Antibiotic resistance, the modern war against microbesIsaac Majiok Kok
The focus of this ppt is mainly on the human body, the immune system, antibiotic resistance, the cause and the solution to antibiotic resistance and the future of human medicine
Antibiotic resistance, the modern war against microbesIsaac Majiok Kok
The focus of this ppt is mainly on the human body, the immune system, antibiotic resistance, the cause and the solution to antibiotic resistance and the future of human medicine
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
ALPHACROBIC C MANUAL - Copy.pdf
1.
2. AGENDA
•A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
•IMMUNE SYSTEM CHALLENGES
•IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
•IMMUNO-ENHANCING ROLES OF VIT C AND
ZINC
•MARKET OVERVIEW
•ALPHACROBIC C RDA
4. Some vocabulary:
▪ Immune system : cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections.
▪ Immunology : study of structure and function of the immune system.
▪ Immunity : resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects
▪ Immune response : collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign
substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules of the immune
system
SOME VOCABULARY:
5. SOME VOCABULARY:
• ANTIBODY: A PROTEIN PRODUCED BY THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TO
TAG AND DESTROY INVASIVE MICROBES.
• ANTIGEN: ANY PROTEIN THAT OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM USES TO RECOGNIZE
“SELF” VS. “NOT SELF.”
• EPITHELIAL (EP´ITHĒ´LĒƏL),, EPITHELIAL. N.PL CELLS THAT FORM THE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE THAT LINES BOTH THE INNER AND OUTER SURFACES OF
THE BODY; SERVE A PROTECTIVE FUNCTION AND ALSO AID IN
ABSORPTION AND SECRETION.
6. ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
❑BENEFICIAL
• DEFENSE AGAINST MICROBES
• DEFENSE AGAINST THE GROWTH OF TUMOR CELLS
KILLS THE GROWTH OF TUMOR CELLS
• HOMEOSTASIS
DESTRUCTION OF ABNORMAL OR DEAD CELLS
(E.G. DEAD RED OR WHITE BLOOD CELLS, ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX)
❑DETRIMENTAL:
•DISCOMFORT AND COLLATERAL DAMAGE (INFLAMMATION)
•DAMAGE TO SELF (HYPERSENSITIVITY OR AUTOIMMUNITY
7. IMMUNE SYSTEM
• THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS A COMPLEX AND SOPHISTICATED NETWORK
OF SPECIALIZED TISSUES, ORGANS, CELLS, PROTEINS, AND
CHEMICALS WHICH HAS EVOLVED IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE HOST
FROM A RANGE OF DANGEROUS AGENTS SUCH AS BACTERIA,
VIRUS,FUNGI, AND PARASITES.
• ORGANS
• CELLS
• MOLECULES
8. IMMUNE SYSTEM
• EVERY SECOND OF OUR LIVES, DURING DAY AND NIGHT, IMMUNE DEFENSES ARE
CONSTANTLY PROTECTING THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST ATTACK AND INVASION BY
EXTERNAL PATHOGENS SUCH AS FUNGI, BACTERIA, VIRUSES BUT ALSO AGAINST
INTERNAL THREATS SUCH AS HUMORAL PROLIFERATION. OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS
• THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM (I.E., OUR DEFENSE ARSENAL) HAS CO-EVOLVED TO
MEET VARIOUS ATTACKERS AND NOW RANGES FROM SIMPLE PHYSICAL BARRIERS
(SKIN, MUCOSA) TO SOPHISTICATED CELLS AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL
AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS (ANTIBODIES, CYTOKINES AND FREE RADICALS
RESPECTIVELY).
9. IMMUNE SYSTEM
•DESPITE THIS COMPLEXITY, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN BE
DESCRIBED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES AS CONSISTING OF
THREE MAIN LAYERS, I.E., EPITHELIAL BARRIERS (E.G., SKIN,
MUCOSA); CELLULAR DEFENSES AND HUMORAL RESPONSES
SUCH AS ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
12. IMMUNE SYSTEM:
(3) MOLECULES
• ANTIBODIES : A PROTEIN PRODUCED BY THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TO TAG AND DESTROY INVASIVE
MICROBES
• COMPLEMENTS: A COMPLEX PROTEIN NETWORK OF PLASMA, AND AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE INNATE IMMUNE
SYSTEM. COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION RESULTS IN THE RAPID CLEARANCE OF BACTERIA BY IMMUNE CELLS, AND
DIRECT BACTERIAL KILLING VIA LARGE PORE-FORMING COMPLEXES
• CYTOKINES: ARE A BROAD AND LOOSE CATEGORY OF SMALL PROTEINS IMPORTANT IN CELL SIGNALING.
• INTERLEUKINS : ARE A GROUP OF CYTOKINES AND A CLASS OF GLYCOPROTEINS PRODUCED BY LEUCOCYTES FOR
REGULATING IMMUNE RESPONSES.
• INTERFERONS : IFNS BELONG TO THE LARGE CLASS OF PROTEINS KNOWN AS CYTOKINES INTERFERONS ARE A GROUP
OF SIGNALING PROTEINS MADE AND RELEASED BY HOST CELLS IN RESPONSE TO THE PRESENCE OF SEVERAL
VIRUSES
13. BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY
INNATE
IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
Natural
Passive
(Maternal)
Active
(infection)
Artificial
Passive
(antibody
transfer)
Active
(immunization)
14. INNATE IMMUNITY
• BASED ON GENETIC MAKE-UP
• RELIES ON ALREADY FORMED COMPONENTS
• RAPID RESPONSE: WITHIN MINUTES OF INFECTION
• NOT SPECIFIC
• SAME MOLECULES / CELLS RESPOND TO A RANGE OF PATHOGENS
• HAS NO MEMORY
• SAME RESPONSE AFTER REPEATED EXPOSURE
16. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
SECOND LINE OF RESPONSE
• BASED UPON RESISTANCE ACQUIRED DURING LIFE
• RELIES ON GENETIC EVENTS AND CELLULAR GROWTH
• RESPONDS MORE SLOWLY, OVER FEW DAYS
• IS SPECIFIC
• EACH CELL RESPONDS TO A SINGLE EPITOPE ON AN ANTIGEN
• HAS ANAMNESTIC MEMORY
• REPEATED EXPOSURE LEADS TO FASTER, STRONGER RESPONSE
• LEADS TO CLONAL EXPANSION
17. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: MECHANISMS
• CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE (CMIR)
• T-LYMPHOCYTES
• ELIMINATE INTRACELLULAR MICROBES THAT SURVIVE WITHIN PHAGOCYTES
OR OTHER INFECTED CELLS
• HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE (HIR)
• B-LYMPHOCYTES
• MEDIATED BY ANTIBODIES
• ELIMINATE EXTRA-CELLULAR
MICROBES AND THEIR TOXINS
Plasma cell
(Derived from B-
lymphocyte, produces
antibodies)
B lymphocytes recognize specific antigens
proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting
plasma cells
19. IMMUNE SYSTEM CHALLENGES
• RECURRENT INFECTIONS (DEFINED AS TWO OR MORE SEVERE INFECTIONS IN ONE YEAR, THREE OR MORE RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS (EG, SINUSITIS, OTITIS, BRONCHITIS) IN ONE YEAR, OR THE NEED FOR ANTIBIOTICS FOR TWO MONTHS/YEAR)
•NUMEROUS PATHOGEN (STREPTOCOCCUS-STAPHYLOCOCCUS-
KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE-E. COLI -SALMONELLA-ROTAVIRUS-CLOSTRIDIUM
• THE NOT-SO-COMMON COLD (A “COLD” IS AN INFECTION OF THE MUCUS MEMBRANES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
BY A RHINOVIRUS. OVER 100 RHINOVIRUSES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, WHICH IS ONE REASON WHY WE DON’T BECOME IMMUNE TO
“THE COLD)
• FLU” (INFLUENZA
• COVID-19.
• IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEOPLE.
20. WHAT ARE SIGNS OF A WEAK IMMUNE
SYSTEM?
• 6 SIGNS YOU HAVE A WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM
• YOUR STRESS LEVEL IS SKY-HIGH. ...
• YOU ALWAYS HAVE A COLD. ...
• YOU HAVE LOTS OF TUMMY TROUBLES. ...
• YOUR WOUNDS ARE SLOW TO HEAL. ...
• YOU HAVE FREQUENT INFECTIONS. ...
• YOU FEEL TIRED ALL THE TIME.
22. IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
• THERE IS A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND IMMUNE
FUNCTION. HENCE, IMMUNOCOMPETENCE CAN BE REGARDED AS A MEASURE OF ADEQUATE
NUTRITION.
• INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN MANY IMMUNE FUNCTIONS EXIST WITHIN THE
NORMAL HEALTHY POPULATION AND ARE DUE TO AGE, GENETICS, GENDER, ETHNIC
BACKGROUND, SOCIOECONOMIC SITUATION, DIET, STRESS, HABITUAL LEVELS OF
EXERCISE, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SMOKING HABITS, ETC. IN ADDITION, SEASONAL AND
TEMPERATURE CHANGES AS WELL AS BEING IN CROWDED SPACES (E.G., WHILE
COMMUTING IN PUBLIC MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION, OR WORKING IN OPEN SPACE
OFFICES) POSE AN ADDITIONAL BURDEN ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
23. IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
• IMMUNE CELLS, LIKE OTHER CELL TYPES, NEED TO BE FED: THEY
REQUIRE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF ENERGY, MACRONUTRIENTS AND
MICRONUTRIENTS SERVING AS COFACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT,
MAINTENANCE AND EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THE
CONTRIBUTION OF THE DIET TO IMMUNE FUNCTION HAS BECOME
WIDELY APPRECIATED AND THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS DIETARY
COMPONENTS ON SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF IMMUNE FUNCTION HAS BEEN
EXTENSIVELY REVIEWED.
24. IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
• IT IS NOW GENERALLY RECOGNIZED THAT THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF A
PERSON MODULATES HIS OR HER IMMUNITY AND IN FACT,
IMMUNOCOMPETENCE CAN BE REGARDED AS A MEASURE OF ADEQUATE
NUTRITION. IN ADDITION TO MACRONUTRIENTS INCLUDING AMINO ACIDS,
FATTY ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, GANGLIOSIDES OR OTHER DIETARY
COMPONENTS SUCH ASPROBIOTICS, ALSO AN ADEQUATE AND REGULAR
SUPPLY OF ESSENTIAL VITAMINS AND MINERALS (INCLUDING TRACE
ELEMENTS) IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN PROPER IMMUNE FUNCTION AND
CAN HENCE CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PREVENTION ANDOVERALL HEALTH
25. ESSENTIAL IMMUNO-NUTRIENTS
• AMONG THE ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENTS REQUIRED TO SUPPORT A NORMAL
IMMUNE FUNCTION, VITAMIN C, AND THE MINERAL ZINC PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE.
THROUGH THEIR COMPLEMENTARY AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS, THEY SUPPORT
COMPONENTS OF BOTH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY WHICH COMPRISE
EPITHELIAL BARRIERS, CELLULAR DEFENSE AND ANTIBODIES CONSTITUTING
THE THREE MAIN LINES OF IMMUNE DEFENSE. FURTHERMORE, VITAMIN C, D AND
ZINC ARE ACTIVELY USED BY CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ENGAGED IN
FIGHTING INFECTIONS LIKE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AND A
STATE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY CAN ARISE DURING SEVERE
INFECTIONS.
27. IMMUNE-ENHANCING ROLES OF VITAMIN C
• VITAMIN C REGULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BECAUSE OF ITS
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND ITS ROLE IN COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS
REQUIRED FOR STABILIZATION OF EPITHELIAL BARRIERS.
• ADDITIONALLY, IT IMPACTS PHAGOCYTIC FUNCTION AND HAS AN
IMMUNOSTIMULANT EFFECT ON LYMPHOCYTE CELLS .
• VITAMIN C IS HIGHLY CONCENTRATED IN LEUKOCYTES AND IS USED
RAPIDLY DURING INFECTION . IN FACT, IT HAS BEEN DEFINED AS A
STIMULANT OF LEUKOCYTE FUNCTIONS, ESPECIALLY OF NEUTROPHIL
AND MONOCYTE MOVEMENT.
28. IMMUNE-ENHANCING ROLES OF VITAMIN C
Immune system Function of vitamin c
Epithelial barriers • Enhances collagen synthesis and stabilization
• Protects against ROS-induced damage
• Enhances keratinocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis
• Enhances fibroblast proliferation and migration
• Shortens time to wound healing in patients
Phagocytes (neutrophils,
macrophages)
• Acts as an antioxidant/electron donor
• Enhances motility/chemotaxis
• Enhances phagocytosis and ROS generation
• Enhances microbial killing
• Facilitates apoptosis and clearance
• Decreases necrosis.
B- and T-lymphocytes • Enhances differentiation and proliferation [62,63,76–82]
• Enhances antibody levels
Inflammatory mediators • Modulates cytokine production
• Decreases histamine levels
Synergistic roles of vitamin C,and zinc in body defense
29. IMMUNE FUNCTION AND UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT INFECTIONS
• VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED RESISTANCE TO
DISEASE
• BASED ON ITS IMMUNE-STIMULATING PROPERTIES , VITAMIN C WAS
POSTULATED TO BE EFFECTIVE IN AMELIORATING SYMPTOMS OF UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, ESPECIALLY THE COMMON COLD.
FURTHER, PLASMA AND LEUKOCYTE VITAMIN C CONCENTRATIONS FALL
RAPIDLY WITH THE ONSET OF THE INFECTION AND RETURN TO NORMAL WITH
THE AMELIORATION OF THE SYMPTOMS SUGGESTING THAT VITAMIN C
COULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR THE RECOVERY PROCESS .
30. IMMUNE FUNCTION AND UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
• IN THIS CONTEXT, IT IS IMPORTANT TO MENTION A RECENT RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND
TRIAL STUDY SHOWING THAT DAILY SUPPLEMENTS OF VITAMIN C BOTH BOOSTED
ACTIVITY LEVELS AND REDUCED INCIDENCE OF COMMON COLD IN YOUNG MALES PRE-
SELECTED BASED ON THEIR VITAMIN C LEVELS. THE STUDYINCLUDED SUBJECTS WITH
ADEQUATE-TO-LOW VITAMIN C STATUS <45 ΜMOL/L (I.E., MARGINAL DEFICIENCY).
• WHO COMPLETED VALIDATED QUESTIONNAIRES ASSESSING UPPER RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS AND EXERCISE / PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RESPECTIVELY. FOLLOWING INTAKE OF
1000 MG VITAMIN C, THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SCORE ROSE BY 39.6% VERSUS PLACEBO
31. IMMUNE FUNCTION AND UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
• DURING THE EIGHT-WEEK TRIAL, THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS REPORTING
COLD INDICATED A 55% RISK REDUCTION FOR VITAMIN C VERSUS PLACEBO.
FURTHERMORE, COLD DURATION WAS REDUCED BY 59% IN THE VITAMIN C
VERSUS THE PLACEBO GROUP
• THIS STUDY THEREFORE CONFIRMED THE ABILITY OF VITAMIN C TO AMELIORATE
COLD SYMPTOMS BUT SHOWED THAT IN TERMS OF COLD PREVENTION, VITAMIN C
IS EFFICACIOUS IN SUBJECTS WITH SUB-OPTIMAL LEVELS OF THIS VITAMIN
• VITAMIN C PLAYS A ROLE IN PREVENTING, SHORTENING AND ALLEVIATING DIVERSE
INFECTIONS BEYOND COLD AND RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.
• FIVE CONTROLLED TRIALS FOUND SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C AGAINST
PNEUMONIA
32. ZINC
• ZINC IS CONSIDERED KEY FOR OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING OF BOTH INNATE
AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTIONS
• DUE TO INADEQUATE ZINC STATUS MAY BE THE MOST COMMON CAUSE
OF SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN HUMANS
• ZN DEFICIENCY IMPAIRS CELLULAR MEDIATORS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
SUCH AS PHAGOCYTOSIS OF MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS, NK
CELL ACTIVITY, GENERATION OF THE OXIDATIVE BURST AND
COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY
33. IMMUNE-ENHANCING ROLES OF ZINC
Immune system Function of vitamin c
Epithelial barriers • Cellular proliferation (thickness
• maintenance)
Phagocytes (neutrophils,
macrophages)
• Deficiency impairs phagocytosis
B- and T-lymphocytes • Proliferation of stem cells
• B and T-cell differentiation
• Antibody production by B-cells
• Destruction of infected tissue cells and
• tumors
Synergistic roles of vitamin C,and zinc in body defense
34. ZINC
• WORLDWIDE, ZINC DEFICIENCY IS AN IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
AFFECTING 2 BILLION PEOPLE. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT A CONSIDERABLE
PROPORTION EVEN OF THE WESTERN POPULATION IS AT RISK OF MARGINAL ZINC
DEFICIENCY.
• LOW CONSUMPTION IN FOODS RICH IN BIOAVAILABLE ZINC SUCH AS MEAT,
PARTICULARLY READ MEAT, AND HIGH CONSUMPTION OF FOODS RICH IN
INHIBITORS OF ZINC ABSORPTION, SUCH AS PHYTATE, CERTAIN DIETARY FIBERS
AND CALCIUM, CAUSE ZINC DEFICIENCIES
• MANY OF THE ALTERATIONS OBSERVED IN ZINC DEFICIENCY ARE CONSIDERED TO
BE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
INFECTIONS, ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY.
35. ZINC AND RISK OF INFECTION
• ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION REDUCES BOTH THE RISK AND DURATION OF
PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN AND IS ALSO BENEFICIAL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF
INFANTILE DIARRHEA
• ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION TO MAINTAIN A NORMAL SERUM CONCENTRATION
MAY HELP TO REDUCE THE MEAN INCIDENCE OF INFECTIONS (I.E., COMMON
COLD, COLD SORES AND FLU) [81] AS WELL AS THE INCIDENCE OF PNEUMONIA
AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY IN THE ELDERLY [82]. IT HAS BEEN REPORTED
THAT
• ADEQUATE ZINC SUPPLY COULD PREVENT AGE-RELATED DISEASES IN THE
ELDERLY SUCH AS CANCER, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DEMENTIA, ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE, ETC.
36. ZINC AND RISK OF INFECTION
• WHEN IT COMES TO THE COMMON COLD, ZINC SALTS HAVE BEEN
FOUND TO INHIBIT RHINOVIRUS REPLICATION IN VITRO
• HEMILÄ ANALYZED A SUBSET OF THE COCHRANE STUDIES CONSISTING
OF 13 PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIALS USING EXCLUSIVELY ZINC
LOZENGES
• THREE TRIALS USED ZINC ACETATE INDICATE A 42% REDUCTION IN THE
DURATION OF COLDS. FIVE TRIALS USED ZINC SALTS OTHER THAN
ACETATE AND AGAIN THE POOLED RESULTS SHOW A 20% REDUCTION
IN THE DURATION OF COLDS.
37. ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION AND COVID-
19 MORTALITY: A META-ANALYSIS
• A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH HAS CONDUCTED FOR MANUSCRIPTS THROUGH
PUBMED/MEDLINE AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR (COCHRANE GUIDELINE HAS
CONSIDERED IT AS THE GRAY LITERATURE) UP TO SEPTEMBER 2021 FOR
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON COVID-19 MORTALITY.
• AFTER ASSESSMENT, FIVE STUDIES WITH 1506 PARTICIPANTS IN CASE AND
CONTROL GROUPS WERE INCLUDED IN META-ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION : THIS META-ANALYSIS HAS SUGGESTED THAT ZINC
SUPPLEMENTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER MORTALITY RATE IN COVID-19
PATIENTS. ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION COULD BE CONSIDERED AS A SIMPLE WAY AND
COST BENEFIT APPROACH FOR REDUCTION OF MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
Eur J Med Res 2022 May 23;27(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s40001-022-00694-z.
39. VITAMIN C
COMBINATIONS
MARKET SIZE
AND KEY
PLAYERS
"MAT Sep
2022Units"
"MAT Sep
2022Units
Market
Share"
"MAT Sep
2022LC
Value"
Total market 3,980,518 0.16% 257,147,582
IMMUNO-MASH 2,518,318 63.27% 188,787,300
LIMITLESS C-ZINC
252,441 6.34% 12,117,168
C ZINC 153,859 3.87% 11,620,500
VITACID C PLUS 303,054 7.61% 10,606,890
C-RETARD+ZINC 204,422 5.14% 9,403,412
40. COMPETITOR
LANDSCAPE
Product Ingredients Pack &
Price
Corpora
te
IMMUNO-MASH
Vitamin C 500 mg +
Zinc 23.9 mg
30 caps/75
l.e
MASH
LIMITLESS C-ZINC 100 mg Vitamin C / 5
mg Zinc
30 caps/75
l.e
EVA
C ZINC 600 mg Vitamin C / 20
mg Zinc
30 caps/75
l.e
COPAD
VITACID C PLUS
1000 mg Vitamin C / 10
mg Zinc
12 EFF TAB/35
l.e
CID
C-RETARD+ZINC 500 mg Vitamin C / 5
mg Zinc
20 caps/46
l.e
HIKMA
41. TARGETING AND POSITIONING
TARGETING POSITIONING CONSUMER PROMISE
PULM
IM
G.P
O.T.C
Immuno-enhancing formula
comprises super immune-nutrients
with the highest strength .
An ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cures