1. JFK pursued a multi-pronged foreign policy approach including increasing nuclear weapons and conventional forces while also growing economic aid and diplomacy through initiatives like the Peace Corps. 2. Key events during JFK's presidency included the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, the Berlin Crisis, and the Cuban Missile Crisis where the U.S. and USSR brought the world close to nuclear war over Soviet missiles in Cuba. 3. JFK worked to improve relations with the USSR through diplomacy and arms control agreements while also taking a hard line against communism in Cuba and Vietnam.

1. 6 Stages to JFK’s Foreign Policy 1. Nukes 2. Conventional Weapons 3. Covert Operations 4. Economic Aid 5. Peace Corps 6. Diplomacy

2. JFK wanted a variety of options to deal with international conflicts Unlike Ike-didn’t want nukes to be the only option Failure of Brinkmanship Hungary (1956) Missile Gap?? Were the Russians ahead? 1961-63 ICBM’s-could annihilate USSR 1963-424 ICBM’s

3. 2. Conventional Weapons-Increase in Defense Budget by 15% 3. Green Berets created for covert operations Special Military Units for wars of national liberation Vietnam, Cuba

4. Alliance for Progress Marshall Plan for Latin America $20 Billion in aid Most of the $$ never got to the people that needed it!

5. Sent Young volunteers to work in developing countries for 2 years Taught people democracy and capitalism First went to Ghana & Tanzania Diplomacy-work through communication to solve international problems

6. 1. Space Program 2. Bay of Pigs 3. Berlin Crisis

7. 1959-USSR won space race with Sputnik April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin (USSR) completes first orbit of the Earth May 5, 1961 Alan Shepard is first American into outer space JFK’s Goal-To land a man on the moon and bring him back by the end of the decade.

8. JFK criticized Ike for being soft on Cuba Afraid Communism might spread Ike called for invasion worked in Guatemala JFK hoped that the invasion would foster a revolution

9. CIA trains 1453 commandos (Cuban refugees) Castro had 2500 in army & 200,000 in militia In 72 hours, the invasion was over CIA wanted to respond with air strikes, JFK said no-feared a strike against West Berlin

10. Unlike Ike, JFK took full responsibility Popularity rose to 83% JFK sent $53 million to Cuba for 1100 prisoners Cuba became top US priority Operation Mongoose 10 million set aside to kill Castro By 1975, US tried to kill Castro 24 times

11. JFK & Khruschev met for the 1 st time Khruschev thought that he could push JFK around Bay of Pigs 3 Days of meetings

12. Khruschev wants Berlin to be a “free city” “ If JFK wants a war, he’ll be the last President of the US” Real Problem-2000 people leaving Berlin every day US Tanks faced off against USSR tanks " Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in." “ Ich bin ein Berliner.”

13. Berlin Wall constructed by USSR Began August 12, 1961 JFK- “A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war” Wall seen as a failure 89 people killed trying to cross the wall

14. Vietnam is the Cornerstone of the Free World in SE Asia Assassination of Diem-Nov. 1, 1963 16,000 Advisors Aid-$1.5 Billion

15. This is the closest that we have ever gotten to WWIII Khruschev said that the only way to save Cuba was with nuclear weapons Castro feared another US invasion Discussed by JFK in 1962

17. August 22 US confirms reports of increased USSR activity in & around Cuba October 14 U-2 Flights confirm missiles on launching pads all pointing at US 48 medium range (1000 miles) 32 long range (2000 miles)

18. What should JFK do? October 22 JFK addressed the nation about USSR threat Announced a quarantine of Cuba Surrounded Cuba w/ 180 warships JFK demanded the immediate removal of the missiles

20. USSR ships stop short of blockade 12/25 changed course Rest had no missiles Rusk “We were eyeball to eyeball and I think that the other guy blinked” US ship dropped depth charges on USSR sub? Orders to fire?

21. Khruschev announces that the weapons will be returned to USSR JFK was best President since FDR USSR US removes all missiles from Turkey US promises never to invade Cuba again USA UN inspections to make sure all missiles are gone!

22. 1. Limited Test Ban Treaty US, USSR, GB-limited tests of nukes in atmosphere, outer space, or underwater 2. Hotline Established Direct, unbreakable connection between US/USSR 3. Relations worse w/ USSR No trade at all w/ Cuba, failed assassination attempt on Castro in Paris-Nov. 22, 1963 4. USSR builds up so that they never back down again Focuses economy on weapons and military development JFK popularity up to 74%

23. “ Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” It’s Us against them and we need to do whatever possible…

24. June 11, 1963 JFK needed a way to try and bring the Russians to the peace table. Opened the idea to relaxed tensions with the Russians Détente