Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, can originate from either external sources like visitors, insects or equipment, or internal sources like the normal skin microflora. Common causative agents include Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, and Escherichia coli. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particular concern as it has developed resistance to many common antibiotics like penicillins, methicillin and cephalosporins. People at highest risk include those with weak immune systems, the elderly, frequent hospital patients, inmates, and individuals exposed through their occupations like healthcare workers, veterinarians or livestock handlers.

1. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
VISITH DANTANARAYANA

3. INTRODUCTION
• NOSOCOMIAL HAS A GREEK ORIGIN.
• THE WORD ‘NOCUS’ MEANS DISESEASE AND THE
WORD ‘KONEUS’ MEANS TO TAKE CARE OF,
• TO SIMPLY PUT A NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
IS HOSPITAL ACQUIRED DISESASE.

5. SOURCES OF INFECTION
EITHER EXOGENOUS :
1. VISITORS
2. INSECTS
3. EQUIPMENT USED FOR INVASIVE SURGICAL
PROCEDURES.
ENDOGENOUS SOURCES :
THE NORMAL MICROFLORA…OPPORTUNISTIC
BACTERIA.

6. SOURCES OF INFECTION

7. CAUSATIVE FACTORS
• THEY ARE MOSTLY BACTERIAL OR FUNGAL
AGENTS, THAT PREY ON THE SUSCEPTIBLE
VICTIMS.
• STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
• PSEUDOMONAS SPP.
• ESCHERICHIA COLI

9. STATISTICS

10. STATISTICS OF MRSA
(METHICILIN RESISTANT
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS)

11. METHICILLIN RESISTANT
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
• SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE OXYCILLIN
RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IS THE
APTLY NAMED SUPERBUG.
• THEIR EVOLUTION DOESN’T MAKE
THEM MORE VIRULENT BUT
DANGEROUS BECAUSE OF THEIR MULTI-
DRUG RESISTANCE.

12. BETA LACTAM DRUGS: PENICILLIN,
METHICILLIN,
OXACILLINS, NAFCILLIN AND EVEN
CEPHALOSPORINS

14. LATEST CLASSIFICATION

15. PEOPLE AT RISK
• PEOPLE WHO ARE FREQUENTLY IN CROWDED PLACES, ESPECIALLY WITH SHARED
EQUIPMENT AND SKIN-TO-SKIN CONTACT
• PEOPLE WITH WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEMS (HIV/AIDS, LUPUS,
OR CANCER SUFFERERS; TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS, SEVERE ASTHMATICS, ETC.)
• DIABETICS
• INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS
• USERS OF QUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS
• THE ELDERLY
• COLLEGE STUDENTS LIVING IN DORMITORIES
• WOMEN WITH FREQUENT URINARY TRACT OR KIDNEY INFECTIONS DUE TO
INFECTIONS IN THE BLADDER
• PEOPLE STAYING OR WORKING IN A HEALTH CARE FACILITY FOR AN EXTENDED
PERIOD OF TIME
• PEOPLE WHO SPEND TIME IN COASTAL WATERS WHERE MRSA IS PRESENT, SUCH
AS SOME BEACHES IN FLORIDA AND THE WEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES
• PEOPLE WHO SPEND TIME IN CONFINED SPACES WITH OTHER PEOPLE,
INCLUDING OCCUPANTS OF HOMELESS SHELTERS AND WARMING
CENTERS, PRISON INMATES, MILITARY RECRUITS IN BASIC TRAINING AND
INDIVIDUALS WHO SPEND CONSIDERABLE TIME IN CHANGING
ROOMS OR GYMS
• VETERINARIANS, LIVESTOCK HANDLERS, AND PET OWNERS
• EXTENDED STAY IN THE HOSPITAL

17. EPIDERMIDIS

18. TREATMENT

20. THANK YOU