/fhfhsghsgfgjjsfjrsthusthhnfdgfghndrtjheayhHFGNRSHSRTHSRTHAEHEHJNHFHETHSETHJSRJRSJHEATHFGHdfngfjnhmtghmxmghmhgmjjfegkjbgkj.njnljdfgkljgfkljnfgbldfngldfglljgnhlej;glaeglejhnglaeghalhlg;aehg;laehrg;lehnglndgl/.ernahg'kjnb.l;aekng;leknalvvngolaewhglnablnea;olgnlfdnvbrl/eng;/lenlvblngbreagejnrlbn;erahg'argnlbknea;rgh'p;hrg'oWHG'RHIG'Wg'wpnblknsblvjkgvlowerhg'wphklgvHG"iophgpknbLKghpknfp'vbghpngbeaghshbsetrhkbgkejrgkjlwgfklwejglkwejgtflwekgkewugfkluwgflEKLUWEGBFLUKWEGLKJWEGBFLKWJEGBKJLWEGFKLWegkljwegwGJKEfwelkgflkwegklweghghwkjegh;wehgkwejhgwkehglwkEHKWEGHWKHWKEHGKJWEHGKJWEHGKWJHLWHGKJGWKJFEJKDSFBSDFBFHBSDFM,BSFBSDFSDFBMSDFMBSDFBNSDBSDFMBSDFBNSDFBNDSFBNSDFNBNB NDFDFJBNFDBNFDNbndfmndfmndfnbdfbndfbndfnfdndfndfbnfdnmfdnmfdmnmnfdmmnfdmndfmnnmfddm,fdmnfdmndfnmnmfdnmdfmndfmnmnfdnmdfmnfdmndfnnmdfndfnmdfnf,fbdsbfsdfjhsdfjhsdgflhgskflgsldkjfglkdfglkjgsdfkglkgflskjgdflksgfskdlglkjfglksfgklsfglskfjlskjdflskjgfkjfkjgfd Иллюстрированное учебное пособие “Общая микробиология” подготовлено в качестве информационного сопровождения самостоятельной работы студентов, осваивающих основные образовательные программы высшего профессионального образования укрупненной группы специальностей 060000 – Здравоохранение, разработанные на основе ФГОС и предусматривающие формирование знаний по микробиологии и вирусологии. В иллюстрированном учебном пособии приводятся сведения по морфологии, физиологии, генетике, экологии микроорганизмов, основам инфектологии и эпидемиологии инфекционных болезней. Каждый раздел сопровождается контрольными вопросами и тренировочным тестами. Пособие содержит также методические указания по проведению практических занятий по общей микробиологии. Иллюстрированное учебное пособие предназначено для внеаудиторной подготовки студентов, обучающихся по специальностям 060101 (лечебное дело), 060103 (педиатрия), 060105 (медико-профилактическое дело), 060201 (стоматология) и 060301 (фармация). Эпидемический процесс – это процесс возникновения и распространения специфических инфекционных состояний (от бессимптомного носительства до манифестных заболеваний) на видовом и популяционном уровнях, то есть процесс взаимодействия двух популяций – популяции паразита и популяции хозяина (популяции людей). На эпидемический процесс большое влияние оказывают социальные условия жизни населения и природные факторы.
Наука, изучающая закономерности возникновения и распространения заболеваний различной этиологии среди населения с целью разработки профилактических мероприятий, называется эпидемиологией.
Эпидемический процесс имеет разное проявление:
- спорадическая заболеваемость – это низкий уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в данный период (сезон) времени (единичные случаи заболеваний или групповые вспышки, не связанные между собой);
- эпидемия – это такой уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в конкретный отрезок времени, который в несколько раз превышает уровень спорадической заболеваемости, прогрессирует по времени и имеет тенд
This document provides information on various viral infections. It begins by describing the basic structure and life cycle of viruses, noting that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cells for replication. It then discusses the process of viral infection, describing how viruses introduce their genetic material into host cells and hijack the cell's machinery to reproduce. It provides examples of different types of viral infections that affect the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and are sexually transmitted. Specific viruses like influenza, the common cold, chickenpox, HPV and HIV are discussed in more detail. The document emphasizes that viruses use different transmission methods like direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food/water, insects, and bodily fluids to spread from one host
This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
powerpoint for mapeh 8 (health 8) quarter 3.pptxELLAMAYDECENA2
- Pathogens are organisms that cause disease and include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites.
- Bacteria and fungi are important in ecosystems but some species can cause illness in humans. Viruses and parasites rely on living hosts.
- Common diseases result from pathogens like influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, malaria protozoa, and roundworm infections. Those with weak immune systems face higher risks. Prevention focuses on hygiene, sanitation, and treatment of infections.
A communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological)agent or it's toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man,from animal to man,from animal to animal,from the environment (through air,water,food etc)to man.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that enter the body and multiply. Transmission can occur through various routes like physical contact, airborne inhalation, or vectors. Primary pathogens cause disease through their presence and activity in the host, while opportunistic pathogens may cause disease when the host's immune system is compromised. Diagnosis involves identifying the infectious agent through clinical presentation, lab tests, or direct observation under a microscope. Prevention strategies include hygiene practices, vaccination, and reducing exposure to vectors.
Viruses are infectious agents that can cause disease in humans, animals and plants. They range from those that cause minor illnesses like the common cold to more serious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Viruses insert their genetic material into host cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate. They are host specific and thought to have originated from host cell genetic material. While some viruses can be beneficial for controlling pests, viruses overall are responsible for a wide range of diseases through disrupting normal host functioning. Prevention through vaccines is crucial given viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics.
This document discusses host-microbe interactions and the sources of infection. It defines key terms like infection, infestation, pathogen, resistance, and susceptibility. It explains that microorganisms can have different relationships with hosts like parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Pathogens are microbes that can cause disease, while commensals do not affect the host. Sources of infection include humans, animals, insects, and the environment. Humans can transmit diseases as patients or carriers. Animals can transmit zoonotic diseases. Insects like mosquitoes transmit pathogens as mechanical or biological vectors. The environment, including soil, water, and food, can harbor microbes that cause infections.
This document provides information on various viral infections. It begins by describing the basic structure and life cycle of viruses, noting that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cells for replication. It then discusses the process of viral infection, describing how viruses introduce their genetic material into host cells and hijack the cell's machinery to reproduce. It provides examples of different types of viral infections that affect the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and are sexually transmitted. Specific viruses like influenza, the common cold, chickenpox, HPV and HIV are discussed in more detail. The document emphasizes that viruses use different transmission methods like direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food/water, insects, and bodily fluids to spread from one host
This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
powerpoint for mapeh 8 (health 8) quarter 3.pptxELLAMAYDECENA2
- Pathogens are organisms that cause disease and include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites.
- Bacteria and fungi are important in ecosystems but some species can cause illness in humans. Viruses and parasites rely on living hosts.
- Common diseases result from pathogens like influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, malaria protozoa, and roundworm infections. Those with weak immune systems face higher risks. Prevention focuses on hygiene, sanitation, and treatment of infections.
A communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological)agent or it's toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man,from animal to man,from animal to animal,from the environment (through air,water,food etc)to man.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that enter the body and multiply. Transmission can occur through various routes like physical contact, airborne inhalation, or vectors. Primary pathogens cause disease through their presence and activity in the host, while opportunistic pathogens may cause disease when the host's immune system is compromised. Diagnosis involves identifying the infectious agent through clinical presentation, lab tests, or direct observation under a microscope. Prevention strategies include hygiene practices, vaccination, and reducing exposure to vectors.
Viruses are infectious agents that can cause disease in humans, animals and plants. They range from those that cause minor illnesses like the common cold to more serious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Viruses insert their genetic material into host cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate. They are host specific and thought to have originated from host cell genetic material. While some viruses can be beneficial for controlling pests, viruses overall are responsible for a wide range of diseases through disrupting normal host functioning. Prevention through vaccines is crucial given viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics.
This document discusses host-microbe interactions and the sources of infection. It defines key terms like infection, infestation, pathogen, resistance, and susceptibility. It explains that microorganisms can have different relationships with hosts like parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Pathogens are microbes that can cause disease, while commensals do not affect the host. Sources of infection include humans, animals, insects, and the environment. Humans can transmit diseases as patients or carriers. Animals can transmit zoonotic diseases. Insects like mosquitoes transmit pathogens as mechanical or biological vectors. The environment, including soil, water, and food, can harbor microbes that cause infections.
Selected Definition in Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Uses.pptxDr. Anuj Singh
1. Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control relevant health problems.
2. Key components of epidemiology include measuring disease frequency and distribution, and identifying determinants and risk factors of diseases. Infectious disease epidemiology studies topics such as infection, contamination, infestation, and the definitions of an infectious disease.
3. Epidemiology is useful for community diagnosis, disease surveillance, planning and evaluation of health programs, and identifying risk factors and the natural history of diseases.
Chapter 14 notes Disease and Epidemiologyrmasterson
This document provides an overview of principles of disease and epidemiology. It discusses key topics including pathogens, normal microbiota, conditions that support microbial growth, types of microbial interactions (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism), Koch's postulates for identifying microbes that cause disease, classifying infectious diseases (communicable vs. non-communicable; pandemic vs. epidemic vs. endemic), factors that influence disease severity and transmission (herd immunity, predisposing factors), stages of disease progression, reservoirs of infection, and emerging infectious diseases. Students will research a bacterial or viral disease in the computer lab and learn terminology related to epidemiology.
Introduction of Communicable and Tropical DiseasesChanda Jabeen
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to communicable and tropical diseases. It discusses:
- The definition of communicable diseases as illnesses that can be directly or indirectly transmitted between humans, animals, or the environment.
- Dynamics of disease transmission, known as the "chain of infection," which involves a source/reservoir of the disease, modes of transmission (direct or indirect), and a susceptible host.
- Modes of transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, vectors that can transmit mechanically or biologically, and airborne transmission.
- Key terms like carriers, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors.
The document aims to educate students on communicable disease
This document defines and describes different types of infections: bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic. It provides details on each type of infection, including causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. The main types of infections covered are viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, and parasitic infections. For each type, the document outlines common causative agents, affected body systems, symptoms, and treatments such as antibiotics or antifungal medications. Prevention methods like vaccination, cleanliness, and hygiene are also discussed.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-3.2 Human pathogenic microbesRai University
This document discusses human pathogenic microbes including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It provides details on pathogenic bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella which can cause diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia and foodborne illness. Viruses that cause diseases are also discussed. The document also covers pathogenic fungi and human parasites that can infect and cause disease in humans. Respiratory transmission of pathogens and streptococcal diseases are described in further sections.
Principles of disease and epidemiology printBilalHoushaymi
This document discusses principles of disease epidemiology and microbiology. It defines key terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, and normal human microbiota. It describes Koch's postulates for identifying disease causation and classifies infectious diseases based on characteristics like communicability, incidence, prevalence, and host involvement. The stages of disease and factors that influence disease transmission and occurrence are examined. Nosocomial infections and emerging infectious diseases are also summarized.
Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are described. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted through the bites of infected arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks, while zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals to humans. Common vector-borne diseases discussed include dengue, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Zoonotic diseases can be spread through direct or indirect contact with infected animals. Climate and environmental factors influence the spread of these diseases. Control and prevention relies on reducing vector populations and limiting human exposure.
Viruses are very small infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. There are many types of viral infections that affect different body systems like the respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, nervous and skin. Respiratory viruses commonly cause infections like influenza and COVID-19. Some viruses are also associated with certain cancers through their ability to insert their genetic material into host cells. Proper hygiene practices, vaccination and antiviral treatment can help prevent and treat viral infections.
This document discusses microbial interactions, including both positive and negative interactions. It provides examples of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants, such as lichens and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume roots. Microbial interactions with animals are also discussed, including relationships between rumen microbes and ruminant digestion. The document concludes by examining the interaction between the human microbiome and the host.
Lec 1. introduction to infectious diseaseAyub Abdi
Introduction to the infectious disease, how they transmitt and the stratigies used for the management of infectious disease because it's more in tropical and subtropicals
This document provides information on infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. It discusses anthrax and plague, both caused by bacteria - anthrax by Bacillus anthracis and plague by Yersinia pestis. It describes the symptoms and transmission of cutaneous, inhalation, and intestinal anthrax as well as bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. It also briefly discusses ebola and smallpox, both viral diseases. The document provides an overview of infectious diseases and the bacteria and viruses that cause them.
This document provides an overview of infectious diseases and the agents that cause them. It discusses the historical perspective of major infectious diseases like smallpox, plague, and influenza. It describes Robert Koch's pioneering work in the late 19th century that established the germ theory of disease and his criteria (known as Koch's postulates) for identifying disease-causing agents. The document then covers viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, prions, and ectoparasites as causes of infectious disease, describing their characteristics, life cycles, modes of transmission, and examples of diseases they cause.
Medical diagnostic Microbiology epidemiology 2024 progress.pdf222101989
This document defines key terms related to epidemiology and the study of diseases. It explains epidemiology as the science evaluating the occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. Key concepts covered include reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, the chain of infection, and the stages of disease development. Koch's postulates for establishing the causative agent of infectious diseases are also summarized.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES medical surgical nursing.pptxMINHA47
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their nursing management. It discusses various infectious diseases like tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, and COVID-19. It covers nursing assessments, diagnostic tests, infection control measures, and isolation and quarantine protocols for managing patients with communicable diseases. The document also defines key terms related to communicable diseases, their modes of transmission, and epidemiological concepts like the epidemiological triad. It provides details on tuberculosis, including types like pulmonary and drug-resistant TB.
CM7.2 enumerate ,discuss and describe modes of transmission in disease preven...Anjali Singh
The presentation includes the topic of reservoirs, sources, and various modes of transmission of disease and their epidemiological significance in the prevention and control of diseases.
the topic also includes various examples to know the natural history of a given disease and how it will be applicable in a given epidemic situation
The document is an invitation to color and explore feelings using a Feelings Monster coloring book in the Reflect app. It asks the user to choose colors to express how different emotions like motivation, happiness, hurt, worry, and worthlessness are felt. The coloring book aims to help users learn about a range of emotions by expressing how scenarios or pictures in it make them feel through using different colors.
Selected Definition in Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Uses.pptxDr. Anuj Singh
1. Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control relevant health problems.
2. Key components of epidemiology include measuring disease frequency and distribution, and identifying determinants and risk factors of diseases. Infectious disease epidemiology studies topics such as infection, contamination, infestation, and the definitions of an infectious disease.
3. Epidemiology is useful for community diagnosis, disease surveillance, planning and evaluation of health programs, and identifying risk factors and the natural history of diseases.
Chapter 14 notes Disease and Epidemiologyrmasterson
This document provides an overview of principles of disease and epidemiology. It discusses key topics including pathogens, normal microbiota, conditions that support microbial growth, types of microbial interactions (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism), Koch's postulates for identifying microbes that cause disease, classifying infectious diseases (communicable vs. non-communicable; pandemic vs. epidemic vs. endemic), factors that influence disease severity and transmission (herd immunity, predisposing factors), stages of disease progression, reservoirs of infection, and emerging infectious diseases. Students will research a bacterial or viral disease in the computer lab and learn terminology related to epidemiology.
Introduction of Communicable and Tropical DiseasesChanda Jabeen
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to communicable and tropical diseases. It discusses:
- The definition of communicable diseases as illnesses that can be directly or indirectly transmitted between humans, animals, or the environment.
- Dynamics of disease transmission, known as the "chain of infection," which involves a source/reservoir of the disease, modes of transmission (direct or indirect), and a susceptible host.
- Modes of transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, vectors that can transmit mechanically or biologically, and airborne transmission.
- Key terms like carriers, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors.
The document aims to educate students on communicable disease
This document defines and describes different types of infections: bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic. It provides details on each type of infection, including causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. The main types of infections covered are viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, and parasitic infections. For each type, the document outlines common causative agents, affected body systems, symptoms, and treatments such as antibiotics or antifungal medications. Prevention methods like vaccination, cleanliness, and hygiene are also discussed.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-3.2 Human pathogenic microbesRai University
This document discusses human pathogenic microbes including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It provides details on pathogenic bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella which can cause diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia and foodborne illness. Viruses that cause diseases are also discussed. The document also covers pathogenic fungi and human parasites that can infect and cause disease in humans. Respiratory transmission of pathogens and streptococcal diseases are described in further sections.
Principles of disease and epidemiology printBilalHoushaymi
This document discusses principles of disease epidemiology and microbiology. It defines key terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, and normal human microbiota. It describes Koch's postulates for identifying disease causation and classifies infectious diseases based on characteristics like communicability, incidence, prevalence, and host involvement. The stages of disease and factors that influence disease transmission and occurrence are examined. Nosocomial infections and emerging infectious diseases are also summarized.
Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are described. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted through the bites of infected arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks, while zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals to humans. Common vector-borne diseases discussed include dengue, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Zoonotic diseases can be spread through direct or indirect contact with infected animals. Climate and environmental factors influence the spread of these diseases. Control and prevention relies on reducing vector populations and limiting human exposure.
Viruses are very small infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. There are many types of viral infections that affect different body systems like the respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, nervous and skin. Respiratory viruses commonly cause infections like influenza and COVID-19. Some viruses are also associated with certain cancers through their ability to insert their genetic material into host cells. Proper hygiene practices, vaccination and antiviral treatment can help prevent and treat viral infections.
This document discusses microbial interactions, including both positive and negative interactions. It provides examples of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants, such as lichens and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume roots. Microbial interactions with animals are also discussed, including relationships between rumen microbes and ruminant digestion. The document concludes by examining the interaction between the human microbiome and the host.
Lec 1. introduction to infectious diseaseAyub Abdi
Introduction to the infectious disease, how they transmitt and the stratigies used for the management of infectious disease because it's more in tropical and subtropicals
This document provides information on infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. It discusses anthrax and plague, both caused by bacteria - anthrax by Bacillus anthracis and plague by Yersinia pestis. It describes the symptoms and transmission of cutaneous, inhalation, and intestinal anthrax as well as bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. It also briefly discusses ebola and smallpox, both viral diseases. The document provides an overview of infectious diseases and the bacteria and viruses that cause them.
This document provides an overview of infectious diseases and the agents that cause them. It discusses the historical perspective of major infectious diseases like smallpox, plague, and influenza. It describes Robert Koch's pioneering work in the late 19th century that established the germ theory of disease and his criteria (known as Koch's postulates) for identifying disease-causing agents. The document then covers viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, prions, and ectoparasites as causes of infectious disease, describing their characteristics, life cycles, modes of transmission, and examples of diseases they cause.
Medical diagnostic Microbiology epidemiology 2024 progress.pdf222101989
This document defines key terms related to epidemiology and the study of diseases. It explains epidemiology as the science evaluating the occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. Key concepts covered include reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, the chain of infection, and the stages of disease development. Koch's postulates for establishing the causative agent of infectious diseases are also summarized.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES medical surgical nursing.pptxMINHA47
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their nursing management. It discusses various infectious diseases like tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, and COVID-19. It covers nursing assessments, diagnostic tests, infection control measures, and isolation and quarantine protocols for managing patients with communicable diseases. The document also defines key terms related to communicable diseases, their modes of transmission, and epidemiological concepts like the epidemiological triad. It provides details on tuberculosis, including types like pulmonary and drug-resistant TB.
CM7.2 enumerate ,discuss and describe modes of transmission in disease preven...Anjali Singh
The presentation includes the topic of reservoirs, sources, and various modes of transmission of disease and their epidemiological significance in the prevention and control of diseases.
the topic also includes various examples to know the natural history of a given disease and how it will be applicable in a given epidemic situation
The document is an invitation to color and explore feelings using a Feelings Monster coloring book in the Reflect app. It asks the user to choose colors to express how different emotions like motivation, happiness, hurt, worry, and worthlessness are felt. The coloring book aims to help users learn about a range of emotions by expressing how scenarios or pictures in it make them feel through using different colors.
Эпидемический процесс – это процесс возникновения и распространения специфических инфекционных состояний (от бессимптомного носительства до манифестных заболеваний) на видовом и популяционном уровнях, то есть процесс взаимодействия двух популяций – популяции паразита и популяции хозяина (популяции людей). На эпидемический процесс большое влияние оказывают социальные условия жизни населения и природные факторы.
Наука, изучающая закономерности возникновения и распространения заболеваний различной этиологии среди населения с целью разработки профилактических мероприятий, называется эпидемиологией.
Эпидемический процесс имеет разное проявление:
- спорадическая заболеваемость – это низкий уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в данный период (сезон) времени (единичные случаи заболеваний или групповые вспышки, не связанные между собой);
- эпидемия – это такой уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией на данной территории в конкретный отрезок времени, который в несколько раз превышает уровень спорадической заболеваемости, прогрессирует по времени и имеет тенденцию к пространственному распространению;
- пандемия – это такой уровень заболеваемости данной инфекцией в конкретный отрезок времени, который не только резко превышает уровень обычных эпидемий, но и распространяется на территорию всей страны, территорию сопредельных государств, а иногда и многих стран.
В эпидемическом процессе выделяют следующие элементы: источник инфекции, резервуар возбудителя инфекции, механизмы, пути и факторы передачи инфекции, восприимчивый организм.
Источник инфекции – это организм человека или животного, в котором происходит размножение возбудителя, и от которого в дальнейшем заражается здоровый человек. От источника инфекции возбудитель проникает в организм здорового человека либо при непосредственном контакте, минуя фазу нахождения микроба во внешней среде, либо через объекты внешней среды и окружающие предметы. Основными источниками инфекции являются больной человек, больное животное, бактерионосители (люди, животные).
Резервуар возбудителя инфекции – это объекты внешней среды, которые являются естественной средой обитания некоторых возбудителей заболеваний человека (возбудители столбняка, легионеллеза) и в которых возбудитель находит благоприятные условия для своего роста и размножения (накопления). Основными резервуарами инфекции являются почва и вода. При некоторых заболеваниях природным резервуаром возбудителя инфекции называют источник инфекции, обеспечивающий сохранение в природе возбудителя как вида. Например, для чумы суслики, сурки, песчанки являются не только источником инфекции, но и природным резервуаром возбудителя.
This document discusses various dental and oral diseases, their causes, and the microorganisms involved. It describes odontogenic infections which can develop from issues like untreated caries or pulpitis. These infections may remain localized or spread systemically. Key microbes involved include streptococci, staphylococci, and various anaerobes. It also discusses specific conditions like dental caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, and abscesses. Oral fungal infections especially candidiasis are explained in detail along with symptoms and types. Ulcerative necrotic gingivostomatitis is also summarized.
The human oral cavity contains a diverse ecosystem that is colonized by many microorganisms. Over time, a resident microbiota is established that typically remains stable throughout life. This microbiota includes bacteria, viruses and fungi that exist in complex biofilms. The makeup of the oral microbiota changes with age as different habitats form in the mouth. Imbalances in the normal microbiota have been linked to oral diseases as well as systemic conditions. Research continues to uncover relationships between the oral and total body microbiota and how they impact overall health.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
4. Infectious Diseases are
defined as:
• “Disorders caused by
organisms, such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi or parasites
…which can be passed from
person to person. Some are
transmitted by insect or
animal bites while others are
passed by ingesting
contaminated food or water
or being exposed to
organisms in the
environment.”
5. Spread of Disease
• Endemic: ”Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a
given geographic area. The usually prevalence of a given disease
within such an area.”
• Epidemic: “Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness
or outbreak clearly in excess of expectancy.”
• Pandemic: ”Occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an
exceptionally high proportion of the population, i.e. Malaria,
Сoronavirus”.
6. Bacteria
• A single-celled organism. “Under
certain circumstances some can
transform into spores.”
• The disease causing method can
occur in one of two ways:
• 1. Invading host tissues, and
• 2. Producing poisons (toxins)
• Certain bacterium, like E. coli, can
be present in uncooked foods.
7. •syphilis
•Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
•tuberculosis
•whooping cough
•pneumococcal pneumonia
•bacterial meningitis
•Lyme disease
•cholera
•botulism
•tetanus
•anthrax
•strep throat
•bacterial urinary tract infections
(UTIs), often caused by
coliform bacteria
•bacterial food poisoning, often
caused by E. coli, Salmonella,
or Shigella
•bacterial cellulitis, such as due
to Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
•bacterial vaginosis
•gonorrhea
•chlamydia
8. Possible treatments
Bacterial infections are most often treated with antibiotics.
TAKE AS PRESCRIBED If you’re prescribed antibiotics for
a bacterial infection, take the entire course of antibiotics —
even if you begin to feel better after a few days. Not doing this
can prevent the infection from clearing and can contribute to
antibiotic resistance.
9. Virus
• Smaller than bacteria, a virus is able to cause diseases
ranging from the common cold to AIDS.
• “Usually consist of a protein coat with genetic material
(either RNA or DNA). These are intracellular parasites
and lack a system for their own metabolism; they are
dependent on the synthetic machinery of their host
cells.”
• “Every virus requires its own special type of host cell
for multiplication.”
10. Some examples of viral infections include:
influenza (the flu)
common cold
measles
rubella
chickenpox
norovirus
Polio
infectious mononucleosis (mono)
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
human papillomavirus (HPV)
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
viral hepatitis, which can include
hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E
viral meningitis
West Nile Virus
rabies
ebola
11. Possible treatments
Most of the time, the treatment of viral infections centers on relieving
symptoms until your immune system clears the infection.
In some cases, antiviral drugs may be available to help treat a viral
infection.
REMEMBER It’s important to remember that antibiotics aren’t
effective in treating a viral infection.
12. Fungal infections
Fungi are another diverse group of organisms that can include things like
yeasts and molds.
• vaginal yeast infections
• ringworm
• athlete’s foot
• thrush
• aspergillosis
• histoplasmosis
• Cryptococcus infection
• fungal meningitis
14. Parasitic infections
• Parasites live on or in a host organism and get food or
other nutrients at the host’s expense. There are three
types of parasites that can cause illness in humans:
• Protozoa: small, one-celled organisms
• Helminths: larger, worm-like organisms
• Ectoparasites: organisms such as fleas, ticks, and lice
15. • malaria
• toxoplasmosis
• trichomoniasis
• giardiasis
• tapeworm infection
• roundworm infection
• pubic and head lice
• scabies
• leishmaniasis
• river blindness
16. Infection
Transmission
• Direct Contact
Person-to-Person
Animal to Person
Mother to Unborn Child
• Indirect Contact
• Touching an infected inanimate
object then yourself without
thoroughly washing.
