This document provides an overview of the nitrogen cycle presented by Manisha Thakur. It discusses the key processes in the nitrogen cycle including nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. Nitrogen fixation involves the conversion of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia or organic nitrogen compounds. Assimilation is the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into organic molecules by plants and other organisms. Ammonification and nitrification convert nitrogen waste into plant-usable inorganic forms through the action of microbes. Denitrification completes the cycle by converting nitrates back to nitrogen gas.
• Nutrient cycles referred to as biogeochemical cycles
• Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
• Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, cycle on a more local level
• Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. ... Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
prepared by Centurion university of technology and management, B.Sc Agriculture 1st year 2nd sem students;
Ram prasad Behera(180804130026)
Gargeya Ku. Naik(180804130001).
• Nutrient cycles referred to as biogeochemical cycles
• Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
• Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, cycle on a more local level
• Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. ... Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
prepared by Centurion university of technology and management, B.Sc Agriculture 1st year 2nd sem students;
Ram prasad Behera(180804130026)
Gargeya Ku. Naik(180804130001).
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Biogeochemical cycle
• In geography and Earth science, a biogeochemical
cycle or cycling of a substance is a pathway by
which a chemical substance moves through
biotic(biosphere) and abiotic(lithosphere,
atmosphere and hydrosphere)compartments of
Earth.
• There are biogeochemical cycles for nitrogen,
carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, oxygen and water.
5. Introduction
• Nitrogen is found to have either 3 or 5 valence electron.
• Lies at the top of group 15 on periodic table.
• Molecular nitrogen is not reactive at standard
temperature and pressure.
• Nitrogen is a non-metal, colorless, odorless.
• Largest source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen makes up 78% of our air !
• Nitrogen is an essential component.
• Discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in
1772.
6. Physical properties
• It is considered as inert gas.
• Melting point is -210C
• Boiling point -195.8C
• It has the solubilizing property, and less soluble in water.
Chemical properties
• Color of indicator is not affected by nitrogen.
• Nitrogen can combine with other elements and form
different compounds.
• Nitrogen is a non flammable compound.
• Nitrogen combines with certain metals to form active
metals such as lithium and magnesium.
•After ionization the energy of nitrogen is given as
1402kJ/mol.
7. Source and distribution
• Largest source of nitrogen is present in atmosphere.
• Nitrogen gas comprises 78% of the volume of Earth’s air.
• Appears in 0.002% OF Earth’s crust by mass.
• Compounds of nitrogen are found in foods, explosives,
poisons and fertilizers.
• It is one of the largest industrial gases, and is produced
commercially as a gas and a liquid.
• Nitrogen makes up DNA in the form of nitrogenous bases.
• Nitrogen is distributed from air to soil and environment.
8. Forms of nitrogen
• It is in the form of dinitrogen(N2) gas.
• In addition to dinitrogen other organic and
inorganic forms exist.
• Organic form of nitrogen make up a very high
percentage of the total nitrogen.
• Plants are able to use only very specific inorganic
forms of nitrogen.
• It is present in the form of organic nitrogen,
ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, nitrous
oxide, nitric oxide or inorganic nitrogen
9. Nitrogen fixation
• The process by which inorganic
molecular nitrogen(N2) from the
atmosphere is incorporated first into
ammonia and then into organic
compounds that are of use to
organism.
• Nitrogenase enzyme plays a very
important role.
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria are
involved.
• Types of nitrogen fixation
Symbiotic nitrogen
Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation
10. Symbiotic fixation
• Nitrogen reduction by symbiotic microbes.
• The diazotrophs derive nourishment from
plant root and provide nitrogen to it.
• These process to form nodule development.
• Eg : Rhizobium, Frankia etc.
11. Non symbiotic nitrogen fixation
• Some microorganisms live independently in the soil
and do nitrogen fixation.
• Nitrogen fixation by these microbes is called non-
symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
• Of the 175*10^6 tones of total global nitrogen fixation,
190*10^6 tones is contributed by non-symbiotic fixers.
• Non- symbiotic nitrogen fixers are divided into two
groups
• Free living autotrophic diazotrophs : synthesize own
food by photosynthesis using sunlight or chemicals
• Eg : Clyndrospermum, Plectonema, Tolupotrix.
• Free living heterotrophic diazotrophs : Use organic
matter as food and do nitrogen fixation.
• Eg : Clostridium, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Beijrinckia
12. NITROGEN CYCLE
• The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical cycle by which
nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it
circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial and marine
environment.
• This conversion can be done by both physical and
biological methods.
• It is of particular interest to Ecologists.
• Nitrogen availability can effect rate of key ecosystem
process, including primary production and
decomposition.
• Alteration in global nitrogen cycle has been observed.
• Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of
artificial nitrogen fertilizers and release of nitrogen in
waste water.
13. • Important processes in the nitrogen
cycle include
1) Nitrogen fixation
2) Ammonification
3) Assimilation
4) Nitrification
5) Denitrification
14.
15. 1)Nitrogen fixation :
• Conversion of nitrogen to nitrates and nitrites
through atmosphere, industrial and biological
process is called as nitrogen fixation.
• Between 5*10^12and 10*101^2gm/year nitrogen
is fixed by lightning strikes.
• But most fixation is done by free-living or
symbiotic bacteria known as Diazotrophs.
• These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme.
N2 2NH3
H3
Nitrogen
16. 2) Assimilation
• It is the incorporation of
inorganic nitrogen compounds
into organic molecules.
• Nitrates and ammonia
resulting from nitrogen fixation
are assimilated or incorporated
into the specific tissue.
• In plants that have a
symbiotic relationship with
rhizobia, nitrogen is
assimilated in the form of
ammonium ions directly from
roots.
17. 3) Ammonification
• The remains of all living thing and their waste products
are decomposed by microorganisms in the process of
ammonification which yields ammonia from organic
nitrogen.
• Ammonia can leave the soil or be converted into other
nitrogen compounds depending on part of soil condition.
CH3CHNH2COOH+1/2O2 CH3COCOOH+NH3
Alanine
Deaminas
e
Alanine Pyruvic
acid
Ammoni
a
18. 4) Nitrification
• The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed
mainly by the Nitrifying bacteria.
• In the primary stage of nitrification, the oxidation of
ammonium to nitrate is performed by Nitrosomonas sps.
which converts ammonia to nitrites.
• Other bacterial species such as Nitrobacter are
responsible for the oxidation of the nitrities to nitrates.
• Ammonia gas is toxic to plants.
a) 2NH3 + 1/2O2 NO2 + 2H + H20
b) NO2 + 1/2O2 NO3
Ammoni
a
Nitrite
Nitrite Nitrate
20. 5) Denitrification
• Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back
into nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogen
cycle.
• This process is performed by bacterial species
such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic
conditions.
• They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in
the place of oxygen during respiration.
• Denitrification occurs in anaerobic conditions.
NH4 NO2 NO3 NO2 N2
23. Role of microbes in nitrogen cycle
1) Nitrogen fixation through symbiotic relationship.
2) Bacteria break down proteins through the
process by decay.
3) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter help in
nitrification.
4) Anamox, Pseudomonas or clostridia help in
denitrification.