Normal Concept For colour vision, our normal human eyes have 3 con.pdf
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Normal Concept : For colour vision, our normal human eyes have 3 cones and photoreceptors. L cone - sensitive to long wavelength of yellowish green light M cone - middle wavelength of green light s cone - short wavelength to bluish violet light Protonapia - complete absence of red cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying the red colour Deuteranopia - complete absence of green cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying green colour Red green colour discrimination is called red- green dichromat vision blindness.He can able to see yellow circles sometimes in place of red or green colour, it shows the unstable working colour vision receptors. If one colour dominates the vision, the other will be absent,for instance, if red hue is dominant, it strikes the receptors of green colour and vice versa. Red green dichromat friend will have reduction view in the normally appearing red - green colour.The hues, he perceives was not like normal, it looks fade olive in colour.This is due to specific absence of photoreceptors. If he able to perceive colours, either one of the phoreceptors work in exitatory state and the other in inhibitory state.This is called opponent colour theory. Of all that, he might have some degeneration or improper formation issues with myelin sheath(covering the axon of a neuron) which is responsible for colour determination. Solution Normal Concept : For colour vision, our normal human eyes have 3 cones and photoreceptors. L cone - sensitive to long wavelength of yellowish green light M cone - middle wavelength of green light s cone - short wavelength to bluish violet light Protonapia - complete absence of red cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying the red colour Deuteranopia - complete absence of green cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying green colour Red green colour discrimination is called red- green dichromat vision blindness.He can able to see yellow circles sometimes in place of red or green colour, it shows the unstable working colour vision receptors. If one colour dominates the vision, the other will be absent,for instance, if red hue is dominant, it strikes the receptors of green colour and vice versa. Red green dichromat friend will have reduction view in the normally appearing red - green colour.The hues, he perceives was not like normal, it looks fade olive in colour.This is due to specific absence of photoreceptors. If he able to perceive colours, either one of the phoreceptors work in exitatory state and the other in inhibitory state.This is called opponent colour theory. Of all that, he might have some degeneration or improper formation issues with myelin sheath(covering the axon of a neuron) which is responsible for colour determination..
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Defective Colour Vision 1
The presentation is on the various defects of color perception by a human being owing to the defects known as defective color vision
Color vision and its clinical aspects
Presented by our respected teacher
Mohammad Siddique (Optometrist)
thank u sir
Final Year Student Of Optometry at ISRA School Of Optometry
All Rights Reserved
Recommended
Defective Colour Vision 1
The presentation is on the various defects of color perception by a human being owing to the defects known as defective color vision
Color vision and its clinical aspects
Presented by our respected teacher
Mohammad Siddique (Optometrist)
thank u sir
Final Year Student Of Optometry at ISRA School Of Optometry
All Rights Reserved
How do humans detect color Considering your answer to this question.pdf
How do humans detect color? Considering your answer to this question, predict why some
\"colorblind\" individuals are unable to distinguish between certain colors.
Solution
Human eye is impartent and comlicated . human eye is just like camera and having the ability of
self focusing .Light from an external object is refracted as it move through the cornea and move
to the pupil .Light again refracted by the lens which project image on the ratina .In tatina light
is absorbed by cone and rod cells .there are 6-7 million cones in ratina . three different type of
cone is present in ratina sensitive to short medium and long wevelength .cones respond to red
blue and green light .the signals from cones transmited to brain by nerve . the ganglion of brain
cells determine the colour.
Colour blind human are unable to distiguish between certai colour due to insensitivity of cone
cells . When the cone cells are insensitive to long wavelength red colour look darker than they
actually are . the green tend to look similar to red .
when cones are insensitive to medium wavelength and human can not see red and green colour .
when cones are insensitive to shoet wavelength light human can not distinguish blue and green
colour ..
Color vision
ppt here involve about effects of retinal photo receptors on color perception , color vision tests,and its managements .
COLOUR VISION AND TEST'S by Optom. Jithin Johney
This PowerPoint included all of the optical and non-optical aspects, uses, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as detailed notes on how to use each aspect.
Color vision deficiency and ishiharas test
q Colour Vision Deficiency Presented by : Optometrist (intern) Asma Al-Jroudi Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, King Abdulaziz University Hospital 30 Dec 14
2. • What Is Color Vision Deficiency? • Causes Of Color Vision Deficiency • Types Of Color Vision Deficiency • Tretments Of Color Vision Deficiency • Ishihara’s Test • Conclousion
3. What is Colour Blindness? • Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, is the inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions. •This condition results from an absence of color- sensitive pigment in the cone cells of the retina, the nerve layer at the back of the eye.
4. What is Colour Blindness? • Cones are the coulored light receptors in back of the eye: Red light receptors, Blue light receptors and Green light receptors. • Colour blindness occurs when one or more of the cone types are defected.
5. Causes of Color Blindness • Genetic: Many more men are affected than women. • Acquired : Chronic illness, Accidents, Medications and Age.
Color Vision Deficiency and Ishihara's Test
Color vision deficiency's causes, types, and Ishihara's test procedure.
hope it helps :) enjoy .
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdf
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the late nineteenth century in
reference to the construction of the Crystal Palace or Eiffel Tower.
After the Baroque faded slowly away, eighteenth-century architecture consisted primarily of
revivals of previous periods. This time was to be the calm before the storm, for the approaching
Industrial Revolution was to change everything about the world as it was then, including
architecture. Previously, building materials had been restricted to a few manmade materials
along with those available in nature: timber, stone, timber, lime mortar, and concrete. Metals
were not available in sufficient quantity or consistent quality to be used as anything more than
ornamentation. Structure was limited by the capabilities of natural materials. The Industrial
Revolution changed this situation dramatically.
In 1800, the worldwide tonnage of iron produced was 825,000 tons. By 1900, with the Industrial
Revolution in full swing, worldwide production stood at 40 million tons, almost 50 times as
much. Iron was available in three forms. The least processed form, cast iron, was brittle due to a
high percentage of impurities. It still displayed impressive compressive strength, however.
Wrought iron was a more refined form of iron, malleable, though with low tensile strength. Steel
was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Through a conversion process, all of the impurities
were burned out of the iron ore, then precise amounts of carbon were added for hardness. Steel
had tensile and compressive strength greater than any material previously available, and its
capabilities would revolutionize architecture.
This change did not happen over night. Prior to the introduction of bulk iron, architecture relied
on compressive strength to hold buildings up. Even great structures like the Chartres Cathedral
or the Parthenon were essentially orderly piles of stone. Architects were accustomed to thinking
of certain ways of creating structure, and though they glimpsed some of the possibilities of the
new materials, the first applications were made using the old ideas.
The explosion in the development of iron and steel structures was driven initially by the advance
of the railroads. Bridges were required to span gorges and rivers. In 1779, the first iron bridge
was built across the Severn River in Coalescence, England. It was not an iron bridge as we might
conceive of it today, but rather a traditional arch made of iron instead of stone. The compressive
strength of limestone is 20 tons per square foot. The compressive strength of cast iron is 10 tons
per square inch, 72 times as high, permitting significantly larger spans. Later, the truss, long used
in timber roofs, became the primary element of bridge building. A triangle is the strongest
structural element known, and applied force only makes it more stable. When a diagonal is added
to a square, the form can be viewed as two triangles sharing a side, the fundam.
c++ code for a Median of Integer Stream from Text File program#.pdf
// c++ code for a Median of Integer Stream from Text File program
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
#include
double streamMedian(vector v, int size)
{
double* s = new double[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
s[i] = v[i];
}
for (int i = size - 1; i > 0; --i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j)
{
if (s[j] > s[j+1])
{
double t = s[j];
s[j] = s[j+1];
s[j+1] = t;
}
}
}
double median = 0.0;
if ((size % 2) == 0)
{
median = (s[size/2] + s[(size/2) - 1])/2.0;
}
else
{
median = s[size/2];
}
return median;
}
int main()
{
int number;
double median;
std::vector v;
int count = 1;
ifstream myfile (\"input.txt\");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
while ( myfile >> number )
{
cout << \"After reading \" << count << \" element of stream - \";
v.push_back(number);
for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
{
cout << v[i] << \" \";
}
cout << \"-> \";
sort(v.begin(), v.end());
cout << \"median - \" << streamMedian(v,v.size()) << endl;
}
myfile.close();
}
return 0;
}
/*
input.txt
5
15
1
3
output:
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 -> median - 10
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 1 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 1 5 15 3 -> median - 4
*/
Solution
// c++ code for a Median of Integer Stream from Text File program
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
#include
double streamMedian(vector v, int size)
{
double* s = new double[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
s[i] = v[i];
}
for (int i = size - 1; i > 0; --i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j)
{
if (s[j] > s[j+1])
{
double t = s[j];
s[j] = s[j+1];
s[j+1] = t;
}
}
}
double median = 0.0;
if ((size % 2) == 0)
{
median = (s[size/2] + s[(size/2) - 1])/2.0;
}
else
{
median = s[size/2];
}
return median;
}
int main()
{
int number;
double median;
std::vector v;
int count = 1;
ifstream myfile (\"input.txt\");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
while ( myfile >> number )
{
cout << \"After reading \" << count << \" element of stream - \";
v.push_back(number);
for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
{
cout << v[i] << \" \";
}
cout << \"-> \";
sort(v.begin(), v.end());
cout << \"median - \" << streamMedian(v,v.size()) << endl;
}
myfile.close();
}
return 0;
}
/*
input.txt
5
15
1
3
output:
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 -> median - 10
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 1 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 1 5 15 3 -> median - 4
*/.
More Related Content
Similar to Normal Concept For colour vision, our normal human eyes have 3 con.pdf
How do humans detect color Considering your answer to this question.pdf
How do humans detect color? Considering your answer to this question, predict why some
\"colorblind\" individuals are unable to distinguish between certain colors.
Solution
Human eye is impartent and comlicated . human eye is just like camera and having the ability of
self focusing .Light from an external object is refracted as it move through the cornea and move
to the pupil .Light again refracted by the lens which project image on the ratina .In tatina light
is absorbed by cone and rod cells .there are 6-7 million cones in ratina . three different type of
cone is present in ratina sensitive to short medium and long wevelength .cones respond to red
blue and green light .the signals from cones transmited to brain by nerve . the ganglion of brain
cells determine the colour.
Colour blind human are unable to distiguish between certai colour due to insensitivity of cone
cells . When the cone cells are insensitive to long wavelength red colour look darker than they
actually are . the green tend to look similar to red .
when cones are insensitive to medium wavelength and human can not see red and green colour .
when cones are insensitive to shoet wavelength light human can not distinguish blue and green
colour ..
Color vision
ppt here involve about effects of retinal photo receptors on color perception , color vision tests,and its managements .
COLOUR VISION AND TEST'S by Optom. Jithin Johney
This PowerPoint included all of the optical and non-optical aspects, uses, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as detailed notes on how to use each aspect.
Color vision deficiency and ishiharas test
q Colour Vision Deficiency Presented by : Optometrist (intern) Asma Al-Jroudi Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, King Abdulaziz University Hospital 30 Dec 14
2. • What Is Color Vision Deficiency? • Causes Of Color Vision Deficiency • Types Of Color Vision Deficiency • Tretments Of Color Vision Deficiency • Ishihara’s Test • Conclousion
3. What is Colour Blindness? • Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, is the inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions. •This condition results from an absence of color- sensitive pigment in the cone cells of the retina, the nerve layer at the back of the eye.
4. What is Colour Blindness? • Cones are the coulored light receptors in back of the eye: Red light receptors, Blue light receptors and Green light receptors. • Colour blindness occurs when one or more of the cone types are defected.
5. Causes of Color Blindness • Genetic: Many more men are affected than women. • Acquired : Chronic illness, Accidents, Medications and Age.
Color Vision Deficiency and Ishihara's Test
Color vision deficiency's causes, types, and Ishihara's test procedure.
hope it helps :) enjoy .
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More from aquastore223
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdf
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the late nineteenth century in
reference to the construction of the Crystal Palace or Eiffel Tower.
After the Baroque faded slowly away, eighteenth-century architecture consisted primarily of
revivals of previous periods. This time was to be the calm before the storm, for the approaching
Industrial Revolution was to change everything about the world as it was then, including
architecture. Previously, building materials had been restricted to a few manmade materials
along with those available in nature: timber, stone, timber, lime mortar, and concrete. Metals
were not available in sufficient quantity or consistent quality to be used as anything more than
ornamentation. Structure was limited by the capabilities of natural materials. The Industrial
Revolution changed this situation dramatically.
In 1800, the worldwide tonnage of iron produced was 825,000 tons. By 1900, with the Industrial
Revolution in full swing, worldwide production stood at 40 million tons, almost 50 times as
much. Iron was available in three forms. The least processed form, cast iron, was brittle due to a
high percentage of impurities. It still displayed impressive compressive strength, however.
Wrought iron was a more refined form of iron, malleable, though with low tensile strength. Steel
was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Through a conversion process, all of the impurities
were burned out of the iron ore, then precise amounts of carbon were added for hardness. Steel
had tensile and compressive strength greater than any material previously available, and its
capabilities would revolutionize architecture.
This change did not happen over night. Prior to the introduction of bulk iron, architecture relied
on compressive strength to hold buildings up. Even great structures like the Chartres Cathedral
or the Parthenon were essentially orderly piles of stone. Architects were accustomed to thinking
of certain ways of creating structure, and though they glimpsed some of the possibilities of the
new materials, the first applications were made using the old ideas.
The explosion in the development of iron and steel structures was driven initially by the advance
of the railroads. Bridges were required to span gorges and rivers. In 1779, the first iron bridge
was built across the Severn River in Coalescence, England. It was not an iron bridge as we might
conceive of it today, but rather a traditional arch made of iron instead of stone. The compressive
strength of limestone is 20 tons per square foot. The compressive strength of cast iron is 10 tons
per square inch, 72 times as high, permitting significantly larger spans. Later, the truss, long used
in timber roofs, became the primary element of bridge building. A triangle is the strongest
structural element known, and applied force only makes it more stable. When a diagonal is added
to a square, the form can be viewed as two triangles sharing a side, the fundam.
c++ code for a Median of Integer Stream from Text File program#.pdf
// c++ code for a Median of Integer Stream from Text File program
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
#include
double streamMedian(vector v, int size)
{
double* s = new double[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
s[i] = v[i];
}
for (int i = size - 1; i > 0; --i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j)
{
if (s[j] > s[j+1])
{
double t = s[j];
s[j] = s[j+1];
s[j+1] = t;
}
}
}
double median = 0.0;
if ((size % 2) == 0)
{
median = (s[size/2] + s[(size/2) - 1])/2.0;
}
else
{
median = s[size/2];
}
return median;
}
int main()
{
int number;
double median;
std::vector v;
int count = 1;
ifstream myfile (\"input.txt\");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
while ( myfile >> number )
{
cout << \"After reading \" << count << \" element of stream - \";
v.push_back(number);
for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
{
cout << v[i] << \" \";
}
cout << \"-> \";
sort(v.begin(), v.end());
cout << \"median - \" << streamMedian(v,v.size()) << endl;
}
myfile.close();
}
return 0;
}
/*
input.txt
5
15
1
3
output:
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 -> median - 10
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 1 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 1 5 15 3 -> median - 4
*/
Solution
// c++ code for a Median of Integer Stream from Text File program
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
#include
double streamMedian(vector v, int size)
{
double* s = new double[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
s[i] = v[i];
}
for (int i = size - 1; i > 0; --i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j)
{
if (s[j] > s[j+1])
{
double t = s[j];
s[j] = s[j+1];
s[j+1] = t;
}
}
}
double median = 0.0;
if ((size % 2) == 0)
{
median = (s[size/2] + s[(size/2) - 1])/2.0;
}
else
{
median = s[size/2];
}
return median;
}
int main()
{
int number;
double median;
std::vector v;
int count = 1;
ifstream myfile (\"input.txt\");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
while ( myfile >> number )
{
cout << \"After reading \" << count << \" element of stream - \";
v.push_back(number);
for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
{
cout << v[i] << \" \";
}
cout << \"-> \";
sort(v.begin(), v.end());
cout << \"median - \" << streamMedian(v,v.size()) << endl;
}
myfile.close();
}
return 0;
}
/*
input.txt
5
15
1
3
output:
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 -> median - 10
After reading 1 element of stream - 5 15 1 -> median - 5
After reading 1 element of stream - 1 5 15 3 -> median - 4
*/.
1) cobalt iodide has an intense color, thus this colorless salt cann.pdf
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Solution
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Solution
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formula NaOH is a caustic metallic base which is a white solid available in pellets, flakes,
granules, and as a 50% saturated solution. It is soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. This
alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide
is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and
paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide
production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million
tonnes.[3] Although molten sodium hydroxide also possesses similar properties, the high
temperature required limits applications. 3M HCl .... Higher percent error and possibly a bad
experiment. 2) obtaining a significantly smaller amount of SiO2 than was present in the original
sample.
Solution
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda,[1][2] with the molecular
formula NaOH is a caustic metallic base which is a white solid available in pellets, flakes,
granules, and as a 50% saturated solution. It is soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. This
alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide
is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and
paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide
production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million
tonnes.[3] Although molten sodium hydroxide also possesses similar properties, the high
temperature required limits applications. 3M HCl .... Higher percent error and possibly a bad
experiment. 2) obtaining a significantly smaller amount of SiO2 than was present in the original
sample..
Hydrocrbon is the organic compound which containing only the atoms .pdf
Hydrocrbon is the organic compound which containing only the atoms hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the saturation of hydrogens with the carbons they are classified as mainly three types .
1) Alkanes: All the H atoms are single bonded with carbon atom with the general formula Cn
H2n +2 . 2) Alkenes : The lower number of H atoms are bonded to the carbon atom (double
bond compounds) has formula with Cn H2n. 3) Alkynes: These are the triple bond compounds
have fewer number H atoms bonded to the carbon atoms has the molecular formula Cn H2n -2
Solution
Hydrocrbon is the organic compound which containing only the atoms hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the saturation of hydrogens with the carbons they are classified as mainly three types .
1) Alkanes: All the H atoms are single bonded with carbon atom with the general formula Cn
H2n +2 . 2) Alkenes : The lower number of H atoms are bonded to the carbon atom (double
bond compounds) has formula with Cn H2n. 3) Alkynes: These are the triple bond compounds
have fewer number H atoms bonded to the carbon atoms has the molecular formula Cn H2n -2.
No. In order for a substance to conduct electrici.pdf
No. In order for a substance to conduct electricity it must have charged particles
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Solution
No. In order for a substance to conduct electricity it must have charged particles
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HCHO OS for H is +1, O is -2 there are two H\'s one O on Carbon. 2 x (+1) + 1 x (-
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Solution
HCHO OS for H is +1, O is -2 there are two H\'s one O on Carbon. 2 x (+1) + 1 x (-
2) = 0 thus, the OS of carbon is zero. CaH2 Ca is +2 thus, H is -1 HNO3 N is +5, O is -2 thus H
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antibonding orbital. rather than to the individual atoms. When simple bonding occurs between
two atoms, the pair of electrons forming the bond occupies an MO that is a mathematical
combination of the wave functions of the atomic orbitals of the two atoms involved. The MO
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combining atoms. When two very simple atoms, each with one atomic orbital, are combined, two
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*). (See the diagram in Figure 1.) The basic idea might best be illustrated by considering
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electrons, so the He 2 molecule would have four. Two would go into the lower energy bonding
orbital, but the other two would have to go into the higher energy sigma-starred orbital. Figure
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MO; and (b) He 2 in which two of the electrons are in the antibonding sigma-starred MO Figure
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end, they form sigma orbitals, but when they overlap side to side, they form pi orbitals. Consider
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necessary in order to satisfy the octet rule for both oxygen atoms. The measured bond length for
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Weak London disperision and dipole- dipoleModerate Hydrogen bond.pdf
Weak: London disperision and dipole- dipole
Moderate: Hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole
Trust, got these wrong due to inputting the wrong answer above.
Solution
Weak: London disperision and dipole- dipole
Moderate: Hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole
Trust, got these wrong due to inputting the wrong answer above..
var min =0; var max=10; var tab = {}; var name; var score;.pdf
var min =0;
var max=10;
var tab = {};
var name;
var score;
var sum=0;
while(name=prompt(\"Enter name:\")){ // Get userinput for name
do{
score = prompt(\"Enter score\"); // Get Score
tab[name] = score; // Create object with name as key and score as value.
}while(isNaN(score) || !(score>min) || !(score\";
for(item in tab){ // Create table
ui = ui + (\"\"+item+\"\"+tab[item]+\"\");
sum = sum + parseInt(tab[item]);
}
ui = ui + \"\";
document.write(ui); // Display table
document.write(\"Average:\"+(sum/Object.keys(tab).length).toFixed(2)); // Finding average and
displaying on the page
Solution
var min =0;
var max=10;
var tab = {};
var name;
var score;
var sum=0;
while(name=prompt(\"Enter name:\")){ // Get userinput for name
do{
score = prompt(\"Enter score\"); // Get Score
tab[name] = score; // Create object with name as key and score as value.
}while(isNaN(score) || !(score>min) || !(score\";
for(item in tab){ // Create table
ui = ui + (\"\"+item+\"\"+tab[item]+\"\");
sum = sum + parseInt(tab[item]);
}
ui = ui + \"\";
document.write(ui); // Display table
document.write(\"Average:\"+(sum/Object.keys(tab).length).toFixed(2)); // Finding average and
displaying on the page.
Unfortunately several cancers are not predictable with simple tests .pdf
Unfortunately several cancers are not predictable with simple tests rather required much
intensive diagnosis. The whole genome sequence in determining the entire DNA in normal cells
as well as in tumor cells provide the facility to compare and pin point the mutations occurring in
the oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes responsible for causing the cancer seems to be a better
approach. But such approaches are highly expensive and require expertise.
Though, the whole genome sequencing is carried out pin pointing of specific driver mutations
responsible for cancer phenotype would be a question. Some critical mutations can be identified
in some cancer genome sequences while others are hard to find among the thousands of
possibilities. The mutations like missense, nonsense frameshift, rearrangements may alter the
coding sequences of any gene must be checked. The regulatory mutations that increase the
transcription of oncogenes or decrease that of tumor suppressor genes are potentially important
but are very difficult to find in a whole genome sequence.
The catalogs of regulatory elements in human genomes provide list of certain potential
sequences to be targeted. But the catalogs are rudimentary or incomplete. Therefore, the whole
genome sequencing is not a panacea that will lead to immediate cures of all cancers. Recent
studies have shown that the whole genome sequences of cells derived from different regions of
same tumor have suggested an important reason for cancer reference. Certain cancers are
heterogenous and cells within the tumor have different genomes. Certain mutations in oncogens
or tumor suppressor genes are common to all cells in the tumor but some are not.
These findings make a sense that accumulation of mutations in clone of cells cause cancer.
Therefore, designing drug targeting specific cells protecting adult stem cells cannot be
accomplished. Thus, effective cancer treatments would be directed against the common
mutations but is difficult to identify the specific mutations without sequencing of genomes of
many cells throughout the tumor. Cancer landscape is a large scale cancer genome sequencing
project (cancer genome atlas) funded by National Institute of Health (NIH). In this project the
whole genomes or exomex of several hundreds of cancer are being characterized. The recurrent
patterns of mutations are subdivided cancers in to groups with probable clinical relevance.
For example, 4 groups of breast cancers have been identified. Almost 178 lung squamous cell
carcinoma’s genomes have been characterized and matched with DNA of normal cells from
same patients. Mutations in certain tumor suppressor genes like p53 and certain oncogenes have
shown relatively high frequencies among these cancers. The mutations of certain cancers
resemble cancers in some other organs. For example, pattern of mutation in breast cancer
resembles many ovarian cancers more than other types of breast cancers. These findings may
help in designing the drugs .
The van t Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van t Hoff) is a meas.pdf
The van \'t Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van \'t Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute
upon colligative properties, such as vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and freezing point
depression. The van \'t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles
produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration of a substance as calculated
from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van\' t Hoff factor is essentially
1. For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van \'t Hoff factor is equal to the number of
discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is true for ideal solutions only, as
occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are
paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte
solutions. This causes deviation from the van \'t Hoff factor. The deviation for the van \'t Hoff
factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple charges.
Relationship with the dissociation degree
The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is
usually indicated by the Greek symbol . There is a simple relationship between this parameter
and the van \'t Hoff factor. If the solute substance dissociates into n ions, then
i = 1 + (n 1)
For instance, for the following dissociation
KCl K+ + Cl-
As n = 2, we would have that i = 1 +
Physical significance of i
When solute particles associate in solution, i is less than 1. (e.g. ethanoic acid in benzene,
benzoic acid in benzene)
When solute particles dissociate in solution, i is greater than 1. (e.g. sodium chloride in water,
potassium chloride in water, magnesium chloride in water)
When solute particles neither dissociate nor associate in solution, i equals 1. (e.g. Glucose in
water)
The value of i is ; i = the actual number of particles in solution after dissociation ÷ the number
of formula units initially dissolved in solution. Means the number of particles per formula unit of
the solute when a solution is dilute.
Solution
The van \'t Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van \'t Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute
upon colligative properties, such as vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and freezing point
depression. The van \'t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles
produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration of a substance as calculated
from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van\' t Hoff factor is essentially
1. For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van \'t Hoff factor is equal to the number of
discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is true for ideal solutions only, as
occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are
paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte
solutions. This causes deviation from th.
Polar Bonds and Molecular Shape A polar molecule.pdf
Polar Bonds and Molecular Shape A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net
dipole moment due to its having unsymmetrical polar bonds. There are two factors that go into
determining if a molecule is polar or not. To determine if a molecule (or ion) is polar or non-
polar, you must determine both factors. The polarity of the individual bonds in the molecule. The
shape or geometry of the molecule. First, to determine if a given individual bond is polar, you
need to know the electronegativity of the two atoms involved in that bond. To find the
electronegativities of all the elements, look at the periodic table (follow the link below this
answer under Web Links). If the electronegativity of the two atoms has a difference of 0.3 or
less, then the bond is non-polar. If the electronegativity difference is greater that 0.3 but less than
1.7, then the bond is polar. If the two values have a difference greater than 1.7, then the bond is
ionic, which is just very very polar. Once you know which bonds in the molecule are polar and
which are non-polar, you must use the shape of the molecule. You need the shape because two
polar bonds, if oriented correctly can cancel each other out (like two equally strong people
pulling in opposite directions on a rope -- nobody moves). The three possible outcomes: If all
bonds are non-polar, then the whole molecule is non-polar regardless of its shape. If there is
symmetry in the molecule so that the polarity of the bonds cancels out, then the molecule is non-
polar. A common example of this is carbon dioxide, or CO2. The molecule is linear, and its
Lewis dot structure is like this: O=C=O (this doesn\'t include two sets of lone pairs on each
oxygen). The carbon-oxygen bond is a polar bond, but because they are exactly opposed to each
other, the molecule is overall non-polar. Another example of this is CCl4, where each carbon-
chlorine bond is polar, but the molecule is non-polar. Here, how they cancel out isn\'t as obvious,
but they do. CCl4 is a tetrahedral molecule, and the 4 C-Cl polar bonds cancel each other out. If
there are polar bonds but there is no symmetry such that they cancel each other out, the overall
molecule is polar. Water is a typical example of this. The two O-H bonds are oriented in a V-
shape, and so the don\'t cancel out. Similarly, CH3Cl is also polar. It is the same shape as CCl4
(see above), but now it doesn\'t have the same symmetry because there is only one C-Cl bond
and the bonds don\'t cancel out
Solution
Polar Bonds and Molecular Shape A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net
dipole moment due to its having unsymmetrical polar bonds. There are two factors that go into
determining if a molecule is polar or not. To determine if a molecule (or ion) is polar or non-
polar, you must determine both factors. The polarity of the individual bonds in the molecule. The
shape or geometry of the molecule. First, to determine if a given individual bond is polar, you
need to know the electronegativ.
The good functioning of an economy depends on the proper functioning.pdf
The good functioning of an economy depends on the proper functioning of the country\'s
financial market and financial institutions. Both these are involved in the financial transactions
that take place in the economy. Financial transactions take place through exchange of funds.
There are two ways in which the exchange of funds can take place. They are: Direct exchange
and Indirect exchange.
Direct exchange takes place when the buyers and the sellers meet each other directly and
exchange their securities.For example: Stocks or bonds
Indirect exchange takes place when the buyers and sellers do not meet each other directly. They
carry out their financial transaction through a financial institution. For example: Bank
The financial market and financial institution have the main function of transferring the funds
from people who have excess funds to people who have shortage of funds. Some functions are
common for both financial markets as well as financial institutions. They both are involved in the
borrowing and lending of funds. They help in transfer of risk of the financial asset from the seller
to the buyer. They both help in providing information to the buyers and sellers about the
financial assets.
However, there are also some functions that are unique to each. Financial markets determine the
price of the financial asset based on the demand and supply forces. Financial institutions help to
lower the transaction costs and also reduce the assymetry of information about financial assets.
The financial institutions also provide specialized services to th buyers and sellers.
Thus, it can be said that in the financial system, the financial market and financial institutions
have an important role to play. Direct exchange takes place through financial market while
indirect exchnage takes place through financial institutions.
Solution
The good functioning of an economy depends on the proper functioning of the country\'s
financial market and financial institutions. Both these are involved in the financial transactions
that take place in the economy. Financial transactions take place through exchange of funds.
There are two ways in which the exchange of funds can take place. They are: Direct exchange
and Indirect exchange.
Direct exchange takes place when the buyers and the sellers meet each other directly and
exchange their securities.For example: Stocks or bonds
Indirect exchange takes place when the buyers and sellers do not meet each other directly. They
carry out their financial transaction through a financial institution. For example: Bank
The financial market and financial institution have the main function of transferring the funds
from people who have excess funds to people who have shortage of funds. Some functions are
common for both financial markets as well as financial institutions. They both are involved in the
borrowing and lending of funds. They help in transfer of risk of the financial asset from the seller
to the buyer. They both help.
The answer is Yes, it is a reduction-oxidation reaction2 HNO2 + 2.pdf
The answer is: Yes, it is a reduction-oxidation reaction
2 HNO2 + 2 H+ + 3 I- => 2 NO + I3- + 2 H2O
Oxidation state of N in HNO2 = +3
Oxidation state of N in NO = +2
Thus HNO2 is reduced to NO as oxidation state of N decreases.
Oxidation state of I in I- = -1
Oxidation state of I in I3- = -1/3
Thus I- is oxidized to I3- as oxidation state of I increases.
Solution
The answer is: Yes, it is a reduction-oxidation reaction
2 HNO2 + 2 H+ + 3 I- => 2 NO + I3- + 2 H2O
Oxidation state of N in HNO2 = +3
Oxidation state of N in NO = +2
Thus HNO2 is reduced to NO as oxidation state of N decreases.
Oxidation state of I in I- = -1
Oxidation state of I in I3- = -1/3
Thus I- is oxidized to I3- as oxidation state of I increases..
Stegosaurus dinosaur belonged to the late jurassic period i.e Kimmer.pdf
Stegosaurus dinosaur belonged to the late jurassic period i.e Kimmeridgian to early tithonian, is a
large quadriped with unusual posture, heavy back, short forelimbs, spiked tail.
Integumentary system is that which is composed of skin and its appendages. Its primary function
is to protect the body from external injury, temperature regulation, cushioning and self defense.
Stegosaurus skin is made up of dermal plates. They arise from the skin, the largest of them
measured 2 ft wide. Their size is largest on hip and smallest on neck region. It helped in
selfdefense and regulation of body temperature. The plates were supplied with blood through the
blood vessels and the air flow through the plates is hypothesized to have regulated the body
temperature. The plates were in double row as per findings in late 1960\'s.
Lymphatic system: There is little evidence to clearly understand the lymphatic system although it
is hypothesized that they had a 4 chambered heart and were warmblooded with a well
functioning circulatory system. They had higher aerobic capacity and higher pressure or higher
gas exchange circulatory system.
Solution
Stegosaurus dinosaur belonged to the late jurassic period i.e Kimmeridgian to early tithonian, is a
large quadriped with unusual posture, heavy back, short forelimbs, spiked tail.
Integumentary system is that which is composed of skin and its appendages. Its primary function
is to protect the body from external injury, temperature regulation, cushioning and self defense.
Stegosaurus skin is made up of dermal plates. They arise from the skin, the largest of them
measured 2 ft wide. Their size is largest on hip and smallest on neck region. It helped in
selfdefense and regulation of body temperature. The plates were supplied with blood through the
blood vessels and the air flow through the plates is hypothesized to have regulated the body
temperature. The plates were in double row as per findings in late 1960\'s.
Lymphatic system: There is little evidence to clearly understand the lymphatic system although it
is hypothesized that they had a 4 chambered heart and were warmblooded with a well
functioning circulatory system. They had higher aerobic capacity and higher pressure or higher
gas exchange circulatory system..
The answer is d- the hydrogen bonds in iceThe high heat of fusion.pdf
The answer is: d- the hydrogen bonds in ice
The high heat of fusion indicates that strong intermolecular forces are present between the H2O
molecules in the form of hydrogen bonds.
Solution
The answer is: d- the hydrogen bonds in ice
The high heat of fusion indicates that strong intermolecular forces are present between the H2O
molecules in the form of hydrogen bonds..
SolutionOption (a) will qualify as a database as dictionary is a .pdf
Solution
:
Option (a) will qualify as a database as dictionary is a database of different words with their
meanings stored in it.
Option (b) will qualify as a database as telephone directory contains data regarding people like
their name, address, phone number.
Option (c) will qualify as a database as rolodex is a file that contains cards holding information
about people like names, addresses and phone numbers.
Option (d) will not qualify as a database as textbook index only points to the topics in the book,
it itself does not store any data in it related to the topic or anything..
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Normal Concept For colour vision, our normal human eyes have 3 con.pdf
- 1. Normal Concept : For colour vision, our normal human eyes have 3 cones and photoreceptors. L cone - sensitive to long wavelength of yellowish green light M cone - middle wavelength of green light s cone - short wavelength to bluish violet light Protonapia - complete absence of red cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying the red colour Deuteranopia - complete absence of green cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying green colour Red green colour discrimination is called red- green dichromat vision blindness.He can able to see yellow circles sometimes in place of red or green colour, it shows the unstable working colour vision receptors. If one colour dominates the vision, the other will be absent,for instance, if red hue is dominant, it strikes the receptors of green colour and vice versa. Red green dichromat friend will have reduction view in the normally appearing red - green colour.The hues, he perceives was not like normal, it looks fade olive in colour.This is due to specific absence of photoreceptors. If he able to perceive colours, either one of the phoreceptors work in exitatory state and the other in inhibitory state.This is called opponent colour theory. Of all that, he might have some degeneration or improper formation issues with myelin sheath(covering the axon of a neuron) which is responsible for colour determination. Solution Normal Concept : For colour vision, our normal human eyes have 3 cones and photoreceptors. L cone - sensitive to long wavelength of yellowish green light M cone - middle wavelength of green light s cone - short wavelength to bluish violet light Protonapia - complete absence of red cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying the red colour Deuteranopia - complete absence of green cone photoreceptors.He felt difficulty in identifying green colour Red green colour discrimination is called red- green dichromat vision blindness.He can able to see yellow circles sometimes in place of red or green colour, it shows the unstable working colour vision receptors. If one colour dominates the vision, the other will be absent,for instance, if red hue is dominant, it
- 2. strikes the receptors of green colour and vice versa. Red green dichromat friend will have reduction view in the normally appearing red - green colour.The hues, he perceives was not like normal, it looks fade olive in colour.This is due to specific absence of photoreceptors. If he able to perceive colours, either one of the phoreceptors work in exitatory state and the other in inhibitory state.This is called opponent colour theory. Of all that, he might have some degeneration or improper formation issues with myelin sheath(covering the axon of a neuron) which is responsible for colour determination.