This document summarizes research quantifying microstructural features and linking them to mechanical properties in Al6061 during aging. Optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize particle size, spacing, volume fraction, and grain properties at different aging temperatures. Tensile tests measured yield and ultimate strengths. Principal component analysis of 2-point statistics from the microstructural data revealed relationships between microstructure and properties. Future work involves high-throughput experiments and measuring local properties and microstructure to better understand structure-property linkages during aging of Al6061.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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stress and deflection computations. The finite element analysis of the leaf spring has been performed by
converting the model into number of nodes and elements and then applying the relevant boundary
conditions under the static loading conditions. After implementation of FEA it was observed that the red
area close to shackle was undergoing maximum value of stress. This observation leads us to the
workbench of Knowledge ware and this aided us in studying the response of crucial output parameters of
MLS in the form of Stress and Deflection via Design of experiments. DOE paved the way for SAA where
optimization was carried out in order to reach the minimal stress. The corresponding values of camber
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Analysis of Serial Pinned Joints in Composite Materialsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Analysis effect of drilling parameters on hole delamination during drilling o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite materials are widely used industrial, aerospace, and automotive sector. Its have excellent properties such as high strength to weight ratio, higher fatigue limit high stiffness to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and design flexibility. Drilling is one of the major machining operations that are carried out on fiber reinforced metal composite materials to the need for components assembly. There are many problems encountered when drilling Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites. These problems include delaminating of the composite, poor surface roughness and hole deviation. In present experimental investigation analyse the effect of various machining parameters i.e. cutting speed, the feed rate, and the drill diameter on the quality of the drilled holes. Hole deviation of each hole is measured with help of digital vernier calliper. Taguhi's and ANOVA Technique have been employed to study the effect of the interactions between different drilling parameters on deviation of holes. After experiments suggests the optimal conditions for minimum hole deviation. Keywords: Composite Material, Deviation, GFRP, ANNOVA, and Taguchi Methods
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulation methods to assess the brake noise behavior of passenger vehicle br...Altair
An important aspect of vehicle comfort is the silence of the brake system. Especially low velocity braking maneuvers are sometimes accompanied by heavy noise occurrences. Although these noise occurrences do not affect the brake system negatively with respect to braking performance they mostly result in customer insecurity. Therefore, most OEMs invest much time and money on developing silent brake systems. The presentation will illustrate the physical reasons behind such brake noise events. Practical methods for vibration damping will be discussed as well. Different analytical approaches for early estimation of noise potentials of brake systems based on the Finite-Element-Method as well as Multi-Body-Dynamics will be presented. Finally, future steps for the investigation of brake noise occurrences by analytical methods will be offered.
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Daniel Scharding, Adam Opel AG
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Tensile test of a strand with 2 broken wires artificially damaged and life pr...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Optimization of Multi Leaf Spring by using Design of Experiments & Simulated ...IJMER
This work carried out on a multi leaf spring of a tractor trolley with maximum load
carrying capacity of 5 Tones. The CAD model of this MLS has been modeled in CATIA V5. After
successfully preparing the CAD model, MLS is then tested in Static Structural Analysis workbench for
stress and deflection computations. The finite element analysis of the leaf spring has been performed by
converting the model into number of nodes and elements and then applying the relevant boundary
conditions under the static loading conditions. After implementation of FEA it was observed that the red
area close to shackle was undergoing maximum value of stress. This observation leads us to the
workbench of Knowledge ware and this aided us in studying the response of crucial output parameters of
MLS in the form of Stress and Deflection via Design of experiments. DOE paved the way for SAA where
optimization was carried out in order to reach the minimal stress. The corresponding values of camber
and leaf span were recorded for minimal stress
Analysis of Serial Pinned Joints in Composite Materialsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
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1. Quantifying microstructural features
and finding structure-property
linkages in aging process of Al6061
ME8883 Materials Informatics
Ali Khosravani
2. Introduction
Alloys in this group have
high strength-to-weight ratio
Good weldability
good formability
good corrosion resistance
Soft Strength increase Peak Strength Overaged
Solid
Solution
Coherent
Precipitates (β”)
Partially
Coherent(β’)
Incoherent
Precipitates(β)
Application
Aircraft fittings
camera lens mounts
electrical fittings and connectors
brake pistons, hydraulic pistons
valves and valve parts
bike frames.
Strengthen by Precipitation of
Mg2Si, higher levels of Mg2Si
leeds to higher strength
3. Microstructure
Microstructural features of impact
exist at different length scales
• Coherent GP zones and semi-coherent
precipitate particles (TEM or SEM)
Volume fraction
Size (nm)
Aspect ratio
Spacing (nm)
• Al-Fe-Si-type constituent particles (OM)
Volume fraction
Size (microns)
Aspect ratio
Spacing (microns)
• Grain structure, including degree of
recrystallization and texture (EBSD)
Size (microns)
Aspect ratio
Texture
4. Mechanical Properties and microstructure
Precipitate hardening strengthen material
Mechanical Properties
is a result of :
Precipitate Volume fraction
Precipitate Size (nm)
Precipitate Aspect ratio
Precipitate Spacing (nm)
Particle Volume fraction
Particle Size (microns)
Particle Aspect ratio
Particle Spacing (microns)
Grain structure
Grain Size
Grain Aspect ratio
Texture
Grain Boundary
6. Mechanical testing
Uniaxial Tensile Test
Five tests were run for each condition.
ASTM E8-13a (Round specimens with a diameter
and gage length of 0.25” of 1” respectively.
The machine was run at a constant cross head
speed to achieve a strain rate of 0.005 in/in /s
Al 6061 Specimen
Type
Average Yield
Strength (ksi)
Average Ultimate
Tensile Strength (ksi)
400F HT 43.136 46.400
525F HT 26.022 33.188
650F HT 13.493 24.439
775F HT 8.633 20.321
AR RD 44.114 47.660
7. Microstructural Datasets
EBSD
75 scans and combined into
scan size of7x7 mm2
4 μm resolution
SEM
10 BSE images at random
regions
View field: 100x100 μm2
Optical Microscope (OM)
10 images at random regions
View field: 800x600 μm2
8. EBSD dataset
• Grain size distribution
Grain size distribution is
calculated based on number
of pixels in each grain.
• Grain aspect ratio distribution
The aspect ratio is defined as
the length of the minor axis
divided by the length of the
major axis and thus ranges
from 0 to 1
Grain aspect ratio =
푏
푎
9. OM dataset
Images were corrected and segmented
Volume fraction, Size, Aspect ratio, and Spacing of particle
were measured
400F
Original Image Corrected Image Segmented Image
775F
10. Chord Length
Calculating chord lengths row by row on x direction
and column by column in y directions on binary images
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
3
2
1
0
x 10
-4
Number of Pixels
Frequency
AR
400 F
525 F
650 F
775 F
Performing this operation over 10 images
11. TEM images required to provide
information about precipitate in
higher resolution and information
about precipitate/matrix interface
SEM dataset
Images were segmented
Volume fraction, Size, and Spacing of particle were measured
12. 2-Point Statistics vs Measures Values
2-point statistics contains all information
about particle size, aspect ratio, volume
fraction and their spacing.
PCA can be performed on 2-point statistic
instead of the calculated parameters (Size,
spacing, aspect ratio)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
PCA on 2-Point Statistics
-0.6
PC 1
PC 2
AR
400 F
525 F
650 F
775 F
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
PC 1
PC 3
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
PC 1
PC 2
AR
400 F
525 F
650 F
775 F
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
PC 1
PC 3
PCA on Chord length(Particle
Spacing), Size, Aspect Ratio
13. 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
PC 1
PC 2
AR
400 F
525 F
650 F
775 F
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
PC 1
PC 3
PCA on 2-Point Statistics
14. Averaging on Measured Values
Image dimensions from each OM, EBSD,
and SEM datasets are different.
The images were taken at random
regions on sample
To combine all Data together,
OM and SEM datasets need to
be averaged out
EBSD
OM
SEM
16. 0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
PCA on Average values from optical images (2-Point Statistics)
and EBSD values (Grain size, Grain aspect ratio)
-0.15
PC 1
PC 2
AR
400 F
525 F
650 F
775 F
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
PC 3
PC 1
Principal Component Analysis
17. Structure-property (Yield Strength) linkages
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
-20 0 20 40
Yield Strength (ksi)
PC 1
AR
400 F
525 F
650 F
775 F
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
Yield Strength (ksi)
PC 2
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
Yield Strength (ksi)
PC 3
18. Structure- property (Ultimate Tensile
Strength) linkages
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
-20 0 20 40
Ultimate Tensile Strength(ksi)
PC 1
AR
400 F
525 F
650 F
775 F
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
Ultimate Tensile Strength(ksi)
PC 2
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
Ultimate Tensile Strength(ksi)
PC 3
19. Future work
High Throughput Experiments
EBSD
OM
SEM
Local properties
Measuring local properties
through nano- and miro-indentation
Local microstructure
Collecting EBSD and OM
images at the same area, and
SEM images at the known
locations within marks
20. Acknowledgments
Dr. Surya Kalidindi
Dr. Tony Fast
Jordan Weaver
Jon Yabansu
Ahmet Cecen
Andrew Castillo