The document discusses various topics related to medical imaging equipment, specifically x-ray imaging. It provides an overview of x-ray tube components and how x-rays are produced when electrons are accelerated into a target. It also describes how x-ray exposure factors are determined and how x-rays interact with the body to create diagnostic images based on differential tissue absorption. Evaluation methods and reference materials are listed for the course as well.
This document is a synopsis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics at Annamalai University. It summarizes experimental and theoretical vibrational spectroscopic investigations on several organic compounds, including Schiff bases, benzenesulfonamides, amino acids, and biphenyl derivatives. Quantum chemical computations using methods like HF and DFT were used to interpret vibrational spectra from techniques like IR, Raman, and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The synopsis reviews related literature and describes the instrumentation and methodology used in the experimental and computational investigations.
This document provides an overview of spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. It then discusses the history and development of spectroscopy. The document classifies different types of spectroscopy based on the type of radiative energy and nature of interaction. It provides examples of various spectroscopic techniques including electromagnetic spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence. Key terms related to spectroscopy are defined.
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive tracers to diagnose and treat diseases. It works by injecting radioactive tracers into the body that accumulate in organs and tissues. Special cameras can detect the radiation emitted and create images of the inside of the body. There are three main types of nuclear medicine scans: planar scans that create 2D images; SPECT scans that create 3D images; and PET scans that have the highest sensitivity. Nuclear medicine is useful for detecting cancers, heart conditions, and other abnormalities throughout the body.
Theralase Technologies Inc. founded in 1995, designs, develops, manufactures and markets patented, superpulsed laser technology utilized in biostimulation and biodestruction applications. The technology is safe and effective in the treatment of chronic pain, neural muscular-skeletal conditions and wound healing. When combined with its patented, light-sensitive Photo Dynamic Compounds, Theralase laser technology is able to specifically target and destroy cancers, bacteria, viruses as well as microbial pathogens associated with food contamination. For further information please visit www.theralase.com,
Ultrasonics uses elastic waves with frequencies above 20 kHz. Common applications include non-destructive testing in materials and medical diagnosis. Piezoelectric materials are often used to generate and detect ultrasonic waves due to the piezoelectric effect. Parameters like frequency, bandwidth, and transducer size must be selected appropriately for the application and material being tested.
The document discusses various topics related to medical imaging equipment, specifically x-ray imaging. It provides an overview of x-ray tube components and how x-rays are produced when electrons are accelerated into a target. It also describes how x-ray exposure factors are determined and how x-rays interact with the body to create diagnostic images based on differential tissue absorption. Evaluation methods and reference materials are listed for the course as well.
This document is a synopsis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics at Annamalai University. It summarizes experimental and theoretical vibrational spectroscopic investigations on several organic compounds, including Schiff bases, benzenesulfonamides, amino acids, and biphenyl derivatives. Quantum chemical computations using methods like HF and DFT were used to interpret vibrational spectra from techniques like IR, Raman, and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The synopsis reviews related literature and describes the instrumentation and methodology used in the experimental and computational investigations.
This document provides an overview of spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. It then discusses the history and development of spectroscopy. The document classifies different types of spectroscopy based on the type of radiative energy and nature of interaction. It provides examples of various spectroscopic techniques including electromagnetic spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence. Key terms related to spectroscopy are defined.
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive tracers to diagnose and treat diseases. It works by injecting radioactive tracers into the body that accumulate in organs and tissues. Special cameras can detect the radiation emitted and create images of the inside of the body. There are three main types of nuclear medicine scans: planar scans that create 2D images; SPECT scans that create 3D images; and PET scans that have the highest sensitivity. Nuclear medicine is useful for detecting cancers, heart conditions, and other abnormalities throughout the body.
Theralase Technologies Inc. founded in 1995, designs, develops, manufactures and markets patented, superpulsed laser technology utilized in biostimulation and biodestruction applications. The technology is safe and effective in the treatment of chronic pain, neural muscular-skeletal conditions and wound healing. When combined with its patented, light-sensitive Photo Dynamic Compounds, Theralase laser technology is able to specifically target and destroy cancers, bacteria, viruses as well as microbial pathogens associated with food contamination. For further information please visit www.theralase.com,
Ultrasonics uses elastic waves with frequencies above 20 kHz. Common applications include non-destructive testing in materials and medical diagnosis. Piezoelectric materials are often used to generate and detect ultrasonic waves due to the piezoelectric effect. Parameters like frequency, bandwidth, and transducer size must be selected appropriately for the application and material being tested.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ANIMAL SOUND RECOGNITION SCHEME IN WIRELESS ACOUSTIC SENSORS...ijwmn
Wireless sensor network (WSN) has proliferated rapidly as a cost-effective solution for data aggregation and measurements under challenging environments. Sensors in WSNs are cheap, powerful, and consume limited energy. The energy consumption is considered to be the dominant concern because it has a direct and significant influence on the application’s lifetime. Recently, the availability of small and inexpensive components such as microphones has promoted the development of wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs). Examples of WASN applications are hearing aids, acoustic monitoring, and ambient intelligence. Monitoring animals, especially those that are becoming endangered, can assist with biology researchers’ preservation efforts. In this work, we first focus on exploring the existing methods used to monitor the animal by recognizing their sounds. Then we propose a new energy-efficient approach for identifying animal sounds based on the frequency features extracted from acoustic sensed data. This approach represents a suitable solution that can be implemented and used in various applications. However, the proposed system considers the balance between application efficiency and the sensor’s energy capabilities. The energy savings will be achieved through processing the recognition tasks in each sensor, and the recognition results will be sent to the base station.
Cranial Laser Reflex Technique: Healthcare for GeniusesNicholas Wise
Cranial Laser Reflex Technique is an exciting new development in natural pain relief and functional improvement. This stand-alone method allows a practitioner with any cold laser to be able to reduce someone's musculoskeletal pain with amazing speed. This condensed version of Dr. Nick Wise's recent lecture gives the scientific basis of CLRT.
Physics of ultrasound and echocardiographyjeetshitole
The document discusses the history and physics of ultrasound imaging and echocardiography. It covers how ultrasound waves interact with tissues through reflection, scattering, attenuation and absorption. It describes how piezoelectric transducers convert electrical signals to ultrasound and vice versa to produce images. Imaging can be done in various modes like A-mode, B-mode, M-mode and 2D to visualize cardiac structures and function at different resolutions and depths.
This document discusses near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and its potential for detecting vulnerable plaque. It provides background on NIR spectroscopy and how it works. The document also compares NIR spectroscopy to infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. It describes previous research that has used NIR spectroscopy to detect plaque characteristics. The document concludes that while NIR spectroscopy shows promise for this application, more research funding is still needed to fully realize its potential.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether auditory attention is necessary for the cortical propagation of binaural beats. The study found that binaural beats were detected at the proposed brain location even with a distractor task, indicating the signal propagation is independent of attentional control. This suggests binaural beats could be used for applications like relaxation or hypnosis without requiring attention.
Ultrasound uses sound waves to produce images of internal organs and tissues. Sound waves are transmitted into the body and the echoes produced by reflections from structures and tissues are detected. Three key points:
1) Ultrasound transducers convert electrical pulses into sound waves which penetrate the body and receive the echoes. Piezoelectric crystals in the transducer perform this function.
2) Reflected sound waves are displayed as images on screen to visualize internal structures. The brightness of each pixel depends on the strength of reflection.
3) Different transducer designs like linear arrays and curved arrays allow imaging of different body regions. Imaging modes like B-mode show anatomical structures while M-mode depicts motion.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
Principle of usg imaging, construction of transducersDev Lakhera
This document discusses the principles of ultrasound imaging, including the construction of transducers and ultrasound controls. It covers topics such as the properties of sound waves, how sound propagates through different mediums, the components and workings of an ultrasound transducer, and how ultrasound images are displayed. It also describes various ultrasound imaging controls and their functions.
This document discusses the nature and properties of sound. It defines sound as a vibration that propagates through air or water as pressure waves. It describes how different instruments produce sound through the vibration of membranes, strings, or air columns. It then discusses key characteristics of sound including pitch, quality, and loudness. Pitch is defined as the frequency of a sound, quality is determined by overtones, and loudness depends on sound pressure and duration. The document also notes that the human ear can detect sounds between 20-20,000 Hz, while some animals can hear even higher or lower frequencies.
The document discusses nanosecond lasers, which produce optical pulses with durations measured in nanoseconds. It describes how nanosecond pulses are generated using techniques like Q-switching and gain switching that produce high intensity pulses. Nanosecond lasers have applications in fields like materials processing, distance measurement, remote sensing, and more due to their ability to deliver high pulse energies over short timescales.
This document discusses near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and its potential for detecting vulnerable plaque. It provides background on NIR spectroscopy and how it works. The document also compares NIR spectroscopy to infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy in terms of their abilities to penetrate tissue and provide spectral information. It discusses previous research using these techniques to analyze plaque and identifies components like lipid pools and fibrous caps. The document concludes that these photonic technologies have potential but are limited currently due to insufficient research funding and that new tools may help realize their full potential.
This document discusses the physical principles of ultrasound used in medical imaging. It defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, attenuation and resolution. It describes how piezoelectric transducers convert electrical pulses to ultrasound pulses and echoes. It explains how sector and linear array transducers work and the different display modes. It also discusses artifacts and the safety of diagnostic medical ultrasound.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in medical biophysics and x-ray imaging. It discusses the physics of x-ray production and interactions with matter. It describes various x-ray imaging devices like projection x-ray machines, CT scanners, and devices for dental and mammography applications. Radiation dose and safety are also covered. The document is intended as lecture material for a course on medical biophysics.
scanner acoustic noise on intrinsic brain activity during auditory stimulatio...Ji-Hoon Min
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of scanner background noise (SBN) on intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) during auditory stimulation. Independent component analysis identified 19 ICNs from fMRI data collected using sparse temporal acquisition (STA) and continuous acquisition (CA). Several networks, including the auditory, default mode, salience, and frontoparietal networks, showed greater activity in the STA which has reduced SBN compared to CA. Most network time courses correlated with the stimulus cycles in STA but fewer did in CA. The dorsal default mode and salience networks also showed stronger correlations between their time courses and the stimulus waveform in STA versus CA. The results suggest that SBN influences
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) involves using low-powered lasers or LEDs to stimulate injured or diseased tissues. It works by increasing cell metabolism through absorption of light in mitochondria. While some studies show benefits for pain, healing, and nerve regeneration, its mechanisms and effectiveness are still debated. The FDA has approved some devices as adjunct therapies but insurers view it as investigational due to lack of high-quality evidence. Proper research is still needed but LLLT may have potential medical applications when used judiciously.
This document discusses the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to analyze atherosclerotic plaques. It provides definitions of NIR spectroscopy and describes how it allows chemical analysis of plaques. Studies are cited that have used NIR spectroscopy to detect plaque components like lipid pools, thin fibrous caps, and inflammatory cells. The document discusses both advantages and disadvantages of using NIR spectroscopy for in vivo chemical analysis of plaques. It concludes that NIR spectroscopy shows potential for identifying vulnerable plaques but questions remain about its ability to distinguish plaque types in living patients.
The document discusses the various effects and mechanisms of action of lasers on biological tissues. There are five main effects: 1) Thermal effects such as coagulation and vaporization, which can be used for cutting tissues. 2) Mechanical effects from high intensity lasers causing shock waves. 3) Photoablative effects allowing precise ablation without heat. 4) Photodynamic effects using light-activated drugs to kill cancer cells. 5) Photochemical and photobiological effects that can reduce pain and inflammation or enhance healing. Lasers have a variety of medical applications based on their different tissue interactions.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of structures inside the body. It has several advantages over other imaging modalities like having no known long term side effects, being widely available, and being relatively inexpensive. Ultrasound works by using a transducer to send sound waves into the body which bounce off tissues and organs and are received by the transducer. The echoes are used to form images on screen in real time. While it is good for imaging soft tissues, ultrasound has limitations penetrating bone and imaging deep structures or when gas is present between the transducer and area of interest. It also requires an experienced operator to get high quality images.
Impact of Vibration on a Computer Network Using Optical Fibre CablesPremier Publishers
This study was carried out to validate the negative impact of vibration on a computer network using optical fibre cables where the optical time–domain reflectometer (OTDR) of single mode configuration was employed to acquire signal losses on the network. The losses were categorized in three data sets such as that from a non–vibration (NV), a vibration source from a shaker and generator (SHG) and another source combining the shaker, generator, and a truck (SHGT). The impact of these results were compared on a column and area graph where we obtained a superimposed effect combining all data sets in the area graph that the vibration sources from SHGT had greater impact on the network as their reflected losses were -33.31dB, -33.29dB, and -33.34dB respectively for NV, SHG, and SHGT. The results further confirmed that signal losses on the network has a direct relationship with distance and also, vibration can as well help to normalize errors arising from poorly terminated cables and correct some splice faults as number of events an OTDR records are limited. This study also confirmed the possible use of this system to investigate underground movements likely to be earthquakes or road failure signs.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Kevin Parker on rapid advances in medical ultrasound. It discusses how ultrasound technology is becoming cheaper, faster, and better through advances like Moore's law that have allowed for the miniaturization of ultrasound components. It describes new portable ultrasound systems and the development of nonlinear imaging techniques that have improved image quality. The document also discusses emerging techniques like elasticity imaging that use ultrasound to assess tissue stiffness and detect tumors, as well as potential new applications in drug delivery guided by ultrasound.
This document discusses four major techniques that allocate capacity for wireless WAN communications: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It introduces each technique and notes that each has pros and cons for wireless network capacity allocation. Further details on each technique and a comparison of their advantages are provided.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ANIMAL SOUND RECOGNITION SCHEME IN WIRELESS ACOUSTIC SENSORS...ijwmn
Wireless sensor network (WSN) has proliferated rapidly as a cost-effective solution for data aggregation and measurements under challenging environments. Sensors in WSNs are cheap, powerful, and consume limited energy. The energy consumption is considered to be the dominant concern because it has a direct and significant influence on the application’s lifetime. Recently, the availability of small and inexpensive components such as microphones has promoted the development of wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs). Examples of WASN applications are hearing aids, acoustic monitoring, and ambient intelligence. Monitoring animals, especially those that are becoming endangered, can assist with biology researchers’ preservation efforts. In this work, we first focus on exploring the existing methods used to monitor the animal by recognizing their sounds. Then we propose a new energy-efficient approach for identifying animal sounds based on the frequency features extracted from acoustic sensed data. This approach represents a suitable solution that can be implemented and used in various applications. However, the proposed system considers the balance between application efficiency and the sensor’s energy capabilities. The energy savings will be achieved through processing the recognition tasks in each sensor, and the recognition results will be sent to the base station.
Cranial Laser Reflex Technique: Healthcare for GeniusesNicholas Wise
Cranial Laser Reflex Technique is an exciting new development in natural pain relief and functional improvement. This stand-alone method allows a practitioner with any cold laser to be able to reduce someone's musculoskeletal pain with amazing speed. This condensed version of Dr. Nick Wise's recent lecture gives the scientific basis of CLRT.
Physics of ultrasound and echocardiographyjeetshitole
The document discusses the history and physics of ultrasound imaging and echocardiography. It covers how ultrasound waves interact with tissues through reflection, scattering, attenuation and absorption. It describes how piezoelectric transducers convert electrical signals to ultrasound and vice versa to produce images. Imaging can be done in various modes like A-mode, B-mode, M-mode and 2D to visualize cardiac structures and function at different resolutions and depths.
This document discusses near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and its potential for detecting vulnerable plaque. It provides background on NIR spectroscopy and how it works. The document also compares NIR spectroscopy to infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. It describes previous research that has used NIR spectroscopy to detect plaque characteristics. The document concludes that while NIR spectroscopy shows promise for this application, more research funding is still needed to fully realize its potential.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether auditory attention is necessary for the cortical propagation of binaural beats. The study found that binaural beats were detected at the proposed brain location even with a distractor task, indicating the signal propagation is independent of attentional control. This suggests binaural beats could be used for applications like relaxation or hypnosis without requiring attention.
Ultrasound uses sound waves to produce images of internal organs and tissues. Sound waves are transmitted into the body and the echoes produced by reflections from structures and tissues are detected. Three key points:
1) Ultrasound transducers convert electrical pulses into sound waves which penetrate the body and receive the echoes. Piezoelectric crystals in the transducer perform this function.
2) Reflected sound waves are displayed as images on screen to visualize internal structures. The brightness of each pixel depends on the strength of reflection.
3) Different transducer designs like linear arrays and curved arrays allow imaging of different body regions. Imaging modes like B-mode show anatomical structures while M-mode depicts motion.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
Principle of usg imaging, construction of transducersDev Lakhera
This document discusses the principles of ultrasound imaging, including the construction of transducers and ultrasound controls. It covers topics such as the properties of sound waves, how sound propagates through different mediums, the components and workings of an ultrasound transducer, and how ultrasound images are displayed. It also describes various ultrasound imaging controls and their functions.
This document discusses the nature and properties of sound. It defines sound as a vibration that propagates through air or water as pressure waves. It describes how different instruments produce sound through the vibration of membranes, strings, or air columns. It then discusses key characteristics of sound including pitch, quality, and loudness. Pitch is defined as the frequency of a sound, quality is determined by overtones, and loudness depends on sound pressure and duration. The document also notes that the human ear can detect sounds between 20-20,000 Hz, while some animals can hear even higher or lower frequencies.
The document discusses nanosecond lasers, which produce optical pulses with durations measured in nanoseconds. It describes how nanosecond pulses are generated using techniques like Q-switching and gain switching that produce high intensity pulses. Nanosecond lasers have applications in fields like materials processing, distance measurement, remote sensing, and more due to their ability to deliver high pulse energies over short timescales.
This document discusses near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and its potential for detecting vulnerable plaque. It provides background on NIR spectroscopy and how it works. The document also compares NIR spectroscopy to infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy in terms of their abilities to penetrate tissue and provide spectral information. It discusses previous research using these techniques to analyze plaque and identifies components like lipid pools and fibrous caps. The document concludes that these photonic technologies have potential but are limited currently due to insufficient research funding and that new tools may help realize their full potential.
This document discusses the physical principles of ultrasound used in medical imaging. It defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, attenuation and resolution. It describes how piezoelectric transducers convert electrical pulses to ultrasound pulses and echoes. It explains how sector and linear array transducers work and the different display modes. It also discusses artifacts and the safety of diagnostic medical ultrasound.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in medical biophysics and x-ray imaging. It discusses the physics of x-ray production and interactions with matter. It describes various x-ray imaging devices like projection x-ray machines, CT scanners, and devices for dental and mammography applications. Radiation dose and safety are also covered. The document is intended as lecture material for a course on medical biophysics.
scanner acoustic noise on intrinsic brain activity during auditory stimulatio...Ji-Hoon Min
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of scanner background noise (SBN) on intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) during auditory stimulation. Independent component analysis identified 19 ICNs from fMRI data collected using sparse temporal acquisition (STA) and continuous acquisition (CA). Several networks, including the auditory, default mode, salience, and frontoparietal networks, showed greater activity in the STA which has reduced SBN compared to CA. Most network time courses correlated with the stimulus cycles in STA but fewer did in CA. The dorsal default mode and salience networks also showed stronger correlations between their time courses and the stimulus waveform in STA versus CA. The results suggest that SBN influences
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) involves using low-powered lasers or LEDs to stimulate injured or diseased tissues. It works by increasing cell metabolism through absorption of light in mitochondria. While some studies show benefits for pain, healing, and nerve regeneration, its mechanisms and effectiveness are still debated. The FDA has approved some devices as adjunct therapies but insurers view it as investigational due to lack of high-quality evidence. Proper research is still needed but LLLT may have potential medical applications when used judiciously.
This document discusses the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to analyze atherosclerotic plaques. It provides definitions of NIR spectroscopy and describes how it allows chemical analysis of plaques. Studies are cited that have used NIR spectroscopy to detect plaque components like lipid pools, thin fibrous caps, and inflammatory cells. The document discusses both advantages and disadvantages of using NIR spectroscopy for in vivo chemical analysis of plaques. It concludes that NIR spectroscopy shows potential for identifying vulnerable plaques but questions remain about its ability to distinguish plaque types in living patients.
The document discusses the various effects and mechanisms of action of lasers on biological tissues. There are five main effects: 1) Thermal effects such as coagulation and vaporization, which can be used for cutting tissues. 2) Mechanical effects from high intensity lasers causing shock waves. 3) Photoablative effects allowing precise ablation without heat. 4) Photodynamic effects using light-activated drugs to kill cancer cells. 5) Photochemical and photobiological effects that can reduce pain and inflammation or enhance healing. Lasers have a variety of medical applications based on their different tissue interactions.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of structures inside the body. It has several advantages over other imaging modalities like having no known long term side effects, being widely available, and being relatively inexpensive. Ultrasound works by using a transducer to send sound waves into the body which bounce off tissues and organs and are received by the transducer. The echoes are used to form images on screen in real time. While it is good for imaging soft tissues, ultrasound has limitations penetrating bone and imaging deep structures or when gas is present between the transducer and area of interest. It also requires an experienced operator to get high quality images.
Impact of Vibration on a Computer Network Using Optical Fibre CablesPremier Publishers
This study was carried out to validate the negative impact of vibration on a computer network using optical fibre cables where the optical time–domain reflectometer (OTDR) of single mode configuration was employed to acquire signal losses on the network. The losses were categorized in three data sets such as that from a non–vibration (NV), a vibration source from a shaker and generator (SHG) and another source combining the shaker, generator, and a truck (SHGT). The impact of these results were compared on a column and area graph where we obtained a superimposed effect combining all data sets in the area graph that the vibration sources from SHGT had greater impact on the network as their reflected losses were -33.31dB, -33.29dB, and -33.34dB respectively for NV, SHG, and SHGT. The results further confirmed that signal losses on the network has a direct relationship with distance and also, vibration can as well help to normalize errors arising from poorly terminated cables and correct some splice faults as number of events an OTDR records are limited. This study also confirmed the possible use of this system to investigate underground movements likely to be earthquakes or road failure signs.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Kevin Parker on rapid advances in medical ultrasound. It discusses how ultrasound technology is becoming cheaper, faster, and better through advances like Moore's law that have allowed for the miniaturization of ultrasound components. It describes new portable ultrasound systems and the development of nonlinear imaging techniques that have improved image quality. The document also discusses emerging techniques like elasticity imaging that use ultrasound to assess tissue stiffness and detect tumors, as well as potential new applications in drug delivery guided by ultrasound.
This document discusses four major techniques that allocate capacity for wireless WAN communications: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It introduces each technique and notes that each has pros and cons for wireless network capacity allocation. Further details on each technique and a comparison of their advantages are provided.
Ophthalmic ultrasonography uses sound waves to evaluate the eye and orbit. It can assess tumors, retinal detachments, and foreign bodies when the eye is opaque. The A-scan provides one-dimensional measurements of internal structures. The B-scan gives a two-dimensional cross-section, displaying reflections as varying shades of gray. Together they characterize lesions by location, size, internal reflectivity, structure, and vascularity. Ultrasound is used preoperatively for cataract surgery planning and to evaluate intraocular tumors, accurately measuring their dimensions to guide treatment. Common indications also include opaque media evaluation and orbital disorders.
Acoustic fMRI noise reduction: a perceived loudness approachDimitri Vrehen
This document discusses a study that measured the subjective loudness of acoustic noise from fMRI scanners. The study recorded noise from three echo planar imaging sequences on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. In a psychophysical experiment with 9 subjects, the perceived loudness of the fMRI noise did not increase linearly with sound pressure level. Noises with lower damping factors and frequencies in the 2.5-6kHz range of ear sensitivity were perceived as louder. EPI sequences with suppressed frequencies in the ear's most sensitive range and a highly impulsive nature distributed over longer times should reduce perceived loudness of fMRI acoustic noise.
Ultrasonography uses sound waves to image the eye and orbit. It was first developed in the 1950s and has since become an important tool for ocular imaging. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound pulses that reflect off structures in the eye to produce images. There are two main types: A-scan which produces a one-dimensional image, and B-scan which produces a two-dimensional cross-sectional image. Ultrasound is useful for evaluating the posterior segment in opaque media, measuring tissue thickness, and detecting intraocular and orbital lesions. It is a non-invasive tool commonly used to diagnose and monitor various ocular diseases.
Coherence and Stochastic Resonances in Fitz-Hugh-Nagumo ModelPratik Tarafdar
This document is a presentation summarizing a master's dissertation project on coherence and stochastic resonances in the FitzHugh-Nagumo model. It introduces coherence resonance and stochastic resonance as phenomena where noise can induce regularity or aid information transmission. It describes simulations showing these effects in the FitzHugh-Nagumo model and measures like coefficient of variation used to analyze the results. Future plans are to study how the model's response varies with parameter changes and noise on the oscillatory rather than fixed point side.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound basics, including its history, principles of operation, interactions with tissue, machine components, imaging modes, artifacts, Doppler, elastography, and safety. Key points covered include how ultrasound works via the piezoelectric effect, factors that affect resolution, common artifacts and their clinical value, applications of Doppler and elastography, and that diagnostic ultrasound has been deemed safe by medical organizations.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound basics, including its history, principles of operation, interactions with tissue, machine components, imaging modes, artifacts, Doppler, elastography, and safety. Key points covered include how ultrasound works via the piezoelectric effect, factors that affect resolution, common artifacts and their clinical value, applications of Doppler and elastography, and that diagnostic ultrasound has been deemed safe by medical organizations.
This document discusses conducting a study on tractor vibration and the ergonomic design of tractor seats. The study has several objectives, including measuring vibration levels in different tractor components, evaluating the effects of vibration on operators, and designing seats to reduce vibration and improve comfort. Previous studies on vibration and its health impacts are reviewed. The planned study involves measuring vibration in tractors under different operating conditions and designing prototypes of seats with various materials and suspension systems to isolate vibration.
This document summarizes common artifacts seen in diagnostic ultrasound imaging. It discusses assumptions made in B-mode image formation, such as tissue sound speed and the relationship between brightness and reflectivity. Artifacts covered include reverberations, which appear as brighter regions caused by multiple echoes, and ringdown artifacts seen when withdrawing the probe from a phantom. The use of harmonic imaging and spatial compounding to reduce reverberations is also described. Speckle, caused by interference of signals from many scatterers, is introduced as a noise phenomenon.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics basics. It discusses how ultrasound uses sound waves between 10-20 MHz to generate images. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through materials at different speeds depending on compressibility and density. Ultrasound imaging works by transmitting pulses into the body and receiving echoes, with transducers converting between electrical and sound signals. Factors like frequency, beam characteristics, and tissue interactions impact the resulting images and potential artifacts. Understanding ultrasound physics principles is important for optimizing scans and interpreting images.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics basics. It discusses how ultrasound uses sound waves between 10-20 MHz to generate images. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through materials at different speeds depending on compressibility and density. Ultrasound imaging works by transmitting pulses into the body and receiving echoes, with transducers converting between electrical and sound signals. Factors like frequency, beam characteristics, and tissue interactions impact the resulting images and potential artifacts. Understanding ultrasound physics principles is important for optimizing scans and interpreting images.
An Introduction To Speech Sciences (Acoustic Analysis Of Speech)Jeff Nelson
1) Speech science is the study of speech production, transmission, perception, and comprehension through various disciplines including acoustics, anatomy, physiology, and neurology.
2) Acoustic analysis of speech involves studying the physical characteristics of speech sounds using methods like waveform analysis, measurements of voice onset time, and formant frequency analysis.
3) Characteristics of disordered speech differ from normal speech and may include shorter and lower amplitude vowels in stuttered speech compared to fluent speech.
General Presentation of IPAST SSQFIT, CAST, CWT Technologiessolarsonics
The document describes the Matrix Effect technology, which uses frequency patterns to manipulate energy and matter through quantum physics. It emerged from disciplines like cymatics, bioenergetics, microscopy, solar physics and string theory. The technology can alter microbes under microscopy, support cellular growth, unlock satellite imagery, locate resources underground, and potentially control climate by manipulating fields and clouds. It has various applications but consists primarily of patterned frequency files, methods for combining frequencies with various mediums, and algorithms for specific uses.
The document discusses several medical applications of digital signal processing (DSP) including hearing aids, electroencephalograms (EEGs), and acquiring blood pressure signals. DSP techniques such as sampling, filtering, frequency analysis, and spectral estimation are used to process analog signals from the body, like brain waves or sound, into digital signals. This allows signals to be filtered and analyzed to extract clinically useful information for diagnosing conditions and monitoring patients.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound diagnostics and various ultrasound imaging techniques. It begins with a brief history of ultrasound diagnostics and outlines common ultrasound modalities including ultrasonography (A, B, and M modes), Doppler flow measurement, tissue Doppler imaging, and ultrasound densitometry. The document then discusses physical properties of ultrasound, acoustic parameters of tissues, and interactions of ultrasound with tissues. It provides details on various ultrasound imaging modes and techniques such as B-mode, M-mode, harmonic imaging, and 3D imaging. The document also covers Doppler blood flow measurement principles and different Doppler methods including duplex, color Doppler, and triplex.
BioMedima - Introduction to imaging modalitiesccberger
This document provides an introduction to different imaging modalities used in biomedical imaging. It discusses the basic process of biomedical imaging which involves emitting an energetic wave at a subject, the wave interacting with and being modified by the subject's tissues, and detecting the output waves to create an image. The two main types of waves used are sound waves, such as ultrasound, and electromagnetic waves, which are used in other modalities. It describes the properties and interactions of these different wave types with tissues and how they form the basis of different imaging modalities.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics concepts including:
- How ultrasound waves interact with tissue through attenuation, reflection, scattering, refraction, and diffraction.
- Key properties of ultrasound waves like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and acoustic impedance.
- Factors that determine image resolution such as transducer frequency and beam focusing.
- Common artefacts that can occur like reverberation, side lobes, and multi-path artefacts.
- The importance of understanding ultrasound physics principles to optimize image quality and avoid misdiagnosis.
Ultrasound is produced by piezoelectric crystals in transducers that convert electrical pulses into sound waves and received echoes into electrical signals. Transducers operate in shock, burst, or continuous excitation modes. The piezoelectric crystals resonate at specific frequencies determined by their thickness and composition. Damping materials in transducers shorten pulse duration to improve image resolution by reducing echo overlap. Transducers use the pulse-echo principle to transmit sound pulses into the body and receive returning echoes to create ultrasound images.
fMRI technology uses the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon to form images of neural activity in the brain. It relies on the different magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. When neurons are active in a region of the brain, blood flow to that region increases, altering the ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin and causing a change in the MRI signal. Spatial encoding techniques allow fMRI to locate these signal changes within the brain and form a 3D image showing patterns of neural activity.
Similar to Noise-induced amplification of MEA signal based in Stochastic Resonance (20)
Trata-se de um conjunto de 72 slides de uma aula de 4 horas de duração na pós-graduação da Unisal_Campinas, sobre o Tema Conversor A/D e PWM dos microcontroladores PIC16F87x.
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This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
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DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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These topics will be covered
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
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1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
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10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
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11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
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12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
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2. Stochastic Resonance
• Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon where a signal that is normally
too weak to be detected by a sensor, can be boosted by adding white
noise to the signal, which contains a wide spectrum of frequencies.
• The added white noise can be enough to be detectable by the sensor,
which can then filter it out to effectively detect the original, previously
undetectable signal.
•
Extends to many other systems, whether electromagnetic, physical or
biological, and is an area of intense research.
R. Benzi, A. Sutera and A. Vulpiani, The mechanism of stochastic resonance, J. Phys. A14, L453-L457
(1981).
3. What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• Stochastic Resonance (SR) is the name of a
phenomenon that has been studied by
physicists for more than 25 years, because
there are circunstances in which a noise or
unpredictable fluctuations can be used
purposefully or deliberately introduced to
obtain a benefit
4. What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• When the random noise in the form of
electronic fluctuations corrupts or transmitted
electromagnetic interference messages, it
imposes limits on the rate at which error-free
Communication can be achieved. If everything
else is optimal, then Noise is the enemy.
5. What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• In particular, the paradoxical notion of'' good''
noise is a double-edged sword for researchers
to SR.
• How to use a good noise so as to ensure its
operation within a solution with stochastic
resonance?
6. What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• Stochastic Resonance (SR) is a term originally
used for a specific, and is now widely applied
context to describe any phenomenon whose
which the presence of noise in a nonlinear
system is better for the quality of the output
signal of his absence.
7. What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• This idea can be distilled into stating that
whenever SR occurs, it must be true that
Performance(noise+nonlinearity) >
performance(nonlinearity).
8. What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• The term stochastic resonance was first used in
the context of noise enhanced signal processing
in 1980 by Roberto Benzi, at the International
School of Climatology, as a name for the
mechanism suggested to be behind the periodic
behavior of the Earth's ice ages. The same idea
was independently proposed. Stochastic
resonance has been used in accordance with the
ISI-Web of Science database from over 2,300
publications Fig. 1.
9. Fig. 1
Frequency of stochastic resonance papers by
year—between 1981 and 2007—according to
the ISI database.
10. "What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• About 20% of papers in SR also include a
reference in the title, abstract or keywords
with the neuron or neural words, illustrating
the great interest in studying a positive role
for randomness in neural function.
11. What is Stochastic Resonance ?
• Stochastic resonance is often described as a
phenomenon. This is mainly due to its historic
past, once since coining the term in 1980,
virtually all research only considered systems
where the input SR was a combination of a
periodic input signal single frequency and
broadband noise.
12. Stochastic resonance as ‘‘noise
benefits’’
• The term stochastic resonance is now used so
frequently in the much wider sense of being the
occurrence of any kind of noise-enhanced signal
processing, that we believe this common usage has, by
‘‘weight of numbers’’, led to are definition. Indeed,
electrical engineer Bart Kosko, who made pioneering
developments in fuzzy logic and neural networks,
concisely defines SR in his popular science book Noise
as meaning ‘‘noise benefit’’. Kosko also states the
caveat that the noise interferes with a ‘‘signal of
interest’’, and we concur that SR can be defined as a
‘‘noise benefit in a signal-processing system’’, or
alternatively ‘‘noise-enhanced signal processing’’.
13. Stochastic resonance as ‘‘noise
benefits’’
• We emphasize here is the fact that only occurs
within the context SR increase the signal, since
this is the feature that differentiates it from
make the list of phenomena that could be
described as operating some form of noise,
and still may not be all defined in terms of an
improved signal.
14. Biomedical Applications of SR
• A different form of indirect evidence for SR
existing naturally in biology is successful
biomedical applications. A particularly notable
example is the use of electrically generated
subthreshold stimuli in biomedical prosthetics
to improve human balance control and
somato sensation. This work led to James J.
Collins winning a estigious MacArthur
Fellowship in October 2003.
15. What is Stochastic Resonance? Definitions,
Misconceptions, Debates, and Its Relevance to Biology
“ Stochastic resonance is said to be observed when increases in levels
of unpredictable fluctuations—e.g., random noise—cause an
increase in a metric of the quality of signal transmission or
detection performance, rather than a decrease.
This counterintuitive effect relies on system nonlinearities and on
some parameter ranges being “suboptimal”.
Stochastic resonance has been observed, quantified, and described
in a plethora of physical and biological systems, including neurons.
Being a topic of widespread multidisciplinary interest, the definition
of stochastic resonance has evolved significantly over the last
decade or so, leading to a number of debates, misunderstandings,
and controversies. Perhaps the most important debate is whether
the brain has evolved to utilize random noise in vivo, as part of the
“neural code”. Surprisingly, this debate has been for the most part
ignored by neuroscientists, despite much indirect evidence of a
positive role for noise in the brain.”
Mark D. McDonnell1 and Derek Abbott, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660436/
16. Symmetrical double-sided potential well
Stochastic Resonance: from climate to biology
Roberto Benzi, Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Universit`a di
Roma ,2008.
17. Detection of weak signals
P. Hänggi, Stochastic resonance in biology - How noise can enhance detection of weak
signals and help improve biological information processing, ChemPhysChem 3, 285-290
(2002).
18. Signal-noise-ratio (SNR)
Three power spectra of spike trains recorded at
near optimal noise intensity using a neuron
model (Fitzhugh-Nagumo). Stimulated at 55
Hz, the signal features (sharp peaks at about
55 Hz) are clearly visible. It is obvious that their
amplitude changes with noise intensity with
the maximum amplitude obtained at the
optimal value of noise. The lower panel also
shows clearly that noise larger than optimum
raises the noise floor and reduces the relative
amplitude of the signal feature.
Mechanoreceptors and stochastic resonance,Dr. Lon A. Wilkens,
Biology and Center for Neurodynamics, University of Missouri-St. Louis
20. noise is added in each pixel of image
Dmitry V. Dylov, Jason W. Fleischer, 2010:
Nonlinear self-filtering of noise images via dynamical stochastic resonance, Nature
Photonics, Vol.: Advance online publication, DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.31
23. SR in signal analysis
• A related phenomenon is dithering applied to
analog signals before analog-to-digital
conversion. Stochastic resonance can be used to
measure transmittance amplitudes below an
instrument's detection limit. If Gaussian noise is
added to a subthreshold (i.e., immeasurable)
signal, then it can be brought into a detectable
region. After detection, the noise is removed. A
fourfold improvement in the detection limit can
be obtained.
24. Photoacoustic signals:
photospectrometry with SR
This work is based in this paper:
Huiyu Song · Xueguang Shao · Qingde Su, 2001
“A study on the detection of weak photoacoustic signals by
stochastic resonance”, Fresenius J Anal Chem, 370 :1087–
1090
25. “A study on the detection of weak photoacoustic
signals”
A simulated signal was used to test the performance of adjusting μ. In the simulated signal,
A ×Sign(t) of Input(t) was s imulated from the Gaussian equation.
A =0.05 · D × Noise(t) was chosen randomly from a uniform distribution on the interval
(0.0,1.0). The length of Input(t) was 2000 points
Ordinate S and abscissa X were arbitrary units because they were simulated signals. Equation (1)
was adopted as the non-linear system μ was adjusted with other conditions unchangeable to
obtain the value which output the optimum SNR. The program was written in C++ and
implemented on an IBMP166/32 M computer. PA spectrum of real sample. The PA
spectrometer was constructed in our laboratory without a lock-in amplifier. Light from a 500
W xenon lamp was converted into monochromatic light by means of a CT-30F
monochromator and the modulated light was then incident on a CH-353 chopper. The
acoustic wave generated after illumination of the sample by light was detected by means of a
microphone (ERM-10). The output signal of the microphone was fed to a preamplifier
(Model-115). The data from the sample were collected on an A/ D converter and processed
by means of a computer.
• Erythrosin was used as the sample for the PA signal. Erythrosin spectra were normalized
against carbon black to take into account spectral variations resulting from the light source
and the spectrometer. The spectral range was 450–650 nm.
26. Convencional amplification in MEA
systems
• Operational Amplifier: non-inverter and inverter
But... SR need nonlinear device or system: the
input-output relationship must be nonlinear !
30. Diode white noise generation
The first stage is noise generation, where the constant power output is produced.
We can to generate noise with the zener breakdown phenomenon that´s occur when
a zener diode is run in the reverse breakdown region of operation.
This usually occurs when approximately -1mA of current is passed through the diode.
At this current level the zener diode enters reverse breakdown and the current
through it drops rapidly while the voltage across it remains relatively constant.
This voltage level is termed zener voltage and is represented by VZ.
The I-V plot showing
this phenomenon is shown in Figure.
The noise generated while operating a
zener diode in this region is based on the
avalanche breakdown that occurs in the
pn junction.
31. Electronic white noise generator
• A Noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise
(random signal).
Two NPN bipolar transistors (BJT) are tied together at their bases and
connected to the same power supply. One of the BJTs is connected to
the powersupply at its collector terminal and tied to ground at the
emitter. The other BJT is connected to the power supply at its emitter
terminal and the collector terminal is floating. This essentially creates a pn junction all the same
creates a pn junction all the same as
zener diode. The next step in the generation process was to
make sure that we were operating the transistors (pn junction)
in the reverse breakdown region.
33. Optimal intensity of the noise
• The optimal intensity of the noise must be adjusted
as the nature of the signal to be detected changes.
Intensity of noise x Signal noise ratio
Austrian Journal of Statistics, Vol. 32 (2003), No. 1&2, 49-70