The van \'t Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van \'t Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute
upon colligative properties, such as vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and freezing point
depression. The van \'t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles
produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration of a substance as calculated
from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van\' t Hoff factor is essentially
1. For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van \'t Hoff factor is equal to the number of
discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is true for ideal solutions only, as
occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are
paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte
solutions. This causes deviation from the van \'t Hoff factor. The deviation for the van \'t Hoff
factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple charges.
Relationship with the dissociation degree
The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is
usually indicated by the Greek symbol . There is a simple relationship between this parameter
and the van \'t Hoff factor. If the solute substance dissociates into n ions, then
i = 1 + (n 1)
For instance, for the following dissociation
KCl K+ + Cl-
As n = 2, we would have that i = 1 +
Physical significance of i
When solute particles associate in solution, i is less than 1. (e.g. ethanoic acid in benzene,
benzoic acid in benzene)
When solute particles dissociate in solution, i is greater than 1. (e.g. sodium chloride in water,
potassium chloride in water, magnesium chloride in water)
When solute particles neither dissociate nor associate in solution, i equals 1. (e.g. Glucose in
water)
The value of i is ; i = the actual number of particles in solution after dissociation ÷ the number
of formula units initially dissolved in solution. Means the number of particles per formula unit of
the solute when a solution is dilute.
Solution
The van \'t Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van \'t Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute
upon colligative properties, such as vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and freezing point
depression. The van \'t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles
produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration of a substance as calculated
from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van\' t Hoff factor is essentially
1. For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van \'t Hoff factor is equal to the number of
discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is true for ideal solutions only, as
occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are
paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte
solutions. This causes deviation from th.
Colligative properties of dilute solutions Manik Imran Nur Manik
lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure including necessary thermodynamic derivations.
Solution Chemistry NCERT Syllabus Notes 12th.pdfRAHUL PAL
n chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent.
RAOULT'S LAW ( Physical & Analytical Chemistry)Hasnaın Sheıkh
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdfaquastore223
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the late nineteenth century in
reference to the construction of the Crystal Palace or Eiffel Tower.
After the Baroque faded slowly away, eighteenth-century architecture consisted primarily of
revivals of previous periods. This time was to be the calm before the storm, for the approaching
Industrial Revolution was to change everything about the world as it was then, including
architecture. Previously, building materials had been restricted to a few manmade materials
along with those available in nature: timber, stone, timber, lime mortar, and concrete. Metals
were not available in sufficient quantity or consistent quality to be used as anything more than
ornamentation. Structure was limited by the capabilities of natural materials. The Industrial
Revolution changed this situation dramatically.
In 1800, the worldwide tonnage of iron produced was 825,000 tons. By 1900, with the Industrial
Revolution in full swing, worldwide production stood at 40 million tons, almost 50 times as
much. Iron was available in three forms. The least processed form, cast iron, was brittle due to a
high percentage of impurities. It still displayed impressive compressive strength, however.
Wrought iron was a more refined form of iron, malleable, though with low tensile strength. Steel
was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Through a conversion process, all of the impurities
were burned out of the iron ore, then precise amounts of carbon were added for hardness. Steel
had tensile and compressive strength greater than any material previously available, and its
capabilities would revolutionize architecture.
This change did not happen over night. Prior to the introduction of bulk iron, architecture relied
on compressive strength to hold buildings up. Even great structures like the Chartres Cathedral
or the Parthenon were essentially orderly piles of stone. Architects were accustomed to thinking
of certain ways of creating structure, and though they glimpsed some of the possibilities of the
new materials, the first applications were made using the old ideas.
The explosion in the development of iron and steel structures was driven initially by the advance
of the railroads. Bridges were required to span gorges and rivers. In 1779, the first iron bridge
was built across the Severn River in Coalescence, England. It was not an iron bridge as we might
conceive of it today, but rather a traditional arch made of iron instead of stone. The compressive
strength of limestone is 20 tons per square foot. The compressive strength of cast iron is 10 tons
per square inch, 72 times as high, permitting significantly larger spans. Later, the truss, long used
in timber roofs, became the primary element of bridge building. A triangle is the strongest
structural element known, and applied force only makes it more stable. When a diagonal is added
to a square, the form can be viewed as two triangles sharing a side, the fundam.
Colligative properties of dilute solutions Manik Imran Nur Manik
lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure including necessary thermodynamic derivations.
Solution Chemistry NCERT Syllabus Notes 12th.pdfRAHUL PAL
n chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent.
RAOULT'S LAW ( Physical & Analytical Chemistry)Hasnaın Sheıkh
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdfaquastore223
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the late nineteenth century in
reference to the construction of the Crystal Palace or Eiffel Tower.
After the Baroque faded slowly away, eighteenth-century architecture consisted primarily of
revivals of previous periods. This time was to be the calm before the storm, for the approaching
Industrial Revolution was to change everything about the world as it was then, including
architecture. Previously, building materials had been restricted to a few manmade materials
along with those available in nature: timber, stone, timber, lime mortar, and concrete. Metals
were not available in sufficient quantity or consistent quality to be used as anything more than
ornamentation. Structure was limited by the capabilities of natural materials. The Industrial
Revolution changed this situation dramatically.
In 1800, the worldwide tonnage of iron produced was 825,000 tons. By 1900, with the Industrial
Revolution in full swing, worldwide production stood at 40 million tons, almost 50 times as
much. Iron was available in three forms. The least processed form, cast iron, was brittle due to a
high percentage of impurities. It still displayed impressive compressive strength, however.
Wrought iron was a more refined form of iron, malleable, though with low tensile strength. Steel
was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Through a conversion process, all of the impurities
were burned out of the iron ore, then precise amounts of carbon were added for hardness. Steel
had tensile and compressive strength greater than any material previously available, and its
capabilities would revolutionize architecture.
This change did not happen over night. Prior to the introduction of bulk iron, architecture relied
on compressive strength to hold buildings up. Even great structures like the Chartres Cathedral
or the Parthenon were essentially orderly piles of stone. Architects were accustomed to thinking
of certain ways of creating structure, and though they glimpsed some of the possibilities of the
new materials, the first applications were made using the old ideas.
The explosion in the development of iron and steel structures was driven initially by the advance
of the railroads. Bridges were required to span gorges and rivers. In 1779, the first iron bridge
was built across the Severn River in Coalescence, England. It was not an iron bridge as we might
conceive of it today, but rather a traditional arch made of iron instead of stone. The compressive
strength of limestone is 20 tons per square foot. The compressive strength of cast iron is 10 tons
per square inch, 72 times as high, permitting significantly larger spans. Later, the truss, long used
in timber roofs, became the primary element of bridge building. A triangle is the strongest
structural element known, and applied force only makes it more stable. When a diagonal is added
to a square, the form can be viewed as two triangles sharing a side, the fundam.
1) cobalt iodide has an intense color, thus this colorless salt cann.pdfaquastore223
1) cobalt iodide has an intense color, thus this colorless salt cannot be CoCl2. It is mislabeled.
2) No. usually hydrate salts are crystalline, but not chalky looking powder, since it contains
waters of crystallization.
Solution
1) cobalt iodide has an intense color, thus this colorless salt cannot be CoCl2. It is mislabeled.
2) No. usually hydrate salts are crystalline, but not chalky looking powder, since it contains
waters of crystallization..
the hybridisation is sp2 since the electron cloud.pdfaquastore223
the hybridisation is sp2 since the electron cloud is lost due to positive charge and
the three( rest of the lobes) sprea out forming sp2 hybridisation.
Solution
the hybridisation is sp2 since the electron cloud is lost due to positive charge and
the three( rest of the lobes) sprea out forming sp2 hybridisation..
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic s.pdfaquastore223
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda,[1][2] with the molecular
formula NaOH is a caustic metallic base which is a white solid available in pellets, flakes,
granules, and as a 50% saturated solution. It is soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. This
alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide
is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and
paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide
production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million
tonnes.[3] Although molten sodium hydroxide also possesses similar properties, the high
temperature required limits applications. 3M HCl .... Higher percent error and possibly a bad
experiment. 2) obtaining a significantly smaller amount of SiO2 than was present in the original
sample.
Solution
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda,[1][2] with the molecular
formula NaOH is a caustic metallic base which is a white solid available in pellets, flakes,
granules, and as a 50% saturated solution. It is soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. This
alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air. Sodium hydroxide
is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and
paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide
production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million
tonnes.[3] Although molten sodium hydroxide also possesses similar properties, the high
temperature required limits applications. 3M HCl .... Higher percent error and possibly a bad
experiment. 2) obtaining a significantly smaller amount of SiO2 than was present in the original
sample..
Hydrocrbon is the organic compound which containing only the atoms .pdfaquastore223
Hydrocrbon is the organic compound which containing only the atoms hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the saturation of hydrogens with the carbons they are classified as mainly three types .
1) Alkanes: All the H atoms are single bonded with carbon atom with the general formula Cn
H2n +2 . 2) Alkenes : The lower number of H atoms are bonded to the carbon atom (double
bond compounds) has formula with Cn H2n. 3) Alkynes: These are the triple bond compounds
have fewer number H atoms bonded to the carbon atoms has the molecular formula Cn H2n -2
Solution
Hydrocrbon is the organic compound which containing only the atoms hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the saturation of hydrogens with the carbons they are classified as mainly three types .
1) Alkanes: All the H atoms are single bonded with carbon atom with the general formula Cn
H2n +2 . 2) Alkenes : The lower number of H atoms are bonded to the carbon atom (double
bond compounds) has formula with Cn H2n. 3) Alkynes: These are the triple bond compounds
have fewer number H atoms bonded to the carbon atoms has the molecular formula Cn H2n -2.
No. In order for a substance to conduct electrici.pdfaquastore223
No. In order for a substance to conduct electricity it must have charged particles
that can move freely. Not all solids have that facility such as ionic compounds in solid state.
Solution
No. In order for a substance to conduct electricity it must have charged particles
that can move freely. Not all solids have that facility such as ionic compounds in solid state..
HCHO OS for H is +1, O is -2 there are two Hs o.pdfaquastore223
HCHO OS for H is +1, O is -2 there are two H\'s one O on Carbon. 2 x (+1) + 1 x (-
2) = 0 thus, the OS of carbon is zero. CaH2 Ca is +2 thus, H is -1 HNO3 N is +5, O is -2 thus H
+ 5 + (-2) x 3 = 0 H = +1 P4 is an allotrope. All allotropes have an OS of zreo.
Solution
HCHO OS for H is +1, O is -2 there are two H\'s one O on Carbon. 2 x (+1) + 1 x (-
2) = 0 thus, the OS of carbon is zero. CaH2 Ca is +2 thus, H is -1 HNO3 N is +5, O is -2 thus H
+ 5 + (-2) x 3 = 0 H = +1 P4 is an allotrope. All allotropes have an OS of zreo..
The molecular orbital (MO) theory is a way of loo.pdfaquastore223
The molecular orbital (MO) theory is a way of looking at the structure of a
molecule by using molecular orbitals that belong to the molecule as a whole Figure 1.
Combination of two 1s atomic orbitals to form a sigma bonding orbital or a sigma-starred
antibonding orbital. rather than to the individual atoms. When simple bonding occurs between
two atoms, the pair of electrons forming the bond occupies an MO that is a mathematical
combination of the wave functions of the atomic orbitals of the two atoms involved. The MO
method originated in the work of Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken. When atoms combine
to form a molecule, the number of orbitals in the molecule equals the number of orbitals in the
combining atoms. When two very simple atoms, each with one atomic orbital, are combined, two
molecular orbitals are formed. One is a bonding orbital, lower in energy than the atomic orbitals,
and derived from their sum. It is called sigma. The other is an antibonding orbital, higher in
energy than the atomic orbitals, and resulting from their difference. It is called sigma-starred ( s
*). (See the diagram in Figure 1.) The basic idea might best be illustrated by considering
diatomic molecules of hydrogen and helium. The energy diagrams are shown in Figure 2. Each
hydrogen atom has one 1 s electron. In the H 2 molecule the two hydrogen electrons go into the
lowest energy MO available, the sigma orbital. In the case of helium, each helium atom has two
electrons, so the He 2 molecule would have four. Two would go into the lower energy bonding
orbital, but the other two would have to go into the higher energy sigma-starred orbital. Figure
2. Molecular orbital energy diagrams for (a) H 2 showing both electrons in the bonding sigma
MO; and (b) He 2 in which two of the electrons are in the antibonding sigma-starred MO Figure
3. Combination of p atomic orbitals to form (a) sigma MOs by end-to-end interactions or (b) pi
MOs by sideways interaction. Bond Order The bond order for a molecule can be determined as
follows: bond order = ½ (bonding electrons - antibonding electrons). Therefore, the H 2
molecule has a bond order of ½ (2 - 0) = 1. In other words, there is a single bond connecting the
two H atoms in the H 2 molecule. In the case of He 2 , on the other hand, the bond order is ½ (2 -
2) = 0. This means that He 2 is not a stable molecule. Multiple Bonds Double or triple bonds
involve two or three pairs of bonding electrons. Single bonds are always sigma bonds, but in
multiple bonds the first bond is sigma, while any second or third bonds are pi bonds. The overlap
of p orbitals can yield either pi or sigma MOs, as shown in Figure 3. When they overlap end to
end, they form sigma orbitals, but when they overlap side to side, they form pi orbitals. Consider
now the oxygen molecule. The Lewis structure for oxygen is :Ö::Ö: The double bond is
necessary in order to satisfy the octet rule for both oxygen atoms. The measured bond length for
oxygen supports the.
The electrons reach or give off a certain amount of energy and diffe.pdfaquastore223
The electrons reach or give off a certain amount of energy and different amounts of energy in
the electron changes the color because it jumps to a differrent energy level Hope this helps! rate
lifesaver :)
Solution
The electrons reach or give off a certain amount of energy and different amounts of energy in
the electron changes the color because it jumps to a differrent energy level Hope this helps! rate
lifesaver :).
Weak London disperision and dipole- dipoleModerate Hydrogen bond.pdfaquastore223
Weak: London disperision and dipole- dipole
Moderate: Hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole
Trust, got these wrong due to inputting the wrong answer above.
Solution
Weak: London disperision and dipole- dipole
Moderate: Hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole
Trust, got these wrong due to inputting the wrong answer above..
var min =0; var max=10; var tab = {}; var name; var score;.pdfaquastore223
var min =0;
var max=10;
var tab = {};
var name;
var score;
var sum=0;
while(name=prompt(\"Enter name:\")){ // Get userinput for name
do{
score = prompt(\"Enter score\"); // Get Score
tab[name] = score; // Create object with name as key and score as value.
}while(isNaN(score) || !(score>min) || !(score\";
for(item in tab){ // Create table
ui = ui + (\"\"+item+\"\"+tab[item]+\"\");
sum = sum + parseInt(tab[item]);
}
ui = ui + \"\";
document.write(ui); // Display table
document.write(\"Average:\"+(sum/Object.keys(tab).length).toFixed(2)); // Finding average and
displaying on the page
Solution
var min =0;
var max=10;
var tab = {};
var name;
var score;
var sum=0;
while(name=prompt(\"Enter name:\")){ // Get userinput for name
do{
score = prompt(\"Enter score\"); // Get Score
tab[name] = score; // Create object with name as key and score as value.
}while(isNaN(score) || !(score>min) || !(score\";
for(item in tab){ // Create table
ui = ui + (\"\"+item+\"\"+tab[item]+\"\");
sum = sum + parseInt(tab[item]);
}
ui = ui + \"\";
document.write(ui); // Display table
document.write(\"Average:\"+(sum/Object.keys(tab).length).toFixed(2)); // Finding average and
displaying on the page.
Unfortunately several cancers are not predictable with simple tests .pdfaquastore223
Unfortunately several cancers are not predictable with simple tests rather required much
intensive diagnosis. The whole genome sequence in determining the entire DNA in normal cells
as well as in tumor cells provide the facility to compare and pin point the mutations occurring in
the oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes responsible for causing the cancer seems to be a better
approach. But such approaches are highly expensive and require expertise.
Though, the whole genome sequencing is carried out pin pointing of specific driver mutations
responsible for cancer phenotype would be a question. Some critical mutations can be identified
in some cancer genome sequences while others are hard to find among the thousands of
possibilities. The mutations like missense, nonsense frameshift, rearrangements may alter the
coding sequences of any gene must be checked. The regulatory mutations that increase the
transcription of oncogenes or decrease that of tumor suppressor genes are potentially important
but are very difficult to find in a whole genome sequence.
The catalogs of regulatory elements in human genomes provide list of certain potential
sequences to be targeted. But the catalogs are rudimentary or incomplete. Therefore, the whole
genome sequencing is not a panacea that will lead to immediate cures of all cancers. Recent
studies have shown that the whole genome sequences of cells derived from different regions of
same tumor have suggested an important reason for cancer reference. Certain cancers are
heterogenous and cells within the tumor have different genomes. Certain mutations in oncogens
or tumor suppressor genes are common to all cells in the tumor but some are not.
These findings make a sense that accumulation of mutations in clone of cells cause cancer.
Therefore, designing drug targeting specific cells protecting adult stem cells cannot be
accomplished. Thus, effective cancer treatments would be directed against the common
mutations but is difficult to identify the specific mutations without sequencing of genomes of
many cells throughout the tumor. Cancer landscape is a large scale cancer genome sequencing
project (cancer genome atlas) funded by National Institute of Health (NIH). In this project the
whole genomes or exomex of several hundreds of cancer are being characterized. The recurrent
patterns of mutations are subdivided cancers in to groups with probable clinical relevance.
For example, 4 groups of breast cancers have been identified. Almost 178 lung squamous cell
carcinoma’s genomes have been characterized and matched with DNA of normal cells from
same patients. Mutations in certain tumor suppressor genes like p53 and certain oncogenes have
shown relatively high frequencies among these cancers. The mutations of certain cancers
resemble cancers in some other organs. For example, pattern of mutation in breast cancer
resembles many ovarian cancers more than other types of breast cancers. These findings may
help in designing the drugs .
Polar Bonds and Molecular Shape A polar molecule.pdfaquastore223
Polar Bonds and Molecular Shape A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net
dipole moment due to its having unsymmetrical polar bonds. There are two factors that go into
determining if a molecule is polar or not. To determine if a molecule (or ion) is polar or non-
polar, you must determine both factors. The polarity of the individual bonds in the molecule. The
shape or geometry of the molecule. First, to determine if a given individual bond is polar, you
need to know the electronegativity of the two atoms involved in that bond. To find the
electronegativities of all the elements, look at the periodic table (follow the link below this
answer under Web Links). If the electronegativity of the two atoms has a difference of 0.3 or
less, then the bond is non-polar. If the electronegativity difference is greater that 0.3 but less than
1.7, then the bond is polar. If the two values have a difference greater than 1.7, then the bond is
ionic, which is just very very polar. Once you know which bonds in the molecule are polar and
which are non-polar, you must use the shape of the molecule. You need the shape because two
polar bonds, if oriented correctly can cancel each other out (like two equally strong people
pulling in opposite directions on a rope -- nobody moves). The three possible outcomes: If all
bonds are non-polar, then the whole molecule is non-polar regardless of its shape. If there is
symmetry in the molecule so that the polarity of the bonds cancels out, then the molecule is non-
polar. A common example of this is carbon dioxide, or CO2. The molecule is linear, and its
Lewis dot structure is like this: O=C=O (this doesn\'t include two sets of lone pairs on each
oxygen). The carbon-oxygen bond is a polar bond, but because they are exactly opposed to each
other, the molecule is overall non-polar. Another example of this is CCl4, where each carbon-
chlorine bond is polar, but the molecule is non-polar. Here, how they cancel out isn\'t as obvious,
but they do. CCl4 is a tetrahedral molecule, and the 4 C-Cl polar bonds cancel each other out. If
there are polar bonds but there is no symmetry such that they cancel each other out, the overall
molecule is polar. Water is a typical example of this. The two O-H bonds are oriented in a V-
shape, and so the don\'t cancel out. Similarly, CH3Cl is also polar. It is the same shape as CCl4
(see above), but now it doesn\'t have the same symmetry because there is only one C-Cl bond
and the bonds don\'t cancel out
Solution
Polar Bonds and Molecular Shape A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net
dipole moment due to its having unsymmetrical polar bonds. There are two factors that go into
determining if a molecule is polar or not. To determine if a molecule (or ion) is polar or non-
polar, you must determine both factors. The polarity of the individual bonds in the molecule. The
shape or geometry of the molecule. First, to determine if a given individual bond is polar, you
need to know the electronegativ.
The good functioning of an economy depends on the proper functioning.pdfaquastore223
The good functioning of an economy depends on the proper functioning of the country\'s
financial market and financial institutions. Both these are involved in the financial transactions
that take place in the economy. Financial transactions take place through exchange of funds.
There are two ways in which the exchange of funds can take place. They are: Direct exchange
and Indirect exchange.
Direct exchange takes place when the buyers and the sellers meet each other directly and
exchange their securities.For example: Stocks or bonds
Indirect exchange takes place when the buyers and sellers do not meet each other directly. They
carry out their financial transaction through a financial institution. For example: Bank
The financial market and financial institution have the main function of transferring the funds
from people who have excess funds to people who have shortage of funds. Some functions are
common for both financial markets as well as financial institutions. They both are involved in the
borrowing and lending of funds. They help in transfer of risk of the financial asset from the seller
to the buyer. They both help in providing information to the buyers and sellers about the
financial assets.
However, there are also some functions that are unique to each. Financial markets determine the
price of the financial asset based on the demand and supply forces. Financial institutions help to
lower the transaction costs and also reduce the assymetry of information about financial assets.
The financial institutions also provide specialized services to th buyers and sellers.
Thus, it can be said that in the financial system, the financial market and financial institutions
have an important role to play. Direct exchange takes place through financial market while
indirect exchnage takes place through financial institutions.
Solution
The good functioning of an economy depends on the proper functioning of the country\'s
financial market and financial institutions. Both these are involved in the financial transactions
that take place in the economy. Financial transactions take place through exchange of funds.
There are two ways in which the exchange of funds can take place. They are: Direct exchange
and Indirect exchange.
Direct exchange takes place when the buyers and the sellers meet each other directly and
exchange their securities.For example: Stocks or bonds
Indirect exchange takes place when the buyers and sellers do not meet each other directly. They
carry out their financial transaction through a financial institution. For example: Bank
The financial market and financial institution have the main function of transferring the funds
from people who have excess funds to people who have shortage of funds. Some functions are
common for both financial markets as well as financial institutions. They both are involved in the
borrowing and lending of funds. They help in transfer of risk of the financial asset from the seller
to the buyer. They both help.
The answer is Yes, it is a reduction-oxidation reaction2 HNO2 + 2.pdfaquastore223
The answer is: Yes, it is a reduction-oxidation reaction
2 HNO2 + 2 H+ + 3 I- => 2 NO + I3- + 2 H2O
Oxidation state of N in HNO2 = +3
Oxidation state of N in NO = +2
Thus HNO2 is reduced to NO as oxidation state of N decreases.
Oxidation state of I in I- = -1
Oxidation state of I in I3- = -1/3
Thus I- is oxidized to I3- as oxidation state of I increases.
Solution
The answer is: Yes, it is a reduction-oxidation reaction
2 HNO2 + 2 H+ + 3 I- => 2 NO + I3- + 2 H2O
Oxidation state of N in HNO2 = +3
Oxidation state of N in NO = +2
Thus HNO2 is reduced to NO as oxidation state of N decreases.
Oxidation state of I in I- = -1
Oxidation state of I in I3- = -1/3
Thus I- is oxidized to I3- as oxidation state of I increases..
Stegosaurus dinosaur belonged to the late jurassic period i.e Kimmer.pdfaquastore223
Stegosaurus dinosaur belonged to the late jurassic period i.e Kimmeridgian to early tithonian, is a
large quadriped with unusual posture, heavy back, short forelimbs, spiked tail.
Integumentary system is that which is composed of skin and its appendages. Its primary function
is to protect the body from external injury, temperature regulation, cushioning and self defense.
Stegosaurus skin is made up of dermal plates. They arise from the skin, the largest of them
measured 2 ft wide. Their size is largest on hip and smallest on neck region. It helped in
selfdefense and regulation of body temperature. The plates were supplied with blood through the
blood vessels and the air flow through the plates is hypothesized to have regulated the body
temperature. The plates were in double row as per findings in late 1960\'s.
Lymphatic system: There is little evidence to clearly understand the lymphatic system although it
is hypothesized that they had a 4 chambered heart and were warmblooded with a well
functioning circulatory system. They had higher aerobic capacity and higher pressure or higher
gas exchange circulatory system.
Solution
Stegosaurus dinosaur belonged to the late jurassic period i.e Kimmeridgian to early tithonian, is a
large quadriped with unusual posture, heavy back, short forelimbs, spiked tail.
Integumentary system is that which is composed of skin and its appendages. Its primary function
is to protect the body from external injury, temperature regulation, cushioning and self defense.
Stegosaurus skin is made up of dermal plates. They arise from the skin, the largest of them
measured 2 ft wide. Their size is largest on hip and smallest on neck region. It helped in
selfdefense and regulation of body temperature. The plates were supplied with blood through the
blood vessels and the air flow through the plates is hypothesized to have regulated the body
temperature. The plates were in double row as per findings in late 1960\'s.
Lymphatic system: There is little evidence to clearly understand the lymphatic system although it
is hypothesized that they had a 4 chambered heart and were warmblooded with a well
functioning circulatory system. They had higher aerobic capacity and higher pressure or higher
gas exchange circulatory system..
The answer is d- the hydrogen bonds in iceThe high heat of fusion.pdfaquastore223
The answer is: d- the hydrogen bonds in ice
The high heat of fusion indicates that strong intermolecular forces are present between the H2O
molecules in the form of hydrogen bonds.
Solution
The answer is: d- the hydrogen bonds in ice
The high heat of fusion indicates that strong intermolecular forces are present between the H2O
molecules in the form of hydrogen bonds..
SolutionOption (a) will qualify as a database as dictionary is a .pdfaquastore223
Solution
:
Option (a) will qualify as a database as dictionary is a database of different words with their
meanings stored in it.
Option (b) will qualify as a database as telephone directory contains data regarding people like
their name, address, phone number.
Option (c) will qualify as a database as rolodex is a file that contains cards holding information
about people like names, addresses and phone numbers.
Option (d) will not qualify as a database as textbook index only points to the topics in the book,
it itself does not store any data in it related to the topic or anything..
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Internal Control. The objective of .pdfaquastore223
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Internal Control. The objective of the tests of controls in an audit
of internal control over financial reporting is to obtain evidence about the effectiveness of
controls to support the auditor\'s opinion on the company\'s internal control over financial
reporting. The auditor\'s opinion relates to the effectiveness of the company\'s internal control
over financial reporting as of a point in time and taken as a whole.
The general standards are applicable to an audit of internal control over financial reporting.
Those standards require technical training and proficiency as an auditor, independence, and the
exercise of due professional care, including professional skepticism. This standard establishes
the fieldwork and reporting standards applicable to an audit of internal control over financial
reporting. The auditor should use the same suitable, recognized control framework to perform his
or her audit of internal control over financial reporting as management uses for its annual
evaluation of the effectiveness of the company\'s internal control over financial reporting.
To express an opinion on internal control over financial reporting as of a point in time, the
auditor should obtain evidence that internal control over financial reporting has operated
effectively for a sufficient period of time, which may be less than the entire period (ordinarily
one year) covered by the company\'s financial statements. To express an opinion on internal
control over financial reporting taken as a whole, the auditor must obtain evidence about the
effectiveness of selected controls over all relevant assertions. This requires that the auditor test
the design and operating effectiveness of controls
When concluding on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting for purposes of
expressing an opinion on internal control over financial reporting, the auditor should incorporate
the results of any additional tests of controls performed to achieve the objective related to
expressing an opinion on the financial statements, as discussed in the following section.
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Financial Statements.
To express an opinion on the financial statements, the auditor ordinarily performs tests of
controls and substantive procedures. The objective of the tests of controls the auditor performs
for this purpose is to assess control risk. To assess control risk for specific financial statement
assertions at less than the maximum, the auditor is required to obtain evidence that the relevant
controls operated effectively during the entire period upon which the auditor plans to place
reliance on those controls. However, the auditor is not required to assess control risk at less than
the maximum for all relevant assertions and, for a variety of reasons, the auditor may choose not
to do so.
When concluding on the effectiveness of controls for the purpose of assessing control risk, the
auditor also should evaluate the .
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
The van t Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van t Hoff) is a meas.pdf
1. The van 't Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van 't Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute
upon colligative properties, such as vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and freezing point
depression. The van 't Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles
produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration of a substance as calculated
from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van' t Hoff factor is essentially
1. For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van 't Hoff factor is equal to the number of
discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is true for ideal solutions only, as
occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are
paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte
solutions. This causes deviation from the van 't Hoff factor. The deviation for the van 't Hoff
factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple charges.
Relationship with the dissociation degree
The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is
usually indicated by the Greek symbol . There is a simple relationship between this parameter
and the van 't Hoff factor. If the solute substance dissociates into n ions, then
i = 1 + (n 1)
For instance, for the following dissociation
KCl K+ + Cl-
As n = 2, we would have that i = 1 +
Physical significance of i
When solute particles associate in solution, i is less than 1. (e.g. ethanoic acid in benzene,
benzoic acid in benzene)
When solute particles dissociate in solution, i is greater than 1. (e.g. sodium chloride in water,
potassium chloride in water, magnesium chloride in water)
When solute particles neither dissociate nor associate in solution, i equals 1. (e.g. Glucose in
water)
The value of i is ; i = the actual number of particles in solution after dissociation ÷ the number
of formula units initially dissolved in solution. Means the number of particles per formula unit of
the solute when a solution is dilute.
2. Solution
The van 't Hoff factor i (named after J. H. van 't Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute
upon colligative properties, such as vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and freezing point
depression. The van 't Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles
produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration of a substance as calculated
from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van' t Hoff factor is essentially
1. For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van 't Hoff factor is equal to the number of
discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is true for ideal solutions only, as
occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are
paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte
solutions. This causes deviation from the van 't Hoff factor. The deviation for the van 't Hoff
factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple charges.
Relationship with the dissociation degree
The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is
usually indicated by the Greek symbol . There is a simple relationship between this parameter
and the van 't Hoff factor. If the solute substance dissociates into n ions, then
i = 1 + (n 1)
For instance, for the following dissociation
KCl K+ + Cl-
As n = 2, we would have that i = 1 +
Physical significance of i
When solute particles associate in solution, i is less than 1. (e.g. ethanoic acid in benzene,
benzoic acid in benzene)
When solute particles dissociate in solution, i is greater than 1. (e.g. sodium chloride in water,
potassium chloride in water, magnesium chloride in water)
When solute particles neither dissociate nor associate in solution, i equals 1. (e.g. Glucose in
water)
The value of i is ; i = the actual number of particles in solution after dissociation ÷ the number
3. of formula units initially dissolved in solution. Means the number of particles per formula unit of
the solute when a solution is dilute.
