The document discusses the genera Nocardia, Actinomyces, and Streptomyces. Nocardia and Streptomyces are aerobic soil saprophytes that can cause opportunistic infections. Nocardia species are weakly acid-fast and can cause nocardiosis, presenting as pulmonary or cutaneous infections. Actinomyces are anaerobic commensals that can cause actinomycosis, a chronic suppurative infection of the cervicofacial, thoracic, or abdominal regions characterized by abscess formation and draining sinuses. Identification of these organisms involves culture-based techniques and biochemical testing.
The document discusses Staphylococcus bacteria, including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. S. aureus is a common cause of skin infections and abscesses. It produces toxins that can cause food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. Treatment involves draining infections and antibiotics like penicillins, though antibiotic resistance is a problem. Prevention focuses on hygiene and proper wound care.
This document provides an overview of Streptococcus bacteria, including characteristics, diseases caused, taxonomy, and methods for identification. Key points include:
- Streptococcus is a genus of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria that grow in chains. It includes over 50 species that are part of normal oral flora but can also cause diseases.
- Major diseases caused by different Streptococcus species include pharyngitis, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and neonatal infections.
- Identification involves examining colony morphology on blood agar plates, microscopic appearance, and biochemical tests like catalase, optochin, and bile esculin tests.
- Classification is based on carbohydrate antigens identified through Lancefield grouping
1. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans.
2. It forms spores that allow it to survive in hostile environments and spreads through contamination of wounds or ingestion of contaminated food.
3. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected wounds under anaerobic conditions and observing lecithinase activity and alpha toxin production on egg yolk agar.
1. Cutaneous mycoses are fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings or nail clippings in KOH to identify fungal elements, as well as fungal culture.
2. Subcutaneous mycoses involve fungal infection of the subcutaneous tissue and overlying skin, such as mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, and rhinosporidiosis. They are caused by a heterogeneous group of fungi introduced through the skin via minor trauma.
The document discusses hemoflagellates, single-celled flagellated parasites that infect the blood and tissues of humans and animals. It describes the structure, life cycles, transmission, geographic distribution, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of two important genera of hemoflagellates: Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in South and Central America. Key aspects of the parasites, diseases they cause, and approaches to control are summarized.
1. The document discusses various systemic and opportunistic mycoses.
2. Systemic mycoses are caused by dimorphic fungi that can exist as molds in the environment and yeasts in the body. The main systemic mycoses described are blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
3. Opportunistic mycoses are caused by fungi ubiquitous in the environment that can cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. Candidiasis and aspergillosis are two common opportunistic mycoses discussed in the document.
This document discusses Actinomycetes and Nocardia. It describes Actinomycetes as transitional forms between bacteria and fungi that resemble both in certain characteristics. Three medically important genera are mentioned: Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycosis is described as a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Actinomyces that presents with indurated swellings and discharge of sulfur granules. Nocardia is described as aerobic, acid-fast, and a cause of cutaneous and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Streptomyces can cause actinomycotic mycetoma, a subcutaneous infection that can penetrate deeper tissues
This document discusses the medical microbe Bacteroides fragilis. It describes B. fragilis as a gram-negative, non-motile, non-hemolytic, obligate anaerobe that is extremely virulent and can cause widespread tissue destruction and bloodstream infections. It breaks down carbohydrates for energy and produces enzymes and a capsule. Samples that may contain B. fragilis include pus, pleural fluid, urine, pulmonary secretions, uterine secretions, and sinus tract materials. Microscopy shows it as a gram-negative, non-spore forming rod. Culture requires an anaerobic environment and plates are checked after 18-24 hours or 5-7 days of anaerobic incubation
The document discusses Staphylococcus bacteria, including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. S. aureus is a common cause of skin infections and abscesses. It produces toxins that can cause food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. Treatment involves draining infections and antibiotics like penicillins, though antibiotic resistance is a problem. Prevention focuses on hygiene and proper wound care.
This document provides an overview of Streptococcus bacteria, including characteristics, diseases caused, taxonomy, and methods for identification. Key points include:
- Streptococcus is a genus of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria that grow in chains. It includes over 50 species that are part of normal oral flora but can also cause diseases.
- Major diseases caused by different Streptococcus species include pharyngitis, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and neonatal infections.
- Identification involves examining colony morphology on blood agar plates, microscopic appearance, and biochemical tests like catalase, optochin, and bile esculin tests.
- Classification is based on carbohydrate antigens identified through Lancefield grouping
1. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans.
2. It forms spores that allow it to survive in hostile environments and spreads through contamination of wounds or ingestion of contaminated food.
3. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected wounds under anaerobic conditions and observing lecithinase activity and alpha toxin production on egg yolk agar.
1. Cutaneous mycoses are fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings or nail clippings in KOH to identify fungal elements, as well as fungal culture.
2. Subcutaneous mycoses involve fungal infection of the subcutaneous tissue and overlying skin, such as mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, and rhinosporidiosis. They are caused by a heterogeneous group of fungi introduced through the skin via minor trauma.
The document discusses hemoflagellates, single-celled flagellated parasites that infect the blood and tissues of humans and animals. It describes the structure, life cycles, transmission, geographic distribution, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of two important genera of hemoflagellates: Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in South and Central America. Key aspects of the parasites, diseases they cause, and approaches to control are summarized.
1. The document discusses various systemic and opportunistic mycoses.
2. Systemic mycoses are caused by dimorphic fungi that can exist as molds in the environment and yeasts in the body. The main systemic mycoses described are blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
3. Opportunistic mycoses are caused by fungi ubiquitous in the environment that can cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. Candidiasis and aspergillosis are two common opportunistic mycoses discussed in the document.
This document discusses Actinomycetes and Nocardia. It describes Actinomycetes as transitional forms between bacteria and fungi that resemble both in certain characteristics. Three medically important genera are mentioned: Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycosis is described as a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Actinomyces that presents with indurated swellings and discharge of sulfur granules. Nocardia is described as aerobic, acid-fast, and a cause of cutaneous and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Streptomyces can cause actinomycotic mycetoma, a subcutaneous infection that can penetrate deeper tissues
This document discusses the medical microbe Bacteroides fragilis. It describes B. fragilis as a gram-negative, non-motile, non-hemolytic, obligate anaerobe that is extremely virulent and can cause widespread tissue destruction and bloodstream infections. It breaks down carbohydrates for energy and produces enzymes and a capsule. Samples that may contain B. fragilis include pus, pleural fluid, urine, pulmonary secretions, uterine secretions, and sinus tract materials. Microscopy shows it as a gram-negative, non-spore forming rod. Culture requires an anaerobic environment and plates are checked after 18-24 hours or 5-7 days of anaerobic incubation
This document discusses the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is a gram-negative rod that is commonly found in hospitals and moist environments. It can produce pigments like pyocyanin and pyoverdin. Laboratory diagnosis of P. aeruginosa involves examining samples from wounds, sputum, blood, urine or CSF under microscopy and culturing on different media like blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Cetrimide agar. P. aeruginosa is oxidase and catalase positive and shows characteristic fluorescence under UV light.
Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating bacteria that lack cell walls. There are over 200 known species that can infect humans and other animals. They attach to epithelial cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts and can cause diseases like atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) or nongonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples in specialized media, biochemical testing, and molecular methods like PCR. Treatment uses tetracyclines, macrolides, or newer quinolones.
Neisseria and Moraxella are gram-negative cocci except for two pathogenic species - N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. N. meningitidis causes meningitis and can be identified through its growth on specialized media like Thayer-Martin media under increased CO2 levels. It has 13 serogroups classified by capsular polysaccharides. N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea and can be identified by fermenting glucose but not maltose on culture. Moraxella species include the normal flora M. catharalis and the cause of conjunctivitis M. lacunata.
Microsporum a pathogenic fungi Which comes under dermatophytes and cause ringworm infection and fungal infection on skin.
All the Introduction, morphological characteristics, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and treatment given here.
If you want better understanding go on to mine YouTube channel linked below:
https://youtu.be/2wbsB8jxv6o
There you can find other more interesting topics related to microbiology.
This document discusses various methods for identifying bacteria in the laboratory, including:
1) Microscopic examination such as gram staining and fluorescent staining to examine cell morphology.
2) Cultural characteristics such as pigment production, hemolysis on blood agar, and lactose fermentation.
3) Biochemical reactions like catalase, coagulase, and oxidase tests.
4) Serological identification using antigen or antibody detection.
5) Molecular methods using nucleic acid probes to identify specific DNA or RNA sequences.
Aspergillosis is caused by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus. Some Aspergillus species can cause serious disease in humans and animals through inhalation or ingestion. Aspergillus is found worldwide in soil and indoor environments. The most common pathogenic species are A. fumigatus and A. flavus, which can cause invasive infections in the lungs or other organs. Aspergillus has both pathogenic and beneficial uses industrially in producing enzymes and antibiotics. Certain Aspergillus species also produce dangerous mycotoxins like aflatoxins.
Pneumococci is a gram positive bacteria causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. prevented by vaccination and treated with penicilins and cephalosporins.
Pasteurella are gram-negative coccobacilli or rods that are facultative anaerobes and normal flora of the respiratory tracts of many animals. Pasteurella multocida commonly causes infections in animals and can infect humans through animal bites or contact. P. multocida is the most frequent human isolate and causes wound infections, cellulitis, bone/joint infections, and respiratory infections. Identification involves gram staining, culture on blood agar showing gray colonies within 24 hours, and biochemical tests showing oxidase and urease positive results.
Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram-negative coccobacillus, an aerobic bacterium. It is nonspore-forming, nonmotile, and the causative agent of tularemia, the pneumonic form of which is often lethal without treatment.
This document provides information on Actinomyces bacteria. It discusses the history of Actinomyces discoveries in the late 19th century. It describes the morphology of Actinomyces as gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that can form yellow sulfur granules. The document outlines the properties, isolation/growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, and antigenic characteristics of Actinomyces. It also discusses Actinomyces pathogenesis, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention/control.
Streptococcus is a genus of bacteria that appears in chains or pairs of spherical cocci. They are classified into groups A-V based on cell wall carbohydrates. S. pyogenes of group A is an important human pathogen. It produces toxins like streptolysins and erythrogenic toxin. Enzymes such as streptokinase and hyaluronidase aid its invasion and spread. S. pyogenes is identified by beta-hemolysis on blood agar and positive PYR test.
Actinomycetes and Nocardia, Bacteria but similar to fungi usually because of its morphological feature of forming a branching filament network, causing Actinomycosis, Actinomycetoma, Farmer's Lung, etc. Demonstrated under microscope by Gram's stain and ZN staining. Cultured on BHI and Thioglycolate broth. Characteristically produce Supher granules. Penicillin is the drug of choice in allergic to penicillin can be replaced by Erythromycin or Tetracycline. In worst cases surgical removal of affected tissue required.
1. Mycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous infection characterized by painless swelling, sinuses, and discharge of characteristic grains. It is mostly caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma) transmitted through skin trauma in tropical areas.
2. Chromoblastomycosis presents as verrucous plaques or nodules that may ulcerate, caused by dematiaceous fungi transmitted through skin abrasions in tropical regions. Phaeohypomycosis is a related fungal infection characterized by subcutaneous cysts.
3. Other fungal infections described include sporotrichosis causing ulcerative nodules along lymphatics, lobomy
A 20-year-old man presented with urethral discharge and dysuria for two days after unprotected sex with a commercial sex worker. A smear of pus showed Gram-negative diplococci inside polymorphs. Culture on Thayer-Martin medium was positive, leading to a diagnosis of gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, first described in 1879 from gonorrheal pus. Effective treatment requires rapid diagnosis, contact tracing, and appropriate antibiotic use to control spread and rising antibiotic resistance.
teaching support for 2nd year medical school students: steps of the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Candidiasis is an infection caused by Candida species, which are normally present on human skin and mucous membranes. When the normal bacterial flora is disrupted by antibiotics, Candida can overgrow and cause opportunistic infections. Common manifestations include oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, and skin rashes. Candidiasis is diagnosed by visualizing budding yeast and pseudohyphae on smears or growing Candida species in culture. Identification tests help determine the specific Candida species involved. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to severe, disseminated forms of candidiasis.
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. It begins by classifying fungi based on morphology and fungal diseases. Common oral fungal infections are described. Specimen collection and various laboratory techniques for fungal diagnosis are then outlined in detail, including staining methods like KOH, culture media used for isolation, and biochemical and serological tests. Molecular techniques like PCR and potential artifacts are also mentioned.
The document summarizes various fungal infections (mycoses). It describes the characteristics of fungi and classifies mycoses into superficial, subcutaneous, endemic, and opportunistic types. It then discusses specific fungal infections caused by Candida (candidiasis), Cryptococcus (cryptococcosis), Aspergillus (aspergillosis), and Mucoromycetes (mucormycosis) fungi. For each infection, it covers the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical features. Key points are that candidiasis is common in immunocompromised individuals, while cryptococcosis and mucormycosis predominantly affect those with severe immune deficiencies. Aspergil
The document discusses innate immunity, which is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is nonspecific and not adaptive. Components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers like skin and mucus, biochemical barriers such as antimicrobial peptides, and cellular responses mediated by phagocytes and natural killer cells. The innate immune system provides immediate protection but no long-lasting immunity. It helps initiate the specific adaptive immune response.
This document discusses the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is a gram-negative rod that is commonly found in hospitals and moist environments. It can produce pigments like pyocyanin and pyoverdin. Laboratory diagnosis of P. aeruginosa involves examining samples from wounds, sputum, blood, urine or CSF under microscopy and culturing on different media like blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Cetrimide agar. P. aeruginosa is oxidase and catalase positive and shows characteristic fluorescence under UV light.
Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating bacteria that lack cell walls. There are over 200 known species that can infect humans and other animals. They attach to epithelial cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts and can cause diseases like atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) or nongonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples in specialized media, biochemical testing, and molecular methods like PCR. Treatment uses tetracyclines, macrolides, or newer quinolones.
Neisseria and Moraxella are gram-negative cocci except for two pathogenic species - N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. N. meningitidis causes meningitis and can be identified through its growth on specialized media like Thayer-Martin media under increased CO2 levels. It has 13 serogroups classified by capsular polysaccharides. N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea and can be identified by fermenting glucose but not maltose on culture. Moraxella species include the normal flora M. catharalis and the cause of conjunctivitis M. lacunata.
Microsporum a pathogenic fungi Which comes under dermatophytes and cause ringworm infection and fungal infection on skin.
All the Introduction, morphological characteristics, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and treatment given here.
If you want better understanding go on to mine YouTube channel linked below:
https://youtu.be/2wbsB8jxv6o
There you can find other more interesting topics related to microbiology.
This document discusses various methods for identifying bacteria in the laboratory, including:
1) Microscopic examination such as gram staining and fluorescent staining to examine cell morphology.
2) Cultural characteristics such as pigment production, hemolysis on blood agar, and lactose fermentation.
3) Biochemical reactions like catalase, coagulase, and oxidase tests.
4) Serological identification using antigen or antibody detection.
5) Molecular methods using nucleic acid probes to identify specific DNA or RNA sequences.
Aspergillosis is caused by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus. Some Aspergillus species can cause serious disease in humans and animals through inhalation or ingestion. Aspergillus is found worldwide in soil and indoor environments. The most common pathogenic species are A. fumigatus and A. flavus, which can cause invasive infections in the lungs or other organs. Aspergillus has both pathogenic and beneficial uses industrially in producing enzymes and antibiotics. Certain Aspergillus species also produce dangerous mycotoxins like aflatoxins.
Pneumococci is a gram positive bacteria causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. prevented by vaccination and treated with penicilins and cephalosporins.
Pasteurella are gram-negative coccobacilli or rods that are facultative anaerobes and normal flora of the respiratory tracts of many animals. Pasteurella multocida commonly causes infections in animals and can infect humans through animal bites or contact. P. multocida is the most frequent human isolate and causes wound infections, cellulitis, bone/joint infections, and respiratory infections. Identification involves gram staining, culture on blood agar showing gray colonies within 24 hours, and biochemical tests showing oxidase and urease positive results.
Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram-negative coccobacillus, an aerobic bacterium. It is nonspore-forming, nonmotile, and the causative agent of tularemia, the pneumonic form of which is often lethal without treatment.
This document provides information on Actinomyces bacteria. It discusses the history of Actinomyces discoveries in the late 19th century. It describes the morphology of Actinomyces as gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that can form yellow sulfur granules. The document outlines the properties, isolation/growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, and antigenic characteristics of Actinomyces. It also discusses Actinomyces pathogenesis, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention/control.
Streptococcus is a genus of bacteria that appears in chains or pairs of spherical cocci. They are classified into groups A-V based on cell wall carbohydrates. S. pyogenes of group A is an important human pathogen. It produces toxins like streptolysins and erythrogenic toxin. Enzymes such as streptokinase and hyaluronidase aid its invasion and spread. S. pyogenes is identified by beta-hemolysis on blood agar and positive PYR test.
Actinomycetes and Nocardia, Bacteria but similar to fungi usually because of its morphological feature of forming a branching filament network, causing Actinomycosis, Actinomycetoma, Farmer's Lung, etc. Demonstrated under microscope by Gram's stain and ZN staining. Cultured on BHI and Thioglycolate broth. Characteristically produce Supher granules. Penicillin is the drug of choice in allergic to penicillin can be replaced by Erythromycin or Tetracycline. In worst cases surgical removal of affected tissue required.
1. Mycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous infection characterized by painless swelling, sinuses, and discharge of characteristic grains. It is mostly caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma) transmitted through skin trauma in tropical areas.
2. Chromoblastomycosis presents as verrucous plaques or nodules that may ulcerate, caused by dematiaceous fungi transmitted through skin abrasions in tropical regions. Phaeohypomycosis is a related fungal infection characterized by subcutaneous cysts.
3. Other fungal infections described include sporotrichosis causing ulcerative nodules along lymphatics, lobomy
A 20-year-old man presented with urethral discharge and dysuria for two days after unprotected sex with a commercial sex worker. A smear of pus showed Gram-negative diplococci inside polymorphs. Culture on Thayer-Martin medium was positive, leading to a diagnosis of gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, first described in 1879 from gonorrheal pus. Effective treatment requires rapid diagnosis, contact tracing, and appropriate antibiotic use to control spread and rising antibiotic resistance.
teaching support for 2nd year medical school students: steps of the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Candidiasis is an infection caused by Candida species, which are normally present on human skin and mucous membranes. When the normal bacterial flora is disrupted by antibiotics, Candida can overgrow and cause opportunistic infections. Common manifestations include oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, and skin rashes. Candidiasis is diagnosed by visualizing budding yeast and pseudohyphae on smears or growing Candida species in culture. Identification tests help determine the specific Candida species involved. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to severe, disseminated forms of candidiasis.
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. It begins by classifying fungi based on morphology and fungal diseases. Common oral fungal infections are described. Specimen collection and various laboratory techniques for fungal diagnosis are then outlined in detail, including staining methods like KOH, culture media used for isolation, and biochemical and serological tests. Molecular techniques like PCR and potential artifacts are also mentioned.
The document summarizes various fungal infections (mycoses). It describes the characteristics of fungi and classifies mycoses into superficial, subcutaneous, endemic, and opportunistic types. It then discusses specific fungal infections caused by Candida (candidiasis), Cryptococcus (cryptococcosis), Aspergillus (aspergillosis), and Mucoromycetes (mucormycosis) fungi. For each infection, it covers the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical features. Key points are that candidiasis is common in immunocompromised individuals, while cryptococcosis and mucormycosis predominantly affect those with severe immune deficiencies. Aspergil
The document discusses innate immunity, which is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is nonspecific and not adaptive. Components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers like skin and mucus, biochemical barriers such as antimicrobial peptides, and cellular responses mediated by phagocytes and natural killer cells. The innate immune system provides immediate protection but no long-lasting immunity. It helps initiate the specific adaptive immune response.
This document discusses the properties of Nocardia, Actinomyces, and Streptomyces bacteria. It notes that they are filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria that resemble fungi. Nocardia and Streptomyces are soil-dwelling saprophytes, while Actinomyces is a normal oral flora. These bacteria can cause opportunistic infections in humans. Nocardia causes nocardiosis, presenting as pneumonia or cutaneous lesions. Actinomyces causes actinomycosis, often associated with dental or pelvic infections. Streptomyces produces many clinically useful antibiotics and other bioactive compounds.
This document discusses several bullous dermatoses including pemphigus vulgaris, epidermolysis bullosa, and erythema multiforme. Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease characterized by painful blisters in the mouth and on the skin caused by antibodies against desmoglein proteins. Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited diseases where minor trauma causes blistering, and there are different subtypes based on the level of blistering in the skin. Erythema multiforme is usually triggered by herpes simplex virus or medications and presents with target lesions on the skin and potentially mucous membranes that are self-limiting.
This document provides information about different types of rhinitis (inflammation of the nose). It discusses acute and chronic rhinitis, including common cold, allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, and specific conditions like nasal diphtheria and rhinoscleroma. It describes symptoms, causes, pathology, treatment options for each condition. Examinations and investigations mentioned include nasal smears, biopsies, skin tests and blood tests. Management involves avoiding allergens, medications like antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and occasionally surgery.
ANTI FUNGAL DRUGS AFFECTING CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL WALL.Mohammad Bilal
The document discusses anti-fungal drugs that target the fungal cell membrane and cell wall biosynthesis. It provides an overview of fungal cell structure, focusing on the cell wall components of chitin and beta-glucans. It explains how drugs like echinocandins inhibit beta-glucan synthase to disrupt cell wall formation, and how azoles and terbinafine inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis in the cell membrane. The summary highlights the main cellular targets of anti-fungal drugs and how inhibiting key processes like chitin, beta-glucan, and ergosterol synthesis impacts fungal growth and viability.
1. Nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome are conditions affecting the nephrons of the kidney. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria. Nephritic syndrome features hematuria and acute kidney injury.
2. The document discusses the causes, pathophysiology, and management of nephrotic syndrome. Common causes include minimal change disease, membranous glomerulopathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Treatment involves managing symptoms with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and in some cases immunosuppressants like corticosteroids.
3. Membranous glomer
Diverticulitis is an inflammation of diverticula, small pouches that can form in the lining of the intestines. It is most often caused by a low-fiber diet which requires the intestines to work harder to push stool through. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, bloating and changes in bowel habits. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging scans. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to treat infection as well as pain medications. Surgery may be needed for complications like abscesses or perforations. Nursing care involves administering medications, maintaining bed rest, and monitoring for worsening symptoms.
The normal human skin is colonized by many bacteria that live harmlessly in communities known as the skin microbiome. The resident bacteria include propionibacterium species in hair follicles, and aerobic cocci and coryneforms on the surface. Staphylococcus aureus and propionibacteria can produce free fatty acids from skin lipids. Impetigo is a common skin infection caused by S. aureus or streptococci, occurring as non-bullous or bullous types. Bullous impetigo is caused by exfoliative toxins that disrupt skin adhesion molecules.
Discussion on types, pathogenesis of hypersensitivity. Referred from Robbins 10th edition. Prepared by a pathology Postgraduate for 2nd year MBBS students
This document discusses carcinogens and cancer. It defines cancer as abnormal cell growth that can invade other tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer. Chemical carcinogens include aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, and chemicals containing epoxide, organohalogen, and nitroso groups. Carcinogens can damage DNA directly or require metabolic activation. Factors that influence cancer development include dose of exposure, lifestyle factors like smoking, and inherited conditions. Engineering controls, personal protective equipment, hygiene practices, and proper waste disposal can reduce exposure to carcinogens.
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It has three stages in its lifecycle - tachyzoites which actively multiply during acute infection, bradyzoites which form cysts in tissues during chronic infection, and oocysts, the sexual stage found in cats. People become infected by ingesting oocysts from soil or undercooked meat containing cysts. In immunocompetent individuals infection is usually asymptomatic but can cause lymphadenopathy. In immunocompromised people it can cause severe toxoplasmic encephalitis. Congenital infection occurs when a woman is infected during pregnancy and can cause chorioretinitis or other issues in
This document discusses antifungals used to treat critical fungal infections. It begins by noting the increase in human fungal infections in recent years. It then classifies antifungals based on structure and mechanism of action, discussing various azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole. It also covers amphotericin B, an antifungal obtained from streptomyces that is effective against various fungal species but can cause side effects like fever, chills and nephrotoxicity. The document discusses the pharmacokinetics, administration and spectrum of various antifungals and highlights newer lipid formulations of amphotericin B and the class of echinocandins as important
The document discusses liver failure and its types, causes, clinical features, and management. It covers topics like acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, complications of cirrhosis including ascites and variceal bleeding, and criteria for liver transplantation. Key points are acute liver failure can result from infections, drugs, ischemia, while cirrhosis leads to complications managed through treatments like TIPS procedure, antibiotics for SBP, and vasopressors for HRS. Liver assist devices help improve organ function and cerebral/renal parameters in acute liver failure.
Leptospira is a thin, spiral-shaped bacteria that can cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease spread through contact with infected animal urine. There are 23 known pathogenic species of Leptospira that primarily infect rats and other rodents. Humans can become infected through contact with contaminated soil or water, especially if they have cuts or wounds. Leptospirosis symptoms range from mild to severe and can include fever, headache, jaundice and meningitis. The disease is diagnosed through blood tests and treated with antibiotics like doxycycline or penicillin. Occupations like farming, mining and veterinary work carry higher risks of exposure.
This document provides information about hydatid cysts, including:
- Hydatid cysts are caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus parasite and most commonly occur in the liver or lungs.
- They have three layers and can expand slowly without symptoms. Symptoms may include abdominal pain or fever.
- Diagnosis involves serological tests, ultrasound, CT scan or MRI. Surgical removal is often the treatment of choice along with anti-parasitic drugs.
- Surgical techniques aim to inactivate scolices, prevent spillage, eliminate the cyst, and manage any residual cavity. Conservative and radical procedures are described.
Similar to Nocardia, Actinomyces and Streptomyces Latest1.pptx (20)
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
4. ACTINOMYCETES
1. LARGE GROUP = CHARACTERISTICS OF
BACTERIA AND FUNGI
2. FORM BRANCHES OR FILAMENTS = HYPHAE
3. INFECTIONS RESEMBLE FUNGAL DISEASES
1. CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE DISEASE + SINUSES
4. BACTERIAL = PROCARYOTIC CELL WALL
1. LACK OF MITOCHONDRIA/MEMBRANE BOUND
NUCLEUS
5. SUSCEPTIBLE TO PENICILLIN LIKE BACTERIA
5. ACTINOMYCETES
• BIOCHEMISTRY
• THE ORGANISMS ARE IDENTIFIED BASED ON SUGAR FERMENTATIONS AND
HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS (CASEINE, TYROSINE, ETC.)
• CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• MYCETOMA – ORGANISM ENTERS THE BODY THROUGH BREAKS IN THE SKIN AND
CAUSES A LOCALIZED INFECTION INVOLVING SKIN, CUTANEOUS, AND
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
• THE THREE MOST CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES SEEN ARE SWELLING,
DRAINING SINUSES AND GRANULES.
• THIS DISEASE CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY FUNGI AS WELL AS NOCARDIA,
ACTINOMADURA, AND STREPTOMYCES.
9. ACTINOMYCES
ANAEROBIC, FILAMENTOUS, GRAM POSITIVE BACILLUS
• EXHIBIT TRUE BRANCHING
• “MYKES” – GREEK FOR “FUNGUS”
• THOUGHT BY EARLY MICROBIOLOGIST TO BE FUNGI
BECAUSE OF:
• MORPHOLOGY
• DISEASE THEY CAUSE
10. • A ISRAELII – ACTINOMYCOSIS
• A BOVIS – LUMPY JAW, IN CATTLES
• A VISCOSUS – DENTAL DISEASES
• A NAESLUNDII - DENTAL DISEASES
12. ACTINOMYCOSIS
• SWELLING →FLUCTUANT →SINUS TRACT
• 50% OF CASES - CERVICOFACIAL ACTINOMYCOSIS
• 20% OF CASES - THORACIC ACTINOMYCOSIS
• 20% OF CASES – ABDOMINAL ACTINOMYCOSIS
13. 1. ACTINOMYCOSIS
• ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII AND OTHERS
• CERVICOFACIAL = MOST COMMON, LOWER JAW =
ABSCESS FORMATION, SINUS TRACTS THAT
REACH THE SKIN
• THORACIC = ASPIRATION INTO LUNG, EXTENSION
OF CERVICOFACIAL, HEMATOGENOUS
• ABDOMINAL = TRAUMA OF INTESTINE OR
ABDOMINAL WALL
• GENITAL = INTRAUTERINE DEVICES =
INFLAMMATION
• DIAGNOSIS - EXAMINE PUS FOR WHITE OR
YELLOW GRANULES/GRAM STAIN =
FILAMENTOUS/CULTURE = LOOK FOR
G+/IDENTIFY BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
14. ACTINOMYCOSIS
NOT HIGHLY VIRULENT
(OPPORTUNIST)
• COMPONENT OF ORAL FLORA
• PERIODONTAL POCKETS
• DENTAL PLAQUE
• TONSILAR CRYPTS
• TAKE ADVANTAGE OF INJURY
TO PENETRATE MUCOSAL
BARRIERS
• COINCIDENT INFECTION
• TRAUMA
• SURGERY
15. ACTINOMYCOSIS
• A CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE AND GRANULOMATOUS肉芽
肿DISEASE OF THE CERVICO-FACIAL, THORACIC OR
ABDOMINAL AREAS
16. ACTINOMYCOSIS
FORM INDURATED MASSES WITH FIBROUS WALLS AND
CENTRAL LOCULATIONS WITH PUS
• PUS CONTAINS "SULFUR GRANULES"
• GRITTY, YELLOW WHITE
• AVERAGE DIAMETER - 2MM
• COMPOSED OF MINERALIZED “MYCELIAL” MASS
CHRONIC INFECTION
• FORM BURROWING SINUS TRACTS TO SKIN OR MUCUS
MEMBRANES
• DISCHARGE PURULENT MATERIAL
18. PULMONARY ACTINOMYCOSIS
• 15% OF CASES
• ASPIRATION OF ORGANISM
FROM THE OROPAHARYNX
• SLOWLY PROGRESSIVE
PROCESS INVOLVING LUNG
AND PLEURA
• MAY BE MISTAKEN FOR
MALIGNANCY
• CHEST PAIN, FEVER, WGT
LOSS AND HEMOPTYSIS
19. LAB DIAGNOSIS
• PUS FROM LESIONS, SINUS TRACKS, FISTULAS, SPUTUM OR BIOSPY MATERIALS
• MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION – SULPHUR GRANULES
• CULTURE: THIOGLYCOLATE MEDIUM, ANAEROBICALLY, FOR 2 WEEKS
20. ACTINOMYCOSIS/TREATMENT
• SURGICAL DEBRIDEMENT OF DAMAGED TISSUE IS A
PREREQUISITE TO ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
• PENICILLIN G FOR 3-4 WEEKS = TREATMENT OF
CHOICE/TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
RESULTS IN A MORE RAPID CURE
23. NORCADIA
• THIN, G+, BRANCHING FILAMENTS
• PARTIAL ACID FAST – 1% H2SO4
• DOES NOT FORM GRANULES
• GROW AEROBIALLY
• FOUND ON SOIL
• MAY CAUSE
• NORCADIOSIS
• MYCETOMA
24. Nocardia
• Can cause pulmonary, systemic or cutaneous
disease.
• Special request for modified acid-fast stain.
• Special request for Nocardia culture.
– Grow on Sab agar and LJ agar
– White, orange “chalky” colonies
– Will grow on blood, chocolate but can take over a
week and normal sputum culture plates only held 48
hours.
• After suspect an actinomycetes will do further
tests to determine genus/species (e.g.,
lysozyme sensitivity, casein decomposition)
25. ACTINOMYCETES
• THE AEROBIC GENERA: NOCARDIA, ACTINOMADURA, AND
STREPTOMYCES. THERE ARE THREE CLINICALLY IMPORTANT
SPECIES OF NOCARDIA – N. ASTEROIDES, N. BRASILENSIS, AND
N. CAVIAE
• MORPHOLOGY AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• G+ BRANCHING BACILLUS THAT MAY FRAGMENT TO BACILLARY OR
COCCOID FORMS
• AEROBIC
• SPECIMENS SHOULD BE INOCULATED ONTO 7H10 AGAR OR LOWENSTEIN-
JENSEN AGAR AND BRAIN HEART INFUSION AGAR.
• COLONIES PRODUCED ARE TYPICALLY ORANGE, DRY, CRUMBLY, AND
ADHERENT.
• THE ORGANISMS ARE WEAKLY ACID FAST OR NON ACID FAST
27. PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FINDINGS
• NORCADIOSIS – PULMONARY INFECTION – PNEUMONIA
• HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD MAY LEAD TO BRAIN ABSCESS
• DISEASE MAINLY IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS
• AIDS, LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, STEROIDS
28. ACTINOMYCETES
• NOCARDIOSIS – IS A LOCALIZED OR DISSEMINATED DISEASE OCCURRING AFTER INHALATION OF
ORGANISMS.
• PULMONARY INFECTIONS RESEMBLE TUBERCULOSIS AND CAN REMAIN CONFINED TO THE
LUNGS OR MAY DISSEMINATE, WITH A PREDILECTION FOR THE BRAIN AND MENINGES.
• THE DISEASE IS CHARACTERIZED BY MULTIPLE CONFLUENT ABSCESSES AND INTENSE
SUPPURATION.
• IT IS USUALLY A DISEASE OF COMPROMISED HOSTS.
• ANTIMICROBIC SUSCEPTIBILITY/TREATMENT
• MYCETOMA – AMINOGLYCOSIDES
• NOCARDIOSIS – SULFONAMIDES OR SXT
37. MORPHOLOGY
HIGHLY HETEROMORPHOUS IN CONTRAST TO
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
IN SUBMERGED CULTURES,
HYPHAE ARE PRESENT AS
MYCELIUM: DISPERSED
HYPHAL FILAMENTS
PELLET: SPHERICAL
AGGLOMERATE OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS
38. COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF
STREPTOMYCES
BIOSYNTHESIS OF
ANTIBIOTICS (STREPTOMYCIN, ERYTHROMYCIN,
TETRACYCLINE, CHLORAMPHENICOL, ETC.)
ANTIFUNGALS (AMPHOTERICIN B)
ALKALOIDS (PHYSOSTIGMINE)
ANTI-CANCER COMPOUNDS (MIGRASTATIN)
USED AS HOST FOR HETEROLOGOUS GENE
EXPRESSION (CURR OPIN BIOTECHNOL 2 (5): 674-81)
44. The streptomyces species usually cause the
disease entity known as mycetoma (fungus
tumor). These infections are usually
subcutaneous, but they can penetrate deeper
and invade the bone. Some species produce a
protease which inhibits macrophages. Material
sent to the lab is pus or skin biopsy. The
streptomycetes are aerobic like Nocardia, and
can grow on both bacterial and fungal (SDA)
media.
They produce a chalky aerial mycelium with
much branching. It is important to let the lab
know the organism you suspect because most
bacterial pathogens will grow out overnight, but
the actinomycetes take longer to be visible on
the culture plates (48-72 h).
45. • THE VARIOUS SPECIES OF STREPTOMYCES
PRODUCE GRANULES OF DIFFERENT SIZE,
TEXTURE AND COLOR. THESE GRANULES ALONG
WITH COLONIAL GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL
TESTS ALLOW THE BACTERIOLOGIST OR
MYCOLOGIST TO IDENTIFY EACH SPECIES. THE
ORGANISMS ARE FOUND WORLD-WIDE. THERE
ARE NO SEROLOGICAL TESTS, AND THE
DRUGS OF CHOICE ARE THE
• COMBINATION OF
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE/TRIMETHOPRIM OR
AMPHOTERICIN B. IN THE TROPICS THIS
DISEASE MAY GO UNDIAGNOSED OR
UNTREATED FOR SO LONG THAT SURGICAL
AMPUTATION MAY BE THE ONLY EFFECTIVE
TREATMENT.
46. GENERAL PROPERTIES
• THEY ARE FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA
• THEIR MORPHOLOGY RESEMBLES THAT OF FILAMENTOUS
FUNGI- ALSO KNOWN AS RAY FUNGI
• HIGH G+C CONTENT THAN ANY OTHER BACTERIA
• SOURCE OF MOST OF CURRENTLY USED ANTIBIOTICS ALSO
PRODUCE METABOLITES THAT ARE ANTICANCER,
ANTHELMINTHIC AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE COMPLEX LIFE
CYCLE
• GRAM POSITIVE
• SAPROPHYTIC AND MAINLY ACTING AS DECOMPOSERS IN THE
SOIL
• WIDE SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC ARE COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED
FROM STREPTOMYCES
• INTERMEDIATE GROUP BETWEEN BACTERIAL AND FUNGI
• REPRESENTATIVE GENERA FOR THIS PRESENTATION;
STREPTOMYCES, NORCADIA,ACTINOMYCES
47. ACTINOMYCETES
• IRREGULAR, NON SPORE FORMING GRAM POSITIVE RODS ,EITHER AS AEROBIC OR AS
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC ISOLATES
• NOCARDIA ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE GENERA MYCOBACTERIUM AND
CORYNEBACTERIUM BUT DIFFER DISTINCTLY FROM ACTINOMYCES IN CELL WALL CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS AND PERCENTAGES OF GUANINE AND CYTOSINE
• MYCOBACTERIUM SPECIES DIFFER BY THE PRESENCE OF RODS RATHER THAN OF FRAGMENTING
MYCELIUM, BY RELATIVELY POOR GRAM-STAINING, AND BY STRONG ACID-FASTNESS
• ACTINOMYCES- ANAEROBIC, NORMAL FLORA
• NOCARDIA- AEROBIC, SAPROPHYTES-PARTIALY ACID FAST
• STREPTOMYCES- AEROBIC, SAPROPHYTES
48. NOCARDIA AND STREPTOMYCES
● OBLIGATE AEROBIC SAPROPHYTES, FOUND IN SOIL
● A FEW SPECIES ARE RARE OPPORTUNIST PATHOGENS, CAUSING DISEASE IN CASES IN WHICH
PREDISPOSING FACTORS SUCH AS IMMUNITY OR NORMAL BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS ARE
GROSSLY IMPAIRED
●COLONIES VARY FROM HEAPED, WAXY, AND VARIABLY PIGMENTED TO DENSE, WHITE
MYCELIAL, AND MOLD LIKE
● ALL GENERALLY GROW IN 3-5 DAYS AT 37°C AND ARE CATALASE POSITIVE.
● NOCARDIA ARE MOST COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED, BUT STREPTOMYCES MAY BE CULTURED
FROM MYCETOMAS IN TROPICAL AREAS
49. NORCADIA
• THE PATHOGENIC NOCARDIA ARE OFTEN ACID-FAST (OR PARTIALLY SO),
• GRAM-POSITIVE,
• UREASE POSITIVE
• BRANCHING FILAMENTOUS RODS THAT BREAK UP INTO BACILLARY OR COCCOID
FORMS.
• THEY ARE STRICTLY AEROBIC
• FOUND IN THE SOIL.
• THE SPECIES OF IMPORTANCE IS N. ASTEROIDS.
50. NORCADIOSIS
• BRONCHOPULMONARY
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS ;POTENTIAL FOR DISSEMINATION TO THE CNS
DX; PNEUMONIA WITH CAVITATION
• CUTANEOUS OR SUB CUTANEOUS LESIONS;
• CAN OCCUR IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL WITH TRAUMATIC INJURY LEAD T
MYCETOMAS
• PAINLESS ,SUBCUTANEOUS SINUS
51. PATHOGENICITY
NOCARDIOSIS IS USUALLY A CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE
DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY SUPPURATING,
GRANULOMATOUS LESIONS.
THE ORGANISM PRODUCES ACUTE AND CHRONIC MASTITIS
WITH GRANULOMATOUS LESIONS AND DRAINING SINUS
TRACTS
LOCALIZED SUBCUTANEOUS LESIONS OR LYMPH NODE
INVOLVEMENT, OR BOTH, ARE SEEN.
GENERALIZED NOCARDIOSIS CHARACTERIZED BY
PNEUMONIA AND THE ACCUMULATION OF LARGE
QUANTITIES OF RED FLUID IN THE THORACIC OR
ABDOMINAL CAVITY,
THE FLUID IN THESE CAVITIES IS SEROSANGUINOUS AND
INFREQUENTLY CONTAINS SMALL (<1 MM) SULFUR LIKE
GRANULES.
CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO DISTINGUISH ANY 'NOCARDIA'
ISOLATED FROM A. VISCOUS
52. DIRECT EXAMINATION
• GRANULES, IF PRESENT, ARE EXAMINED AS DESCRIBED EARLIER.
• GRAM-STAINED SMEARS OF PUS OR CRUSHED GRANULES REVEAL GRAM-
POSITIVE BRANCHING FILAMENTS, WITH OR WITHOUT CLUBS
• THE MODIFIED ACID-FAST STAIN OFTEN SHOWS THE RETENTION OF SOME
CARBOLFUCHSIN, BUT THIS IS NOT A RELIABLE CHARACTERISTIC OF
NOCARDIA.
• PUS CONTAINING THE CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS IS INOCULATED ONTO
SEVERAL BLOOD SLANTS OR PLATES AND SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR
WITHOUT INHIBITORS. INCUBATE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AND AT 37°C
FOR UP TO A WEEK.
53. CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• GROWTH IS EVIDENT IN 4-5 DAYS, AND COLONIES ARE IRREGULARLY FOLDED, RAISED, AND
SMOOTH OR GRANULAR.
• THE COLOR VARIES FORM WHITE THROUGH YELLOW TO DEEP ORANGE.
• GRAM-POSITIVE, PARTIALLY ACID-FAST MYCELIAL FILAMENTS, WHICH BREAK UP INTO BACILLARY
FORMS, ARE EVIDENT UNDER OIL IMMERSION.
• THE PRESENCE OF MYCELIAL ELEMENTS DISTINGUISHES NOCARDIA
• FROM SAPROPHYTIC AND ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA. THE MYCELIAL FORMS OF THE NOCARDIA CAN
BE READILY SEEN IN SLIDE CULTURES ON SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR. THE SPECIES GROWS WELL
AT 45°C.
• IDENTIFICATION; A HIGHLY PRESUMPTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF N. ASTEROIDES INFECTION IS BASED
ON PATHOLOGY, DEMONSTRATION OF TYPICAL ORGANISMS, AND COLONIAL, CULTURAL, AND
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
54. ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
• BROTH MICRODILUTION METHOD IS RECOMMENDED BY THE CLSI FOR
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING FOR NOCARDIA SPP
• A STUDY OF IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY HAS SHOWN THAT ALL N. ASTEROIDES
TESTED WERE SENSITIVE TO SULFIXAZOLE, TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHAZOLE,
DOXYCYCLINE, AND MINOCYCLINE AND MOST TO AMPICILLIN; ABOUT HALF
WERE RESISTANT TO TETRACYCLINE
55. ACTINOMYCES
• ARE GRAM-POSITIVE, DIPHTHEROIDAL OR BRANCHING FILAMENTOUS RODS, 0.2-1.0 ΜΠΊ IN
DIAMETER.
• SHORT RODS, WHICH MAY SHOW CLUBBED ENDS, ARE COMMON AND MAY OCCUR SINGLY,
IN DIPHTHEROIDAL PAIRS, IN SHORT CHAINS, OR IN CLUSTERS. ACTINOMYCES PYOGENES
ARE COMMONLY COCCOBACILLARY IN AN AEROBIC ATMOSPHERE.
• ACTINOMYCES ARE FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC, WITH MOST SPECIES BEING PREFERENTIALLY
ANAEROBIC ALTHOUGH SOME SPECIES GROW WELL IN AIR; 10% C02 IMPROVES GROWTH OF
AERO TOLERANT SPECIES AND IS REQUIRED FOR AERO TOLERANT STRAINS OF
PREFERENTIALLY ANAEROBIC SPECIES
• ACTINOMYCES ARE THUS FERMENTATIVE IN METABOLISM WHEREAS NOCARDIA ARE
OXIDATIVE.
• COLONIES MY BE EITHER ROUGH AND DRY OR SOFT AND MUCOID, WITH TRANSITIONAL
FORMS BEING COMMON.
• ACTINOMYCES CAUSE CHRONIC INFECTIONS OF SOFT AND HARD TISSUES, OFTEN WITH THE
FORMATION OF SULFUR GRANULES.
56. ACTINOMYCOSIS
• THE PRESENCE OF SULFUR GRANULES, WHILE STRIKING, IS NOT
DIAGNOSTIC OF ACTINOMYCES INFECTIONS BUT ALSO OCCURS IN
NOCARDIA OR STREPTOMYCES INFECTIONS.
• ACTINOMYCES INFECTIONS ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE
OF FOREIGN BODIES USUALLY DISRUPTED BY TRAUMA OR SURGERY OR
DENTISTRY OR OTHER INFECTION
• INFECTION IS ENDOGENOUS
• CERVICOFACIAL;
• ‘’LUMPY JAW’’ ASSOCIATED WITH RECENT DENTAL WORK, JAW TRAUMA,
POOR ORAL HYGIENE
• ‘’ SULFUR GRANULES’’
57. Gram Stain and Macroscopic Colonies
of Actinomyces
NOTE: Molar tooth appearance of
colonies on agar can help remind us that
the oral cavity is a common niche for
Actinomyces.
59. ACTINOMYCOSIS
• PELVIC; ASSOCIATED WITH PLACEMENT OF IUDS
• CNS; NOT COMMON; PRESENTS AS SOLITARY BRAIN ABSCESS
TREATMENTS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. DRAINAGE OF ABSCESS/DEBRIDEMENT
2.PROLONGED PENICILLIN TREATMENT .OTHERS ARE
CLINDAMYCIN,CARBAPENEMS.
60. STREPTOMYCES
• THE LARGEST GENUS OF ACTINOBACTERIA AND THE TYPE GENUS OF THE FAMILY
STREPTOMYCETACEAE.
• OVER 500 SPECIES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERIA HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED.[
• FOUND PREDOMINANTLY IN SOIL AND DECAYING VEGETATION,
• MOST STREPTOMYCETES PRODUCE SPORES, AND ARE NOTED FOR THEIR DISTINCT "EARTHY"
ODOR THAT RESULTS FROM PRODUCTION OF A VOLATILE METABOLITE, GEOSMIN.
• STREPTOMYCETES ARE CHARACTERISED BY A COMPLEX SECONDARY METABOLISM.THEY
PRODUCE OVER TWO-THIRDS OF THE CLINICALLY USEFUL ANTIBIOTICS OF NATURAL ORIGIN
(E.G., NEOMYCIN, CYPEMYCIN, GRISEMYCIN, BOTTROMYCINS AND CHLORAMPHENICOL).
•
61. STREPTOMYCES
• THE ANTIBIOTIC STREPTOMYCIN TAKES ITS NAME DIRECTLY FROM
STREPTOMYCES. STREPTOMYCES'S ARE INFREQUENT PATHOGENS, THOUGH
INFECTIONS IN HUMANS, SUCH AS MYCETOMAS, CAN BE CAUSED BY S.
SOMALIENSIS AND S. SUDANENSIS, AND IN PLANTS CAN BE CAUSED BY S.
CAVISCABIES, S. ACIDISCABIES, S. TURGIDISCABIES AND S. SCABIES.
62. STREPTOMYCES IN MEDICINE
• STREPTOMYCES IS THE LARGEST ANTIBIOTIC-PRODUCING GENUS,
PRODUCING ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL, AND ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS,
AND ALSO A WIDE RANGE OF OTHER BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, SUCH AS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS.
• ALMOST ALL OF THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY
STREPTOMYCES ARE INITIATED DURING THE TIME COINCIDING WITH THE
AERIAL HYPHAL FORMATION FROM THE SUBSTRATE MYCELIUM.
• STREPTOMYCETES PRODUCE NUMEROUS ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS OF
MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE, INCLUDING NYSTATIN (FROM S. NOURSEI),
AMPHOTERICIN B (FROM S. NODOSUS),AND NATAMYCIN (FROM S.
NATALENSIS).
• CLAVULANIC ACID (FROM S. CLAVULIGERUS) IS A DRUG USED IN
COMBINATION WITH SOME ANTIBIOTICS (LIKE AMOXICILLIN) TO BLOCK
AND/OR WEAKEN SOME BACTERIAL-RESISTANCE MECHANISMS BY
IRREVERSIBLE BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITION. NOVEL ANTIINFECTIVES
CURRENTLY BEING DEVELOPED INCLUDE GUADINOMINE (FROM
STREPTOMYCES SP. K01-0509), A COMPOUND THAT BLOCKS THE TYPE III
63. • MEMBERS OF THE GENUS STREPTOMYCES ARE THE SOURCE FOR NUMEROUS
ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIPARASITIC ANTICANCER ETC. PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS;
• CHLORAMPHENICOL (FROM S. VENEZUELAE),DAPTOMYCIN (FROM
S.ROSEOSPORUS),FOSFOMYCIN (FROM S. FRADIAE),LINCOMYCIN (FROM S.
LINCOLNENSIS),NEOMYCIN (FROM S. FRADIAE)
• S. AVERMITILIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ONE OF THE MOST
WIDELY EMPLOYED DRUGS AGAINST NEMATODE AND ARTHROPOD INFESTATIONS,
IVERMECTIN.
• LESS COMMONLY, STREPTOMYCETES PRODUCE COMPOUNDS USED IN OTHER
MEDICAL TREATMENTS: MIGRASTATIN (FROM S. PLATENSIS) AND BLEOMYCIN
(FROM S. VERTICILLUS) ARE ANTINEOPLASTIC (ANTICANCER) DRUGS; BOROMYCIN
(FROM S. ANTIBIOTICUS) EXHIBITS ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AGAINST THE HIV-1
STRAIN OF HIV, AS WELL AS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY. STAUROSPORINE (FROM
S.STAUROSPOREUS) ALSO HAS A RANGE OF ACTIVITIES FROM ANTIFUNGAL TO
ANTINEOPLASTIC (VIA THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN KINASES).
• S. HYGROSCOPICUS AND S. VIRIDOCHROMOGENES PRODUCE THE NATURAL
HERBICIDE BIALAPHOS
STREPTOMYCES IN MEDICINE …..