Meningitis in simple language

1. CASE
PRESENTATION ON
MENINGITIS
BY
AAMIR SUHAIL
Bsc.(N) 3rd Year 2018-22

2. OBJECTIVES
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• INCIDENCE RATE
• INCUBATION PERIOD
• ETIOLOGY
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• CLASSIFICATION
• CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• MANAGEMENT
• NURSING MANAGEMENT

3. INTRODUCTION
•


•

4. Images showing difference between normal brain
And spinal cord and brain and spinal cord with
meningitis

5. DEFINITION
• According to “ mayoclinic”
• Meningitis is the inflammation of fluid and membrane(meninges)
surrounding brain and spinal cord.
• OR
• According to “WebMD’’
• Meningitis is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes
called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord.

6. INCIDENCE RATE
77.4% per live birth in India.
1.2 million cases worldwide per year.

7. INCUBATION PERIOD
• It produces from 4 days but it ranges between 2 to 10 days.

8. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Meningococcal bacteria
Mumps virus
Fungal/parasitic infections
Entero virus

9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Spread by respiratory and throat secretions.
Coughing, sneezing
Kissing
Sharing utensils, water bottles, etc.
Crowded setting.
College dormitory
Crowded household
Nightclubs, bars

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Due to etiological factors
• Bacteria enters blood stream and trauma
• Breakdown of normal barrier in brain
• Crosses the brain barrier
• Proliferate in CSF
• Inflammation of meninges
• Increase in ICP “ intra-cranial pressure”

11. TYPES
•BACTERIAL
•VIRAL(ASEPTIC)
•FUNGUL
•PARASITIC
•NON-INFECTIOUS

12. BACTERIAL MENINGITS
• BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IS THE MOST COMMOM TYPE OF MENNGITIS.
• ABOUT 80% OF ALL MENINGITIS ASES ARE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS.
• IT CAN BE CAUSED BY A RANGE OF BACTERIA INCLUDING -
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
STREPTOCOCOUS PNEUMONIAE
GROPU-B STREPTOCOCOUS

13. VIRAL MENINGITIS
• VIRAL MENINGITIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS ASEPTIC MENINGITIS, IS A
TYPEOFMENINGITIS DUE TO A VIRAL INFECTION .
• VIRUSES THAT CAN CAUSE MENINGITIS INCLUDE-
ENTERO VIRUSES
HERPES VIRUSES
HIV

14. FUNGAL MENINGITIS
• FUNGUL MENINGITIS IS A RARE DISEASE THAT IS NOR CONTAGIOUS
• TWO TYPES OF FUNGUS THAT CAN CAUSE FUNGAL MENINGITIS ARE-
CRYPTOCOCUS NEOFORMANS
CRYPTOCOCOUS GATTII

15. PARASITIC MENINGITIS
• THIS TYPE OF MENINGITIS IS LESS COMMON THAN VIRAL OR BACTERIAL
MENINGITIS AND IT IS CAUSED BY PARASITES THAT ARE FOUND IN DIRT, FECES,
AND ON SOME ANIMALS AND FOOD LIKE SNAILS, RAW FISH, POULTRY,ETC.
• THREE MAIN PARASITES RESPONSIBLE FOR PARASITIC MENINGITIS ARE-
ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS
BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS
GNATHOSTOMA SPINIGERUM

16. NON INFECTIOUS MENINGITIS
• NON INFECTIOUS MENINGTISISNIT AN INFECTION. INSTEAD ITIS A TYPE OF
MENINGITIS THAT IT IS CAUSED BY OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS OR TREATMENTS
INCLUDES-
LUPUS
A HEAD INJURY
BRAIN SURGERY
CANCER
CERTAIN MEDICATIONS

17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
High fever
Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Restlessness
Irritability
Convulsion
Bulging frontannel
Seizure
Jaundice
Lethargy
Photobhobia, Phonophobia
Neck rigidity
Ptosis

18. Images showing clinical manifestation of meningitis

19. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
History taking
Physical examination(kernig sign and Brudzinski sign)
CSF examination
CT scan
C-reactive protein
Skull x-ray
PCR

20. MANAGEMENT
Antibiotic therapy
Penicillin 4-5 lac units /kg /day/4 hourly
Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/8 hourly I.V
Ceftriaxone 150 mg/kg/day/I.V BD
Corticosteroid therapy
Dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg/6hourly I.V
Osmotic diuretic therapy
Manitol (20%) 0.5 mg/kg every 4-6 hours I.V
• max. doses to reduce ICP
Anti cunvulsant therapy
Diazepam -0.3 mg/kg
Phenytoin
Vasopressor
Dopamine as per requirement

21. oComplications-
oShock
oMyocarditis
oBrain abcess
oHemiplagia, Quadriplagia
oObesity

22. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Provide rest and comfortable position
Provide calm, dim light, noise free environment
Assess the body temperature
Maintenance of I.V fluid therapy
Prevention of injury