Talk presented at 4th Workshop on Numerical Modeling in MHD and Plasma Physics (MHD-PP; Virtual), 13 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16820926

1. Non-equilibrium Photoionization
Non-equilibrium Photoionization
and Hydrodynamic Simulations
and Hydrodynamic Simulations
of Starburst-driven Outflows
of Starburst-driven Outflows
Starburst-driven Outflow (Romero+ 2018, Strickland+ 2003)
Ashkbiz Danehkar
Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan
danehkar@umich.edu
In Collaborations with: Sally Oey, and Will Gray
Fourth Virtual Workshop on Numerical Modeling in MHD and Plasma Physics (MHD-PP), October 13, 2021

2. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
2
Starburst-driven Outflows
Starburst-driven Outflows and Bubbles in NGC 3079
(Credit: X-ray:NASA/CXC/UMich/J-T Li;Optical:NASA/STScI)

3. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
3
Starburst-driven Outflows
Starburst-driven Outflows (Romero+ 2018, Strickland+ 2003)

4. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
4
Outline

Background: Starburst-driven Outflows
– Adiabatic Wind and Bubble Formation Solutions
– Radiative Semi-analytic Wind Solutions

Hydrodynamic Setup: NEI Radiative Cooling in FLASH
– Radiative Cooling Rates + Photo-Heating Rates

Emissivity Calculations: CLOUDY Photoionization Modeling
– CIE+PIE Implementation
– NEI+PIE Implementation

Applications: Star-forming galaxies
– Optical BPT and UV Diagnostic Diagrams

Future Plans: Detailed Radiative Transfer, 2D Simulations

5. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
5
Strong Cooling & Suppressed Winds
NGC 2366
Green Pea analog!
[O II], [O III] and Continuum (Oey+ 2017)
Mrk 71
Oey + 2017

6. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
6
Strong Cooling & Suppressed Winds
Super Star Cluster NGC 5253 (Turner et al. 2017)

7. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
7
Wind Formation: Adiabatic Theory
Adiabatic Solutions
– Adiabatic Wind (γ=5/3)
– Chevalier & Clegg 1985
Chevalier & Clegg 1985

8. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
8
Wind Formation: Adiabatic Theory
Different Wind Regions, as defined by Weaver+ 1977

9. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
9
Wind Formation: Radiative Solution

Radiative Semi-analytic Solutions
– Silich + 2004
– With Radiative Cooling
Silich + 2004

10. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
10
Wind Formation: Radiative Solution
Radiative Cooling
Silich + 2004
Silich + 2004

11. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
11
Hydrodynamic Simulations
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

12. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
12
Hydrodynamic Simulations

Solve using a hybrid Riemann solver (Roe+HLLE) in FLASH
– Unsplit Hydrodynamic Solver
– 2nd
-order MUSCL-Hancock Scheme

Coupled with the Non-equilibrium Atomic Chemistry and Cooling
Package MAIHEM (Gray + 2019)
– Radiative Cooling Function (Λ)
– Photo-Heating Function (Γ)

13. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
13
Hydrodynamic Simulations

Boundary Conditions:

Initial Conditions:

Radiative Cooling Function (Λ) and Photo-Heating Function (Γ):
Included in the Atomic Chemistry and Cooling Package MAIHEM (Gray + 2019)

14. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
14
Hydrodynamic Simulations
Cooling Function (Λ) and Photo-Heating Function (Γ):

Included in the Atomic Chemistry and Cooling Package MAIHEM (Gray + 2019):
 Cooling Efficiencies from (Λi
) calculated using ion-by-ion efficiencies
from Gnat & Ferland 2012.
 Heating Efficiencies from (Γi
) calculated using photoionization cross sections
from Verner & Yakovlev 1995, and Verner, Ferland, et al. 1996.

15. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
15
Hydrodynamic Simulations
Model Grids: https://superwinds.astro.lsa.umich.edu/
Temperature Density
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

16. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
16
Hydrodynamic Simulations

Adiabatic Bubble (AB)

Catastrophic Cooling Bubble (CB)

Catastrophic Cooling (CC)
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

17. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
17
Hydrodynamic Simulations

Adiabatic Bubble (AB), Catastrophic Cooling Bubble (CB)

Catastrophic Cooling (CC), momentum-conserving (MC)
Temperature discrepancy factor (fT = Tw / Tadi)
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

18. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
18
Hydrodynamic Simulations

Adiabatic Bubble (AB), Adiabatic Pressure-Confined (AP)

Catastrophic Cooling (CC), Catastrophic Cooling Bubble (CB)
Temperature discrepancy factor (fT = Tw / Tadi)
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

19. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
19
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021
Hydrodynamic Simulations
(Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021)

20. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
20
Photoionization Modeling (CIE+PIE=CPI)
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021
Photoionization
+ Collisional Ionization

21. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
21
Photoionization Modeling (CIE+PIE=CPI)
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021
PIE (Pure Photoionization), CIE+PIE=CPI (Photoionization + Collisional Ionization)

22. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
22
Photoionization Modeling (NEI+PIE=NPI)
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021
Photoionization
+ Non-equilibrium Ionization

23. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
23
Photoionization Modeling (NEI+PIE=NPI)
PIE (Pure Photoionization), CIE+PIE=CPI (Photoionization + Collisional Ionization),
NEI+PIE=NPI (Photoionization + Non-equilibrium Ionization), Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

24. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
24
Optical & UV Diagnostic Diagrams
Emission Lines of Superwinds
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

25. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
25
Optical BPT Diagrams
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021
Optical Emission Lines (radiation-bounded)

26. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
26
UV Diagnostic Diagrams
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021
UV Emission Lines (radiation-bounded)

27. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
27
UV Diagnostic Diagrams
UV Emission Lines (radiation-bounded)
Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021

28. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
28
Future Plans: Extension to 2D

Allow to Study Different Instabilities

Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, Kelvin-Helmholtz instability

Formation of Instability-induced Dense Clumps
Lancaster, Ostriker, et al. 2021

29. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
29
Future Plans: Extension to 2D

Allow to Study Different Instabilities

Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, Kelvin-Helmholtz instability

Formation of Instability-induced Dense Clumps
Lancaster, Ostriker, et al. 2021

30. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
30
Future Plans: RT Implementation

Implementation of detailed Radiative Transfer (RT) calculations

Improvement of radiative cooling and photo-heating processes

Stellar flux at a given distance (e.g. Klassen + 2014):

Inclusion of radiation pressure:
Included in MAIHEM Need RT calculations

31. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
31
Concluding Points

Starburst-driven Outflows
– Adiabatic Solution (Chevalier & Clegg 85)
– Radiative Solution (Silich + 2004)

Non-equilibrium Cooling Hydrodynamic Simulations
– MAIHEM Cooling Package (Gray + 2019): Radiative Cooling + Photo-Heating
– Parameter Space Investigation (Danehkar, Oey, Gray, 2021, ApJ, arXiv:2106.10854)

Photoionizaion Modeling
– CIE+PIE (Danehkar et al. ApJ, 2021; arXiv:2106.10854)
– NEI+PIE (Danehkar, et al. in preparation)

Future Plans
– Detailed Radiative Transfer Implementation: Improved Radiative Solutions
– 2-D Simulation: Instability-induced Clumps

32. 13 Oct 2021 MHD-PP
32
Thank you for your attention
Starburst-driven
Outflow
(Romero+
2018,
Strickland+
2003)