, the authors suggest that remdesivir and chloroquine should be assessed for treating patients infected with 2019-nCoV.
A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndromeJuan Rubio
This document describes research conducted to identify the cause of a SARS outbreak in 2003. Researchers tested clinical samples from SARS patients for a variety of pathogens. They were able to isolate a novel coronavirus from patients meeting the SARS case definition. Electron microscopy revealed coronavirus-like particles. RT-PCR and sequencing confirmed it was a unique coronavirus strain. This provided evidence that a coronavirus was associated with the SARS outbreak. The researchers proposed naming the first isolate the "Urbani strain" after Dr. Carlo Urbani who died from SARS.
This document describes research on developing an improved inhibitor for the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Key points:
- Researchers determined the crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and its complex with an α-ketoamide inhibitor derived from a previous broad-spectrum inhibitor.
- They modified the inhibitor by incorporating the P3-P2 amide bond into a pyridone ring to increase its half-life in plasma. Testing showed this improved solubility and pharmacokinetic properties.
- Further modification replacing the P2 group led to a more potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. X-ray crystal structures
This document presents a protocol for detecting foodborne bacterial pathogens from individual filth flies. It describes using a commercially available PCR-based system to detect pathogens from the body surface and alimentary canal of a single fly. The protocol was first tested on house flies experimentally fed bacterial pathogens. It was then used to survey 100 wild flies, detecting Cronobacter spp., Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes from 22% of alimentary canals and 8% of body surfaces. The protocol provides a standardized method to include flies in environmental sampling during foodborne outbreak investigations.
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019MANUELPERALTA33
- In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause emerged in Wuhan, China and was linked to a seafood market.
- Researchers isolated a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with pneumonia.
- The virus was able to infect and replicate in human airway epithelial cells in vitro, causing cytopathic effects. Electron microscopy images showed spherical virus particles around 60-140nm in diameter with distinctive spikes.
El coronavirus, relacionado con el virus que causa el SARS (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), ha desencadenado un renovado debate sobre si las variantes de laboratorio de ingeniería de virus con posible potencial pandémico valen los riesgos.
En un artículo publicado en Nature Medicine 1 el 9 de noviembre, los científicos investigaron un virus llamado SHC014, que se encuentra en murciélagos de herradura en China. Los investigadores crearon un virus quimérico, compuesto por una proteína de superficie de SHC014 y la columna vertebral de un virus del SARS que se había adaptado para crecer en ratones e imitar una enfermedad humana. La quimera infectó las células de las vías respiratorias humanas, lo que demuestra que la proteína de superficie de SHC014 tiene la estructura necesaria para unirse a un receptor clave en las células e infectarlas. También causó enfermedades en ratones, pero no los mató.
----------------------
Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research
Lab-made coronavirus related to SARS can infect human cells.
12 November 2015
An experiment that created a hybrid version of a bat coronavirus — one related to the virus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) — has triggered renewed debate over whether engineering lab variants of viruses with possible pandemic potential is worth the risks.
In an article published in Nature Medicine 1 on 9 November, scientists investigated a virus called SHC014, which is found in horseshoe bats in China. The researchers created a chimaeric virus, made up of a surface protein of SHC014 and the backbone of a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and to mimic human disease. The chimaera infected human airway cells — proving that the surface protein of SHC014 has the necessary structure to bind to a key receptor on the cells and to infect them. It also caused disease in mice, but did not kill them
The document describes the development of multiplex qPCR assays that can rapidly and reliably detect Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis. The assays target pathogen-specific DNA sequences and include an internal control (B. thuringiensis cry1 gene) to control for DNA extraction and amplification. Validation showed the assays can simultaneously detect 3 pathogen targets with high sensitivity and specificity, and that inclusion of the internal control reduces the risk of false negatives. The assays provide a useful tool for the detection of these high-risk pathogens.
This document summarizes a case report of tularemia (Francisella tularensis infection) in British Columbia and reviews 16 other cases over 15 years. All cases were acquired rurally and presented most commonly with skin lesions and lymphadenopathy. Two severe cases of sepsis and pulmonary infection were also reported. Physicians and public health workers should be aware of this rare but potentially serious disease endemic to BC, especially for those exposed to wildlife.
Remdesivir and chloroquine were found to be highly effective at inhibiting the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Remdesivir had an EC50 of 0.77 μM and chloroquine had an EC50 of 1.13 μM, both showing potent antiviral activity at low micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition experiments demonstrated that remdesivir and chloroquine functioned at stages post viral entry. Given their proven safety profiles in humans and effectiveness against other viruses, the authors suggest that remdesivir and chloroquine should be assessed for treating patients infected with 2019-nCoV.
A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndromeJuan Rubio
This document describes research conducted to identify the cause of a SARS outbreak in 2003. Researchers tested clinical samples from SARS patients for a variety of pathogens. They were able to isolate a novel coronavirus from patients meeting the SARS case definition. Electron microscopy revealed coronavirus-like particles. RT-PCR and sequencing confirmed it was a unique coronavirus strain. This provided evidence that a coronavirus was associated with the SARS outbreak. The researchers proposed naming the first isolate the "Urbani strain" after Dr. Carlo Urbani who died from SARS.
This document describes research on developing an improved inhibitor for the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Key points:
- Researchers determined the crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and its complex with an α-ketoamide inhibitor derived from a previous broad-spectrum inhibitor.
- They modified the inhibitor by incorporating the P3-P2 amide bond into a pyridone ring to increase its half-life in plasma. Testing showed this improved solubility and pharmacokinetic properties.
- Further modification replacing the P2 group led to a more potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. X-ray crystal structures
This document presents a protocol for detecting foodborne bacterial pathogens from individual filth flies. It describes using a commercially available PCR-based system to detect pathogens from the body surface and alimentary canal of a single fly. The protocol was first tested on house flies experimentally fed bacterial pathogens. It was then used to survey 100 wild flies, detecting Cronobacter spp., Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes from 22% of alimentary canals and 8% of body surfaces. The protocol provides a standardized method to include flies in environmental sampling during foodborne outbreak investigations.
This document provides an overview of the laboratory diagnosis of common hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). It discusses the major causative agents and diagnostic methods for urinary tract infections (UTIs), nosocomial pneumonia, surgical site infections (SSIs), and catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). Standard diagnostic tests include urine culture, sputum culture, wound culture, and blood culture. Microscopic examination, antigen detection assays, and molecular techniques like PCR are also used. An accurate laboratory diagnosis is important to identify the infecting organism and guide appropriate antibiotic treatment for HAIs.
This document describes a study to identify pathogens in Hyalomma ticks collected from cattle in various regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 70 engorged female ticks will be collected and identified to species. Genomic DNA will be extracted from the ticks and tested using PCR and sequencing to detect Theileria, Babesia, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia, and Coxiella burnetii pathogens. Sequence results will be compared to the GenBank database to identify the pathogens present. This will help determine the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens affecting cattle in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
This document discusses various laboratory methods for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB), including:
- Sputum smear microscopy to detect acid-fast bacilli, the most common initial diagnostic method.
- Nucleic acid amplification tests like PCR and GeneXpert that can rapidly detect TB in sputum through DNA amplification.
- Culture-based methods grown on solid or liquid media to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples, which is then tested for drug susceptibility.
- Immunological tests like interferon-gamma release assays that detect TB infection by measuring T-cell responses to TB antigens.
It provides details on the principles, advantages, and limitations of different microbiological, molecular,
This document discusses the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. It emphasizes that diagnosis requires a combination of clinical presentation, medical history, physical examination, chest radiography, and bacteriological examination. Sputum smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture are important for laboratory confirmation, with culture being the gold standard. A presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis can be made if acid-fast bacilli are seen on smear, but treatment should not be initiated solely on this basis without further evaluation.
This document describes a proposed study to detect Clostridium perfringens types in goats in Bannu district, Pakistan using multiplex PCR. The study aims to 1) detect C. perfringens in goat blood samples using PCR, 2) identify the toxin types produced, and 3) determine the epidemiological characteristics of C. perfringens in the district. Blood samples will be collected from clinically suspected goats and tested microscopically, through DNA extraction and PCR amplification to detect C. perfringens. Gel electrophoresis will also be used to detect the bacteria. Statistical analysis will be conducted to analyze the results.
This document discusses Candida infections in the ICU, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in hospitals and ICUs, responsible for 17% of healthcare-associated infections. Non-albicans Candida species now account for around 50% of infections.
- Risk factors for invasive Candida infections include prolonged ICU stay, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, surgery, and underlying conditions like diabetes that impair immunity. Heavy Candida colonization is an independent risk factor.
- Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms mimic bacterial infections. Culture-based methods are slow. Biomarkers like beta-D-
There is no single ideal test for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. A combination of clinical suspicion, chest radiography, sputum smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and nucleic acid amplification tests are often used. While sputum smear microscopy can provide rapid results, its sensitivity is relatively low. Mycobacterial culture has higher sensitivity but results take longer. Nucleic acid amplification tests like PCR provide results within days and have high sensitivity and specificity, but cannot determine drug susceptibility. No single test is perfect, so a clinical and laboratory algorithm is required to make an accurate diagnosis of TB.
This document summarizes the key findings of a study analyzing samples from 9 COVID-19 patients:
- Active virus replication was detected in the upper respiratory tract, especially in the throat during the first week of symptoms based on high viral loads, successful virus isolation, and detection of viral RNA intermediates.
- Infectious virus was isolated from throat and lung samples but not stool samples, despite high viral loads in stool. Virus was not isolated from blood or urine.
- Distinct virus populations were found in throat and lung samples from the same patient, providing evidence of independent virus replication in these sites.
- Shedding of viral RNA outlasted the end of symptoms in some cases. Seroconversion
Catridge based nucleic acid amplification test(CBNAAT) / RIF assay gene xpert POWER PONT. other normal tests versus CBNAAT. issues for cbnaat by WHO & CONCLUSION.
This document summarizes a study on the isolation and molecular characterization of human adenovirus. The study found that out of 83 samples collected from eye secretions, 69 (83.13%) tested positive for human adenovirus using rapid tests and PCR. The highest rate of infection was found in individuals aged 16-30 years old (55.04%) and males had a higher rate of infection than females. Human adenovirus was successfully isolated by inoculating samples on chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures and embryonated eggs, where cytopathic effects were observed. Molecular characterization was also conducted to identify the adenovirus strains present.
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
A review of the covid 19 pandemic and the role of medical laboratory scientis...ArchanDomReyes
The health system of many countries has been overwhelmed by the pandemic, with many losing a significant number of their health professionals in the fight against the virus. While doctors and nurses are so visible at the front lines and are being applauded for the gallant role they are playing in the recovery of hundreds of thousands of COVID-19 patients, the world knows little about those behind their successes, the
Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS). Medical laboratory science is the bedrock of diagnostic
medicine and the role of the MLS in containing any pandemic cannot be overemphasized.
Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
The document discusses the diagnosis of COVID-19. It describes that there are two primary diagnostic methods: 1) a molecular-based assay using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the virus's genetic material and 2) a lateral flow immunoassay to detect antibodies against the virus. RT-PCR is currently the most accurate laboratory method but is more expensive and complex, while lateral flow tests are cheaper, simpler, and suitable for point-of-care and home testing. Diagnostic testing is critical for monitoring the spread of the virus over time and location.
This document discusses disseminated fungal infections, including candidiasis. It notes that fungal infections in hospitals have increased dramatically due to rising immunosuppressed populations. Candida species are the most common cause. Risk factors include ICU stay, immunosuppression, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and catheters. Diagnosis relies on blood and tissue cultures but has low sensitivity. Early antifungal treatment improves outcomes, and options include fluconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins. Prevention strategies focus on hand hygiene and reducing unnecessary fluconazole use.
Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudopar...Ranawaka A.P.M Perera
We describe a novel spike pseudoparticle neutralisation
assay (ppNT) for seroepidemiological studies on
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV)
and apply this assay together with conventional
microneutralisation (MN) tests to investigate 1,343
human and 625 animal sera. The sera were collected
in Egypt as a region adjacent to areas where MERS has
been described, and in Hong Kong, China as a control
region. Sera from dromedary camels had a high prevalence
of antibody reactive to MERS-CoV by MERS NT
(93.6%) and MERS ppNT (98.2%) assay. The antibody
titres ranged up to 1,280 and higher in MN assays
and 10,240 and higher in ppNT assays. No other
investigated species had any antibody reactivity to
MERS-CoV. While seropositivity does not exclude the
possibility of infection with a closely related virus, our
data highlight the need to attempt detection of MERSCoV
or related coronaviruses in dromedary camels. The
data show excellent correlation between the conventional
MN assay and the novel ppNT assay. The newly
developed ppNT assay does not require Biosafety Level
3 containment and is thus a relatively high-throughput
assay, well suited for large-scale seroepidemiology
studies which are needed to better understand the
ecology and epidemiology of MERS-CoV.
This document reports evidence that millions have died from the COVID-19 vaccines worldwide based on analyses of various data sources. It claims that official numbers vastly underreport deaths and side effects. Whistleblowers allege the US death count is 5-10 times higher than reported. Experts warn the vaccines may be causing the greatest risk of genocide in history and call for an end to the programs. However, the conclusions are disputed and rely on uncertain interpretations of limited data.
This document discusses diagnostic modalities for tuberculosis, including both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. It provides details on various bacteriological examinations for diagnosing TB, such as sputum smear microscopy, culture, drug susceptibility tests, and molecular techniques like Xpert MTB/RIF and line probe assays. Radiological examinations like chest X-rays are also discussed. The global burden of TB is summarized, with over 10 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths annually. Prompt diagnosis is important for treatment and minimizing transmission.
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease caused by bacterial infection of the endothelium and cardiac valves, either native or prosthetic. In the present work the role of the new microbiological techniques (techniques of detection and amplification of the subunit 16 ribosomal sRNA by means of the chain reaction of the polymerase in blood or tissue, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and matrix-assisted laser is reviewed desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel copyMadhumitaSingh23
- The document reports on 41 early patients in Wuhan, China who were infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus. It found that most patients were men under the age of 65, with common symptoms being fever, cough, and fatigue. All patients had pneumonia seen on chest CT scans. About 15% of patients died, with ICU patients having more severe illness and higher mortality. The study helps characterize the clinical features and severity of the new coronavirus.
This study analyzed hematological and biochemical markers in 249 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, of which 58 patients died. The key findings were:
1) Non-survivors had significantly higher neutrophil counts, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, AST, serum potassium, prothrombin time, activated prothrombin time, and LDH compared to survivors.
2) Survivors had significantly higher lymphocyte counts and hemoglobin levels than non-survivors.
3) Patients with abnormal chest x-ray findings had significantly higher white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, platelet counts, serum potassium, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, AST, ALT
This document provides an overview of the laboratory diagnosis of common hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). It discusses the major causative agents and diagnostic methods for urinary tract infections (UTIs), nosocomial pneumonia, surgical site infections (SSIs), and catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). Standard diagnostic tests include urine culture, sputum culture, wound culture, and blood culture. Microscopic examination, antigen detection assays, and molecular techniques like PCR are also used. An accurate laboratory diagnosis is important to identify the infecting organism and guide appropriate antibiotic treatment for HAIs.
This document describes a study to identify pathogens in Hyalomma ticks collected from cattle in various regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 70 engorged female ticks will be collected and identified to species. Genomic DNA will be extracted from the ticks and tested using PCR and sequencing to detect Theileria, Babesia, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia, and Coxiella burnetii pathogens. Sequence results will be compared to the GenBank database to identify the pathogens present. This will help determine the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens affecting cattle in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
This document discusses various laboratory methods for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB), including:
- Sputum smear microscopy to detect acid-fast bacilli, the most common initial diagnostic method.
- Nucleic acid amplification tests like PCR and GeneXpert that can rapidly detect TB in sputum through DNA amplification.
- Culture-based methods grown on solid or liquid media to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples, which is then tested for drug susceptibility.
- Immunological tests like interferon-gamma release assays that detect TB infection by measuring T-cell responses to TB antigens.
It provides details on the principles, advantages, and limitations of different microbiological, molecular,
This document discusses the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. It emphasizes that diagnosis requires a combination of clinical presentation, medical history, physical examination, chest radiography, and bacteriological examination. Sputum smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture are important for laboratory confirmation, with culture being the gold standard. A presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis can be made if acid-fast bacilli are seen on smear, but treatment should not be initiated solely on this basis without further evaluation.
This document describes a proposed study to detect Clostridium perfringens types in goats in Bannu district, Pakistan using multiplex PCR. The study aims to 1) detect C. perfringens in goat blood samples using PCR, 2) identify the toxin types produced, and 3) determine the epidemiological characteristics of C. perfringens in the district. Blood samples will be collected from clinically suspected goats and tested microscopically, through DNA extraction and PCR amplification to detect C. perfringens. Gel electrophoresis will also be used to detect the bacteria. Statistical analysis will be conducted to analyze the results.
This document discusses Candida infections in the ICU, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in hospitals and ICUs, responsible for 17% of healthcare-associated infections. Non-albicans Candida species now account for around 50% of infections.
- Risk factors for invasive Candida infections include prolonged ICU stay, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, surgery, and underlying conditions like diabetes that impair immunity. Heavy Candida colonization is an independent risk factor.
- Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms mimic bacterial infections. Culture-based methods are slow. Biomarkers like beta-D-
There is no single ideal test for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. A combination of clinical suspicion, chest radiography, sputum smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and nucleic acid amplification tests are often used. While sputum smear microscopy can provide rapid results, its sensitivity is relatively low. Mycobacterial culture has higher sensitivity but results take longer. Nucleic acid amplification tests like PCR provide results within days and have high sensitivity and specificity, but cannot determine drug susceptibility. No single test is perfect, so a clinical and laboratory algorithm is required to make an accurate diagnosis of TB.
This document summarizes the key findings of a study analyzing samples from 9 COVID-19 patients:
- Active virus replication was detected in the upper respiratory tract, especially in the throat during the first week of symptoms based on high viral loads, successful virus isolation, and detection of viral RNA intermediates.
- Infectious virus was isolated from throat and lung samples but not stool samples, despite high viral loads in stool. Virus was not isolated from blood or urine.
- Distinct virus populations were found in throat and lung samples from the same patient, providing evidence of independent virus replication in these sites.
- Shedding of viral RNA outlasted the end of symptoms in some cases. Seroconversion
Catridge based nucleic acid amplification test(CBNAAT) / RIF assay gene xpert POWER PONT. other normal tests versus CBNAAT. issues for cbnaat by WHO & CONCLUSION.
This document summarizes a study on the isolation and molecular characterization of human adenovirus. The study found that out of 83 samples collected from eye secretions, 69 (83.13%) tested positive for human adenovirus using rapid tests and PCR. The highest rate of infection was found in individuals aged 16-30 years old (55.04%) and males had a higher rate of infection than females. Human adenovirus was successfully isolated by inoculating samples on chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures and embryonated eggs, where cytopathic effects were observed. Molecular characterization was also conducted to identify the adenovirus strains present.
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
A review of the covid 19 pandemic and the role of medical laboratory scientis...ArchanDomReyes
The health system of many countries has been overwhelmed by the pandemic, with many losing a significant number of their health professionals in the fight against the virus. While doctors and nurses are so visible at the front lines and are being applauded for the gallant role they are playing in the recovery of hundreds of thousands of COVID-19 patients, the world knows little about those behind their successes, the
Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS). Medical laboratory science is the bedrock of diagnostic
medicine and the role of the MLS in containing any pandemic cannot be overemphasized.
Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
The document discusses the diagnosis of COVID-19. It describes that there are two primary diagnostic methods: 1) a molecular-based assay using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the virus's genetic material and 2) a lateral flow immunoassay to detect antibodies against the virus. RT-PCR is currently the most accurate laboratory method but is more expensive and complex, while lateral flow tests are cheaper, simpler, and suitable for point-of-care and home testing. Diagnostic testing is critical for monitoring the spread of the virus over time and location.
This document discusses disseminated fungal infections, including candidiasis. It notes that fungal infections in hospitals have increased dramatically due to rising immunosuppressed populations. Candida species are the most common cause. Risk factors include ICU stay, immunosuppression, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and catheters. Diagnosis relies on blood and tissue cultures but has low sensitivity. Early antifungal treatment improves outcomes, and options include fluconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins. Prevention strategies focus on hand hygiene and reducing unnecessary fluconazole use.
Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudopar...Ranawaka A.P.M Perera
We describe a novel spike pseudoparticle neutralisation
assay (ppNT) for seroepidemiological studies on
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV)
and apply this assay together with conventional
microneutralisation (MN) tests to investigate 1,343
human and 625 animal sera. The sera were collected
in Egypt as a region adjacent to areas where MERS has
been described, and in Hong Kong, China as a control
region. Sera from dromedary camels had a high prevalence
of antibody reactive to MERS-CoV by MERS NT
(93.6%) and MERS ppNT (98.2%) assay. The antibody
titres ranged up to 1,280 and higher in MN assays
and 10,240 and higher in ppNT assays. No other
investigated species had any antibody reactivity to
MERS-CoV. While seropositivity does not exclude the
possibility of infection with a closely related virus, our
data highlight the need to attempt detection of MERSCoV
or related coronaviruses in dromedary camels. The
data show excellent correlation between the conventional
MN assay and the novel ppNT assay. The newly
developed ppNT assay does not require Biosafety Level
3 containment and is thus a relatively high-throughput
assay, well suited for large-scale seroepidemiology
studies which are needed to better understand the
ecology and epidemiology of MERS-CoV.
This document reports evidence that millions have died from the COVID-19 vaccines worldwide based on analyses of various data sources. It claims that official numbers vastly underreport deaths and side effects. Whistleblowers allege the US death count is 5-10 times higher than reported. Experts warn the vaccines may be causing the greatest risk of genocide in history and call for an end to the programs. However, the conclusions are disputed and rely on uncertain interpretations of limited data.
This document discusses diagnostic modalities for tuberculosis, including both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. It provides details on various bacteriological examinations for diagnosing TB, such as sputum smear microscopy, culture, drug susceptibility tests, and molecular techniques like Xpert MTB/RIF and line probe assays. Radiological examinations like chest X-rays are also discussed. The global burden of TB is summarized, with over 10 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths annually. Prompt diagnosis is important for treatment and minimizing transmission.
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease caused by bacterial infection of the endothelium and cardiac valves, either native or prosthetic. In the present work the role of the new microbiological techniques (techniques of detection and amplification of the subunit 16 ribosomal sRNA by means of the chain reaction of the polymerase in blood or tissue, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and matrix-assisted laser is reviewed desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel copyMadhumitaSingh23
- The document reports on 41 early patients in Wuhan, China who were infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus. It found that most patients were men under the age of 65, with common symptoms being fever, cough, and fatigue. All patients had pneumonia seen on chest CT scans. About 15% of patients died, with ICU patients having more severe illness and higher mortality. The study helps characterize the clinical features and severity of the new coronavirus.
This study analyzed hematological and biochemical markers in 249 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, of which 58 patients died. The key findings were:
1) Non-survivors had significantly higher neutrophil counts, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, AST, serum potassium, prothrombin time, activated prothrombin time, and LDH compared to survivors.
2) Survivors had significantly higher lymphocyte counts and hemoglobin levels than non-survivors.
3) Patients with abnormal chest x-ray findings had significantly higher white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, platelet counts, serum potassium, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, AST, ALT
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
The document provides information about COVID-19, including its etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes how COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis can be made through physical examination, CT scans, rapid diagnostic tests, and plasma tests. Treatment involves general supportive care, antiviral medications like remdesivir, and plasma therapy in severe cases. Prevention is through hand washing, social distancing, and disinfecting surfaces.
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
To form the basis of a respiratory disease model in rats by investigating the microbial distribution and composition in the lower respiratory tracts of normal rats. Methods: DNA was extracted from the intestine, trachea, bronchus and lung samples collected from healthy rats under sterile conditions. The 16S rDNA V4-V5 region was sequenced using Illumina high-throughput technology. Results: The sequencing results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and species diversity of microbiota between the lower respiratory and the intestine. The microbiota structure analysis showed samples from lungs and intestinal shared similarity. However, the dominant species at the levels of phylum, family, and genus diverged. The similarity analysis showed that the lung microbiota were different from the intestines. The linear discriminant analysis showed significantly different species in different tissues; function prediction also showed different microbiota function in different tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that bacterial colonization depends on the sample’s anatomical location. The human pathogen Acinetobacter lwoffii was also detected in the rat lower respiratory tract samples.
The document discusses gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19. It notes that while respiratory symptoms are most common, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported. Mounting evidence suggests the virus can infect cells in the digestive system and be present in stool. This raises the possibility of fecal-oral transmission, making the digestive system an alternative infection route. More research is still needed to understand the virus's effects on the gastrointestinal system and liver.
This review study was conducted on the information of COVID-19 ethio-pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, complication and
Management, and we have compiled the most recent information on the methods and pharmacological agents used in the diagnosis
and treatment of Coronavirus disease, including pharmacological approaches, fluid therapy, oxygen therapy, Adoptive T cell therapy,
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy, Nano medicine approaches in COVID-19 and Vaccination approaches.
Bovine tuberculosis: Occupational hazard in Abattoir workersiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study examined stool samples from 207 patients with diarrhea attending an HIV testing center in India, 115 of whom were HIV-infected. Intestinal parasites were found in 46.1% of HIV-infected patients compared to 17.4% of non-infected patients. The most common parasites identified among HIV-infected patients were Isospora belli (16.5%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (12.2%). Opportunistic protozoans were detected in 32.2% of HIV-infected patients but only 1.1% of non-infected patients, showing a significant association between opportunistic protozoan infection and HIV status. Higher rates of opportunistic protozoans
Clinical characteristics of children with COVID-19 pneumoniaAI Publications
For this purpose, 75 children under the age of 18 were included in the study. The test for SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA was positive in the pathological material from the nasopharynx in all examined patients. The control group consisted of 15 healthy children. The patients included in the study were divided into 2 groups according to severity of disease: 49 (65.3%) patients with moderate COVID-19 were included in group I, 26 (34.7%) patients with severe COVID-19 - in group 2. Examination methods included anamnestic, clinical, instrumental and laboratory studies. The most common symptoms among children examined were fever (66 (88.0%)) and cough (74 (98.7%)). Rarely, muscle pains, loss of sense of smell and taste, headaches have been observed in older children. Intergroup comparison revealed higher levels of ferritin, D-dimer and fibrinogen in group II compared with group I. According to the results obtained, the course of the disease in children, in contrast to adults, is more favorable.
Epidemiology treatment and_outcomes_of_sa_nosocomial_pneumonia_chest_2005-1Christian Wilhelm
This study examined outcomes of nosocomial bacteremic Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia (NBSAP) in 60 patients over 5 years. It found that NBSAP commonly developed late in a patient's hospital stay among critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation. NBSAP was associated with high mortality and infection-related mortality rates of 55.5% and 40%, respectively. While delayed appropriate antibiotic therapy did not predict worse outcomes compared to early therapy, the study was limited by small sample size. The findings suggest a need for new antibiotics with better activity against NBSAP.
This document provides a detailed review of the outbreak of the coronavirus. It discusses the virus's genome structure, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, complications/fatality rates, and preventive measures. The key points are:
- Coronavirus is a large family of RNA viruses that originated in China and has become a global pandemic.
- It has a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.
- Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction.
- Preventive measures focus on infection control, isolation, hand washing, and
This study investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in outpatients at a district hospital in Mardan, Pakistan. The study found that 34.8% of the 270 patients tested positive for HBV DNA using real-time PCR. Males had a slightly higher prevalence of HBV (34.5%) than females (35.1%). The highest prevalence was found in patients aged 21-40 years old (38.9%). When analyzing viral load levels, 50% of positive patients had a low viral load, 33% had an intermediate load, and 17% had a high viral load. Females were more likely to have a high viral load compared to males. The study provides
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
This study analyzed faecal specimens from 2,495 diarrhoea cases in Kolkata, India between 2007-2009 to determine the seasonal distribution and characteristics of norovirus (NoV) infections. NoV was detected in 78 cases, mostly children under 2 years old, sometimes as the sole pathogen but often along with other enteric pathogens. Sequencing of the NVGII strains showed clustering with GII.4, GII.13 and GII.6 NoV types. NoV infections occurred year-round and were associated with mild dehydration in children and adults in Kolkata.
Bacterial flora in sputum and antibiotic sensitivity in exacerbations of bron...Dr.Aslam calicut
http://jmscr.igmpublication.org/home/index.php/current-issue/5487-bacterial-flora-in-sputum-and-antibiotic-sensitivity-in-exacerbations-of-bronchiectasis
http://jmscr.igmpublication.org/v6-i8/65%20jmscr.pdf
Muhammed Aslam et al JMSCR Volume 06 Issue 08 August 2018
Similar to A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019 (20)
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics