Эпидемический процесс – это процесс возникновения и распространения специфических инфекционных состояний (от бессимптомного носительства до манифестных заболеваний) на видовом и популяционном уровнях, то есть процесс взаимодействия двух популяций – популяции паразита и популяции хозяина (популяции людей). На эпидемический процесс большое влияние оказывают социальные условия жизни населения и природные факторы.
Наука, изучающая закономерности возникновения и распространения заболеваний различной этиологии среди населения с целью разработки профилактических мероприятий, называется эпидемиологией.
Эпидемический процесс имеет разное проявление:
- спорадическая заболеваемость – это низкий уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в данный период (сезон) времени (единичные случаи заболеваний или групповые вспышки, не связанные между собой);
- эпидемия – это такой уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в конкретный отрезок времени, который в несколько раз превышает уровень спорадической заболеваемости, прогрессирует по времени и имеет тенденцию к пространственному распространению;
- пандемия – это такой уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией в конкретный отрезок времени, который не только резко превышает уровень обычных эпидемий, но и распространяется на территорию всей страны, территорию сопредельных государств, а иногда и многих стран.
В эпидемическом процессе выделяют следующие элементы: источник инфекции, резервуар возбудителя инфекции, механизмы, пути и факторы передачи инфекции, восприимчивый организм.
Источник инфекции – это организм человека или животного, в котором происходит размножение возбудителя, и от которого в дальнейшем заражается здоровый человек. От источника инфекции возбудитель проникает в организм здорового человека либо при непосредственном контакте, минуя фазу нахождения микроба во внешней среде, либо через объекты внешней среды и окружающие предметы. Основными источниками инфекции являются больной человек, больное животное, бактерионосители (люди, животные).
Резервуар возбудителя инфекции – это объекты внешней среды, которые являются естественной средой обитания некоторых возбудителей заболеваний человека (возбудители столбняка, легионеллеза) и в которых возбудитель находит благоприятные условия для своего роста и размножения (накопления). Основными резервуарами инфекции являются почва и вода. При некоторых заболеваниях природным резервуаром возбудителя инфекции называют источник инфекции, обеспечивающий сохранение в природе возбудителя как вида. Например, для чумы суслики, сурки, песчанки являются не только источником инфекции, но и природным резервуаром возбудителя.
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing disease. Resident flora establish themselves in a particular body site, while transient flora inhabit sites temporarily. Normal flora provide benefits like producing vitamins and protecting against pathogens, but can also cause harm if they spread to non-native sites or when the host's resistance is lowered. The types and distribution of normal flora vary depending on factors like age, sex, diet, and antibiotics.
Normal flora are microorganisms that normally inhabit various areas of the human body without causing harm. They have a symbiotic relationship with their human hosts and provide several beneficial functions like protecting against pathogens and stimulating immune system development. The major sites inhabited by normal flora include the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Disruptions to normal flora populations can allow potential pathogens to overgrow and cause opportunistic infections.
This document provides an overview of the normal flora found in various areas of the human body. It discusses the types of bacteria typically found in places like the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. It also covers the beneficial and harmful effects of normal flora, factors that can influence it, and how normal flora plays an important role in human health and physiology. Maintaining the balance of microbial ecosystems is crucial, as disruptions can have unpredictable consequences.
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing harm. Normal flora are found on skin and mucous membranes but not inside organs. The skin and mucous membranes harbor both resident and transient flora. The document then describes characteristics, types, roles, and locations of normal flora in different parts of the body including skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and urogenital tract. Common genera of normal flora are discussed for each location.
Normal flora, or commensal microorganisms, live throughout the human body including the skin, eyes, ears, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. In each site, certain bacteria predominate as the normal residents. While generally harmless, normal flora can opportunistically cause infection if they spread to normally sterile sites or if the host's immune system is compromised. Normal flora play an important role in protecting against pathogens, aiding nutrient absorption, and stimulating immune system development.
The human oral cavity contains a diverse ecosystem that is colonized by many microorganisms. Over time, a resident microbiota is established that typically remains stable throughout life. This microbiota includes bacteria, viruses and fungi that exist in complex biofilms. The makeup of the oral microbiota changes with age as different habitats form in the mouth. Imbalances in the normal microbiota have been linked to oral diseases as well as systemic conditions. Research continues to uncover relationships between the oral and total body microbiota and how they impact overall health.
The normal flora of the human body consists of microorganisms that colonize various areas without causing disease. The skin, nasal passages, mouth, intestines and genitourinary tract each have distinct resident microbial populations that help maintain health and defend against pathogens. These normal flora are mainly bacteria and include both commensal species that do not harm the host as well as mutualistic species that provide benefits like vitamin production.
normal floura of human body skin, digective and respiratory systemREKHA DEHARIYA
The document discusses the normal flora of the human body. It defines normal flora as microorganisms that inhabit healthy skin and mucous membranes without causing harm. Internal organs are normally sterile. Normal flora includes resident bacteria that re-establish after disturbance and transient bacteria from the environment. Characteristics are that they do not induce disease and are very abundant. Normal flora provide benefits like producing vitamins and inhibiting pathogens. Different areas of the body have distinctive normal flora, like Lactobacillus in the vagina and Staphylococcus on the skin. Opportunistic pathogens are normally commensal bacteria but can cause disease if the host's resistance is low.
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing disease. Resident flora establish themselves in a particular body site, while transient flora inhabit sites temporarily. Normal flora provide benefits like producing vitamins and protecting against pathogens, but can also cause harm if they spread to non-native sites or when the host's resistance is lowered. The types and distribution of normal flora vary depending on factors like age, sex, diet, and antibiotics.
Normal flora are microorganisms that normally inhabit various areas of the human body without causing harm. They have a symbiotic relationship with their human hosts and provide several beneficial functions like protecting against pathogens and stimulating immune system development. The major sites inhabited by normal flora include the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Disruptions to normal flora populations can allow potential pathogens to overgrow and cause opportunistic infections.
This document provides an overview of the normal flora found in various areas of the human body. It discusses the types of bacteria typically found in places like the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. It also covers the beneficial and harmful effects of normal flora, factors that can influence it, and how normal flora plays an important role in human health and physiology. Maintaining the balance of microbial ecosystems is crucial, as disruptions can have unpredictable consequences.
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing harm. Normal flora are found on skin and mucous membranes but not inside organs. The skin and mucous membranes harbor both resident and transient flora. The document then describes characteristics, types, roles, and locations of normal flora in different parts of the body including skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and urogenital tract. Common genera of normal flora are discussed for each location.
Normal flora, or commensal microorganisms, live throughout the human body including the skin, eyes, ears, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. In each site, certain bacteria predominate as the normal residents. While generally harmless, normal flora can opportunistically cause infection if they spread to normally sterile sites or if the host's immune system is compromised. Normal flora play an important role in protecting against pathogens, aiding nutrient absorption, and stimulating immune system development.
The human oral cavity contains a diverse ecosystem that is colonized by many microorganisms. Over time, a resident microbiota is established that typically remains stable throughout life. This microbiota includes bacteria, viruses and fungi that exist in complex biofilms. The makeup of the oral microbiota changes with age as different habitats form in the mouth. Imbalances in the normal microbiota have been linked to oral diseases as well as systemic conditions. Research continues to uncover relationships between the oral and total body microbiota and how they impact overall health.
The normal flora of the human body consists of microorganisms that colonize various areas without causing disease. The skin, nasal passages, mouth, intestines and genitourinary tract each have distinct resident microbial populations that help maintain health and defend against pathogens. These normal flora are mainly bacteria and include both commensal species that do not harm the host as well as mutualistic species that provide benefits like vitamin production.
normal floura of human body skin, digective and respiratory systemREKHA DEHARIYA
The document discusses the normal flora of the human body. It defines normal flora as microorganisms that inhabit healthy skin and mucous membranes without causing harm. Internal organs are normally sterile. Normal flora includes resident bacteria that re-establish after disturbance and transient bacteria from the environment. Characteristics are that they do not induce disease and are very abundant. Normal flora provide benefits like producing vitamins and inhibiting pathogens. Different areas of the body have distinctive normal flora, like Lactobacillus in the vagina and Staphylococcus on the skin. Opportunistic pathogens are normally commensal bacteria but can cause disease if the host's resistance is low.
The document discusses normal flora and pathogenic bacteria that can infect surfaces in the body. It describes how different bacteria normally inhabit different body sites like the skin, oral cavity, intestines and urogenital tract. It also discusses sterile body sites. When bacteria spread from their normal sites and infect other surfaces, it can lead to diseases like endocarditis, osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections. Bacteria can form biofilms on surfaces, which makes surface infections difficult to treat.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
This chapter discusses microbial ecology and biotechnology. It begins by defining microbial ecology as the study of relationships between microbes and their environment. Most human-microbe relationships are beneficial, such as our indigenous microflora that colonize our bodies. These microbes can have symbiotic relationships that are mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The chapter then describes the various microbes found in different parts of the human body like the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It discusses how biofilms form complex microbial communities and their medical significance. The chapter concludes by mentioning opportunistic pathogens and biotherapeutic agents that can affect our indigenous microflora, as well as synergistic infections caused by multiple microbes.
This document discusses the human microbiome and normal flora. It defines normal flora as the microorganisms that reside on skin and mucous membranes, including both beneficial and some harmful bacteria and fungi. Normal flora have symbiotic relationships and are either resident microbes that re-establish after disturbance or transient microbes that do not. The document outlines the major microbial flora found in different body sites like skin, oral cavity, intestines and urogenital tract and factors that influence and maintain the normal flora in each site.
The document discusses the human microbiome and normal microbial flora. It notes that a diverse microbial population normally inhabits human skin and mucous membranes. Germ-free animal studies showed that the normal flora substantially influences host well-being. Specific bacteria like Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium are prominent on the human body. The skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract each harbor distinct microbial populations. Pathogens have developed various virulence factors and mechanisms to invade and establish infection by avoiding the host immune system.
This document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that naturally inhabit healthy skin and mucous membranes in humans. It notes that normal flora provide benefits like preventing pathogen colonization and stimulating immunity, but can also act as opportunistic pathogens. The document describes the types, habitats, characteristics and functions of normal flora in different body sites like the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and oral cavity. It also discusses factors that influence normal flora composition and how normal flora can be involved in disease.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It describes how the skin, mouth, intestines and other areas each have distinct resident and transient bacterial populations that protect against pathogens. The resident flora establishes itself and repopulates if disturbed, while the transient flora does not permanently colonize. These normal flora provide colonization resistance against infection and have important nutritional and protective functions. Figures show bacterial numbers by body site and mechanisms of pathogen competition.
The document discusses the microflora of the human body, including bacteria that form symbiotic relationships in the digestive system. It notes that microorganisms are present on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract and form the normal microflora that prevents pathogenic bacteria. The human flora includes bacteria, fungi and archaea that inhabit the body, some of which are useful while most have no known effect. The composition of the normal flora depends on factors like genetics, age and nutrition.
The document discusses the ecology of the oral microbial flora. It describes the various ecological niches in the oral cavity like mucosal surfaces, teeth, and saliva that are colonized by different microbial species. The oral flora is acquired initially from the mother and environment then develops into a climax community as the individual is exposed to different microbes over time. A variety of factors like pH, nutrients, oxygen levels etc determine what bacteria can colonize different oral surfaces. The resident flora plays an important role in colonization resistance against pathogens.
The normal microflora that inhabit the human body outnumber human cells 10 to 1. These microorganisms play an important role in health, providing defense against pathogens, assisting digestion, and stimulating immune system development. Disruptions to the normal microflora can cause diseases like inflammatory bowel disease. The microflora is made up of resident and transient organisms. Resident flora reestablish themselves if disturbed and provide colonization resistance, while transient flora do not permanently establish. The microflora of different body sites varies and includes bacteria that benefit health as well as circumstances where microflora could cause disease.
The document discusses the oral microflora, including the different oral habitats that microorganisms inhabit, such as the teeth, oral mucosa, tongue, and saliva. It describes the various microorganisms commonly found in the oral cavity, including streptococci, actinomyces, and candida albicans. It also defines several terms related to oral microflora and their ecology.
The document discusses various types of human microbiomes, including the oral microbiome, skin microbiome, respiratory tract microbiome, and gut microbiome. It describes the microorganisms commonly found in each area, such as various bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. It also explains the important roles the microbiomes play in human health, such as aiding digestion, producing vitamins, supporting the immune system, and acting as a first line of defense against pathogens.
Normal flora, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, colonize various sites of the human body through mutualistic and commensal relationships. Microbiota commonly reside on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and genital region through tissue specificity involving bacterial adherence and biofilm formation preferential for certain tissues. While generally beneficial, microbiota can become pathogenic under conditions like immunosuppression or change in location. References included Medical Microbiology and Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology textbooks.
This document summarizes the normal flora of the human body. It describes that microbial ecology is the study of microorganisms and their environments, including the relationship between microbes and humans. The normal flora, or indigenous flora, of the human body regularly inhabit specific areas, can inhibit pathogens, and provide benefits. Different areas of the body have characteristic normal flora, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus on the skin, and Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the intestines and vagina. The document provides details on the normal flora found across various sites of the human body.
The document describes the normal flora of the human body. It states that normal flora are bacteria and fungi that normally inhabit several body sites, helping maintain health. Key body sites and their normal flora include the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis), respiratory tract (e.g. viridans streptococci in the throat), and intestines (e.g. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the colon). The normal flora protect against pathogens, aid nutrient absorption, and maintain a healthy balance when present.
Normal flora are microorganisms that reside harmlessly in various areas of the human body. The document discusses the normal flora found in different body sites like skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Key organisms that commonly constitute normal flora include Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes on the skin, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species in the gastrointestinal tract, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina. Normal flora play important roles like protecting the host from pathogens and aiding nutrient absorption.
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that normally inhabit various areas of the human body. There are two types of normal flora: resident flora that are always present, and transient flora that are temporary. Normal flora can have mutualistic or commensal relationships with the human body. Common sites inhabited by normal flora include the skin, conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. The types of microbes found in these areas include various bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci. Normal flora provides advantages to the human body by preventing pathogen growth and producing vitamins.
The document is an invitation to color and explore feelings using a Feelings Monster coloring book in the Reflect app. It asks the user to choose colors to express how different emotions like motivation, happiness, hurt, worry, and worthlessness are felt. The coloring book aims to help users learn about a range of emotions by expressing how scenarios or pictures in it make them feel through using different colors.
The document discusses normal flora and pathogenic bacteria that can infect surfaces in the body. It describes how different bacteria normally inhabit different body sites like the skin, oral cavity, intestines and urogenital tract. It also discusses sterile body sites. When bacteria spread from their normal sites and infect other surfaces, it can lead to diseases like endocarditis, osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections. Bacteria can form biofilms on surfaces, which makes surface infections difficult to treat.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
This chapter discusses microbial ecology and biotechnology. It begins by defining microbial ecology as the study of relationships between microbes and their environment. Most human-microbe relationships are beneficial, such as our indigenous microflora that colonize our bodies. These microbes can have symbiotic relationships that are mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The chapter then describes the various microbes found in different parts of the human body like the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It discusses how biofilms form complex microbial communities and their medical significance. The chapter concludes by mentioning opportunistic pathogens and biotherapeutic agents that can affect our indigenous microflora, as well as synergistic infections caused by multiple microbes.
This document discusses the human microbiome and normal flora. It defines normal flora as the microorganisms that reside on skin and mucous membranes, including both beneficial and some harmful bacteria and fungi. Normal flora have symbiotic relationships and are either resident microbes that re-establish after disturbance or transient microbes that do not. The document outlines the major microbial flora found in different body sites like skin, oral cavity, intestines and urogenital tract and factors that influence and maintain the normal flora in each site.
The document discusses the human microbiome and normal microbial flora. It notes that a diverse microbial population normally inhabits human skin and mucous membranes. Germ-free animal studies showed that the normal flora substantially influences host well-being. Specific bacteria like Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium are prominent on the human body. The skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract each harbor distinct microbial populations. Pathogens have developed various virulence factors and mechanisms to invade and establish infection by avoiding the host immune system.
This document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that naturally inhabit healthy skin and mucous membranes in humans. It notes that normal flora provide benefits like preventing pathogen colonization and stimulating immunity, but can also act as opportunistic pathogens. The document describes the types, habitats, characteristics and functions of normal flora in different body sites like the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and oral cavity. It also discusses factors that influence normal flora composition and how normal flora can be involved in disease.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It describes how the skin, mouth, intestines and other areas each have distinct resident and transient bacterial populations that protect against pathogens. The resident flora establishes itself and repopulates if disturbed, while the transient flora does not permanently colonize. These normal flora provide colonization resistance against infection and have important nutritional and protective functions. Figures show bacterial numbers by body site and mechanisms of pathogen competition.
The document discusses the microflora of the human body, including bacteria that form symbiotic relationships in the digestive system. It notes that microorganisms are present on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract and form the normal microflora that prevents pathogenic bacteria. The human flora includes bacteria, fungi and archaea that inhabit the body, some of which are useful while most have no known effect. The composition of the normal flora depends on factors like genetics, age and nutrition.
The document discusses the ecology of the oral microbial flora. It describes the various ecological niches in the oral cavity like mucosal surfaces, teeth, and saliva that are colonized by different microbial species. The oral flora is acquired initially from the mother and environment then develops into a climax community as the individual is exposed to different microbes over time. A variety of factors like pH, nutrients, oxygen levels etc determine what bacteria can colonize different oral surfaces. The resident flora plays an important role in colonization resistance against pathogens.
The normal microflora that inhabit the human body outnumber human cells 10 to 1. These microorganisms play an important role in health, providing defense against pathogens, assisting digestion, and stimulating immune system development. Disruptions to the normal microflora can cause diseases like inflammatory bowel disease. The microflora is made up of resident and transient organisms. Resident flora reestablish themselves if disturbed and provide colonization resistance, while transient flora do not permanently establish. The microflora of different body sites varies and includes bacteria that benefit health as well as circumstances where microflora could cause disease.
The document discusses the oral microflora, including the different oral habitats that microorganisms inhabit, such as the teeth, oral mucosa, tongue, and saliva. It describes the various microorganisms commonly found in the oral cavity, including streptococci, actinomyces, and candida albicans. It also defines several terms related to oral microflora and their ecology.
The document discusses various types of human microbiomes, including the oral microbiome, skin microbiome, respiratory tract microbiome, and gut microbiome. It describes the microorganisms commonly found in each area, such as various bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. It also explains the important roles the microbiomes play in human health, such as aiding digestion, producing vitamins, supporting the immune system, and acting as a first line of defense against pathogens.
Normal flora, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, colonize various sites of the human body through mutualistic and commensal relationships. Microbiota commonly reside on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and genital region through tissue specificity involving bacterial adherence and biofilm formation preferential for certain tissues. While generally beneficial, microbiota can become pathogenic under conditions like immunosuppression or change in location. References included Medical Microbiology and Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology textbooks.
This document summarizes the normal flora of the human body. It describes that microbial ecology is the study of microorganisms and their environments, including the relationship between microbes and humans. The normal flora, or indigenous flora, of the human body regularly inhabit specific areas, can inhibit pathogens, and provide benefits. Different areas of the body have characteristic normal flora, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus on the skin, and Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the intestines and vagina. The document provides details on the normal flora found across various sites of the human body.
The document describes the normal flora of the human body. It states that normal flora are bacteria and fungi that normally inhabit several body sites, helping maintain health. Key body sites and their normal flora include the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis), respiratory tract (e.g. viridans streptococci in the throat), and intestines (e.g. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the colon). The normal flora protect against pathogens, aid nutrient absorption, and maintain a healthy balance when present.
Normal flora are microorganisms that reside harmlessly in various areas of the human body. The document discusses the normal flora found in different body sites like skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Key organisms that commonly constitute normal flora include Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes on the skin, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species in the gastrointestinal tract, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina. Normal flora play important roles like protecting the host from pathogens and aiding nutrient absorption.
Oral microbiology/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that normally inhabit various areas of the human body. There are two types of normal flora: resident flora that are always present, and transient flora that are temporary. Normal flora can have mutualistic or commensal relationships with the human body. Common sites inhabited by normal flora include the skin, conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. The types of microbes found in these areas include various bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci. Normal flora provides advantages to the human body by preventing pathogen growth and producing vitamins.
The document is an invitation to color and explore feelings using a Feelings Monster coloring book in the Reflect app. It asks the user to choose colors to express how different emotions like motivation, happiness, hurt, worry, and worthlessness are felt. The coloring book aims to help users learn about a range of emotions by expressing how scenarios or pictures in it make them feel through using different colors.
/fhfhsghsgfgjjsfjrsthusthhnfdgfghndrtjheayhHFGNRSHSRTHSRTHAEHEHJNHFHETHSETHJSRJRSJHEATHFGHdfngfjnhmtghmxmghmhgmjjfegkjbgkj.njnljdfgkljgfkljnfgbldfngldfglljgnhlej;glaeglejhnglaeghalhlg;aehg;laehrg;lehnglndgl/.ernahg'kjnb.l;aekng;leknalvvngolaewhglnablnea;olgnlfdnvbrl/eng;/lenlvblngbreagejnrlbn;erahg'argnlbknea;rgh'p;hrg'oWHG'RHIG'Wg'wpnblknsblvjkgvlowerhg'wphklgvHG"iophgpknbLKghpknfp'vbghpngbeaghshbsetrhkbgkejrgkjlwgfklwejglkwejgtflwekgkewugfkluwgflEKLUWEGBFLUKWEGLKJWEGBFLKWJEGBKJLWEGFKLWegkljwegwGJKEfwelkgflkwegklweghghwkjegh;wehgkwejhgwkehglwkEHKWEGHWKHWKEHGKJWEHGKJWEHGKWJHLWHGKJGWKJFEJKDSFBSDFBFHBSDFM,BSFBSDFSDFBMSDFMBSDFBNSDBSDFMBSDFBNSDFBNDSFBNSDFNBNB NDFDFJBNFDBNFDNbndfmndfmndfnbdfbndfbndfnfdndfndfbnfdnmfdnmfdmnmnfdmmnfdmndfmnnmfddm,fdmnfdmndfnmnmfdnmdfmndfmnmnfdnmdfmnfdmndfnnmdfndfnmdfnf,fbdsbfsdfjhsdfjhsdgflhgskflgsldkjfglkdfglkjgsdfkglkgflskjgdflksgfskdlglkjfglksfgklsfglskfjlskjdflskjgfkjfkjgfd Иллюстрированное учебное пособие “Общая микробиология” подготовлено в качестве информационного сопровождения самостоятельной работы студентов, осваивающих основные образовательные программы высшего профессионального образования укрупненной группы специальностей 060000 – Здравоохранение, разработанные на основе ФГОС и предусматривающие формирование знаний по микробиологии и вирусологии. В иллюстрированном учебном пособии приводятся сведения по морфологии, физиологии, генетике, экологии микроорганизмов, основам инфектологии и эпидемиологии инфекционных болезней. Каждый раздел сопровождается контрольными вопросами и тренировочным тестами. Пособие содержит также методические указания по проведению практических занятий по общей микробиологии. Иллюстрированное учебное пособие предназначено для внеаудиторной подготовки студентов, обучающихся по специальностям 060101 (лечебное дело), 060103 (педиатрия), 060105 (медико-профилактическое дело), 060201 (стоматология) и 060301 (фармация). Эпидемический процесс – это процесс возникновения и распространения специфических инфекционных состояний (от бессимптомного носительства до манифестных заболеваний) на видовом и популяционном уровнях, то есть процесс взаимодействия двух популяций – популяции паразита и популяции хозяина (популяции людей). На эпидемический процесс большое влияние оказывают социальные условия жизни населения и природные факторы.
Наука, изучающая закономерности возникновения и распространения заболеваний различной этиологии среди населения с целью разработки профилактических мероприятий, называется эпидемиологией.
Эпидемический процесс имеет разное проявление:
- спорадическая заболеваемость – это низкий уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в данный период (сезон) времени (единичные случаи заболеваний или групповые вспышки, не связанные между собой);
- эпидемия – это такой уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в конкретный отрезок времени, который в несколько раз превышает уровень спорадической заболеваемости, прогрессирует по времени и имеет тенд
This document discusses various dental and oral diseases, their causes, and the microorganisms involved. It describes odontogenic infections which can develop from issues like untreated caries or pulpitis. These infections may remain localized or spread systemically. Key microbes involved include streptococci, staphylococci, and various anaerobes. It also discusses specific conditions like dental caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, and abscesses. Oral fungal infections especially candidiasis are explained in detail along with symptoms and types. Ulcerative necrotic gingivostomatitis is also summarized.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
2. What is Normal Flora?
•Normal flora are microorganisms, mostly bacteria
that continuously inhibited the human body. Under
normal conditions in a healthy human they are
harmless and may even be beneficial.
•Also called commensals i.e. organisms that dine
together.
• They can be either:
• Resident microflora - inhabit body sites for extended periods.
• Transient microflora - only temporary fond in a body site.
3. Normal Flora Definition
• Normal flora is the
mixture of
microorganisms
(bacteria and fungi)
that are regularly
found at any
anatomical site of
human body.
4. Relationships between Organisms
• Symbiosis - Permanent association between two different organisms.
• Neutralism - Two organisms living together, and neither is affected by that.
• Mutualism - Two organisms living together, and both benefit from that.
• Commensalism: Two organisms living together, one is benefited and the other is
not been affected.
• Parasitism: Two organisms living together, one is benefited ‘’called parasite’’ and
the other is harmed ‘’called host’’.
• Synergism: Sometimes, two (or more) microorganism may work together “team
up” to produce a disease that neither could cause by itself
5.
6. Stuff about
Normal Flora
• New born baby born sterile
,they acquire the organisms
after born from environment.
Our internal organs are sterile
like the spleen, liver,
pancreas, bladder, CNS, blood
unless during infection.
Normal flora differ from one
human to another depending
on age, diet, and geographic
habitat.
7. Why Should We Know About Normal Flora?
We all should know about the types and
distribution of normal flora in our bodies because:
It gives us better understanding of the possible
infections that result from injury to a specific
body site. As well as the possible sources and
significance of microorganisms isolated from the
site of an infection.
8. In a healthy human, the internal tissues, e.g. blood, brain,
muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. However, the
surface tissues, i.e., skin and mucous membranes, are constantly
in contact with environmental organisms and become readily
colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of
organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as
the normal flora. The normal flora of humans consists of a few
eucaryotic fungi and protists, but bacteria are the most numerous
and obvious microbial components of the normal flora. A
healthy foetus in utero is free from microorganisms. During
birth the infant in exposed to vaginal flora. Within a few hours
of birth oral and nasopharyngeal flora develops and in a day or
two resident flora of the lower intestine appears
9. Effects of breastfeeding vs. bottle-feeding on
indigenous microflora
• Large effect seen - breastfed infants develop primarily
Bifidobacterium populations, bottle-fed get a mixture of
various species of coliforms, Clostridium, Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, etc. Breastfed infants have
lower pH and less buffering capacity in large intestine. This
disfavors enterobacteria and favors Bifidobacteria.
Bifidobacterium seem to compete with potential pathogens
like Clostridium difficile and some enterobacteria One study
demonstrated that bottle-fed infants were 4X as likely as
breastfed ones to harbor C. difficile.
10. Normal flora of specific regions
• Skin
• Oral cavity
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Other areas
• Upper respiratory tract
• Lower respiratory tract
• Urogenital tract
• Microorganisms are normally not found in the organs, blood, or
lymph. (if they are, you’re in trouble!)
11. Normal flora of the skin
• Skin surface is unfavorable habitat.
• Usually only populated by transient microbes
• Exceptions are moister areas: scalp, face, ears, underarms,
genitourinary, palms, toes.
• Most resident skin microorganisms inhabit deeper layers of the
epidermis, sweat glands, and follicles.
• Most of the residents are Gram-positives, especially Staphylococcus
and Propionibacterium
12. Normal flora of the mouth
A great place to live! (in contrast to the skin)
The only negatives: salivary enzymes (lysozyme and
lactoperoxidase), and constant need to re-attach
Initially (i.e. at birth), there are only a limited number of
bacterial types (aerotolerant anaerobes like
Lactobacillus and Streptococcus), then as teeth erupt
there are more anaerobes and bacteria adapted to living
in crevices and on smooth surfaces.
13. Microflora of the EYES
The conjunctiva of the eye has
primarily S. epidermidis, followed by S.
aureus, C. diphtheroids, and S. pneumoniae.
Some skin normal flora are also present but at
fewer amounts.
Tears (Lysozyme enzyme), mucus, and oil
will protect the conjunctiva of the eye from
colonization by more bacteria.
14. Microflora of the EARS
• The middle ear and inner ear:
are usually sterile.The outer
ear and the auditory canal:
contain the same normal flora
of the skin. When the person
coughs, sneezes, or blows his
nose, these microbes may
move into the middle ear
where they cause infection.
15. Gastrointestinal Tract
• Stomach: Only few bacteria are present in the stomach
due to gastric enzymes and acidic pH.
• Intestines: large intestine has more bacteria than the
small intestine. 99% of normal flora in the large
intestine are anaerobic Bacteroides spp.
• Most common Gram negatives: E.coli, Klebsiella spp.,
Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacter spp.
16. Urogenital Tract
•Vagina: Lactobacillus spp. keeps the pH acidic to
protect us from fungal infections caused by
Candida albicans which is a minor resident.
•Kidney and Bladder: are sterile.
•Lower Urethra: has the same normal flora
present in the skin outer layer.
17.
18. Bismuth Sulfite Agar: Composition, Uses,
Colony Morphology
Bismuth Sulfite Agar (BS) is a selective as well as differential medium for
isolation and presumptive identification of Salmonella spp especially
Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella spp are the causative agent of various diseases
like gastroenteritis, sepsis, enteric fever. Salmonella can be isolated from
wide range of clinical, food, sewage and other environmental samples.
Bismuth sulfite agar is a modification of original Wilson and Blair Medium.
Ferrous sulfate is an indicator for hydrogen sulfide production, which occurs
when the H2S (hydrogen sulfide) produced by Salmonella reacts with the iron
salt. This reaction causes a black or green metallic colony and brown or black
precipitate whilst the reduction of bismuth ions to metallic bismuth produces
a metallic luster around of the colonies. Agar is the solidifying agent.
19. Result and interpretation:
The colony morphology of certain bacteria are illustrated as follows
Organism Appearance
Salmonella Typhi
Black `rabbit-eye’ colonies with a black zone and
metallic sheen surrounding the colony after 18 hours.
Uniformly black after 48 hours incubation Note: When
a heavy inoculum is used, S. Typhi appears light green
and could be misinterpreted as negative growth.
Salmonella Paratyphi A and Other Salmonella spp
Variable colony appearance after 18 hours, they may be
black, green or clear and mucoid. Uniformly black
colonies are seen after 48 hours, often with widespread
staining of the medium and a pronounced metallic
sheen
Other organisms like Coliform bacteria, Serratia,
Proteus
Usually inhibited but occasional strains give dull green
or brown colonies with no metallic sheen or staining of
the surrounding medium.
20. Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar: Composition,
Preparation, Uses
Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA) is a selective medium used to cultivate
Gram-positive organisms, particularly cocci, from a sample containing a
mixture of pathogens. The active ingredient, phenylethyl alcohol,
inhibits or markedly reduces the growth of Gram-negative organisms by
interfering with DNA synthesis. Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-
positive organism, grows on PEA while Serratia marcescens, a Gram-
negative organism, does not.
Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA) may be prepared with and without 5%
sheep blood supplement. Five percent sheep blood is added to the base
medium to enhance the growth of anaerobic bacteria.
21.
22. Colony Shape, Size of the bacterial
colony, Appearance of the colony
surface, Consistency/Texture, Color of
the colonies (pigmentation)
Elevation of the bacterial colony: It gives
information about, how much does the
colony rise above the agar. This describes
the “side view” of a colony. These are the
most common elevations; e.g. flat, raised,
umbonate (having a knobby protuberance),
crateriform, convex, pulvinate (cushion-
shaped).
Margin of bacterial colony: The margin or
edge of a colony may be an important
characteristic in identifying organisms.
Common examples are entire (smooth),
irregular, undulate (wavy), lobate, curled,
filiform, etc.
23. Opacity of the bacterial colony
Is the colony transparent (clear), opaque (not transparent or
clear), translucent (almost clear, but distorted vision–like
looking through frosted glass), or iridescent (changing colors in
reflected light)?
24. Coliforms are good indicator organisms. They are not generally pathogenic, their presence shows that faecal
contamination of water has occurred. Coliforms in the hygienic practice are defined as those facultative
anaerobic, Gram-negative, non–endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose, produce acid and
gas within 48 hours at 37°C. Coliforms are
members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (e.g. E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae). The
values of coli-count and the coli-titer are used for the quantitative characterization of coliform organisms in a
sample.
Coli-titer is the smallest amount of water, from which coliform organisms can still be cultivated.
Coli-count (Coli-index) is the number of coliform bacteria that can be cultivated from 100 ml of water sample.
Streptococcus faecalis dies in water quickly, however its evaluation is important, since, as opposed to E. coli
(which can be found almost anywhere), S. faecalis does not reproduce in the nonfecal environment. Thus its
presence underlines the results of E. coli testing and indicates the fresh fecal contamination of water. Anaerobic
spore forming Clostridium welchii
stays viable in water for a long period of time, thus its presence in water indicates heavy and long-lasting
fecalcontamination of water.
25. B. MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SURFACE
WATER; HYGIENIC CONTROL
B/1. COLI-COUNT DETERMINATION BY MEMBRANE
FILTER TECHNIQUE
A membrane filter with a 0.45μm pore-size is generally used to remove
bacteria from
solutions.
Exercise: Filter 100 ml of a water sample through a 150μm thick and
0.45μm pore-sized
sterile membrane filter. Remove the membrane filter and place it facing
up onto the surface of differential media (endo- or eosin-methylene blue
agar plates). Incubate the plates at 37°C for
24 hours and count the number of colonies formed. Knowing the
volume of water that has
been filtered, we can estimate the Coli-count of 100 ml water sample.
Sample: water sample (river water, well water)
Materials: graduated cylinder (to measure a 100 ml of water), 0,45μm
pore-size
membrane filter (for filtering tap water or natural water samples), sterile
filtering unit, Endo
agar Petri plates (LES Endo Agar) or Eosin-Methylene Blue agar plates
(EMB Agar), metal
forceps (use alcohol for flaming)