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Amphibia classification by deepak rawal
- 1. Presentation by- Deepak Rawal Assistant Professor Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur India
- 3. General characters • Amphi- double; bios- life; living on land and breeding in water • Respiration by lungs, skin and buccopharynx • Larval forms with lateral line system • Exclusively fresh-water; no marine forms • Poikilothermic(cold-blooded) • Exoskeleton absent • Soft, moist and glandular skin without scales • Homodont teeth • Skull is dicondylic • Protrusible tongue • Cloaca present • 3-chambered heart(2atrium+1ventricle) • R.B.C. large oval and nucleated • Mesonephric kidneys • Amphibians are ureotelic • Middle ear with single rod like bone collumella auris • Cranial nerves 10 pairs • Sexual dimorphism found • Oviparous and external fertilization • Indirect development through tadpole larva mostly • Anamniotes(extra-embryonic membrane amnion absent) • Batrachology-study of amphibian • Evolved from crossopterygian fishes
- 6. Order- † Labyrinthodontia • Maze-toothed • Aquatic forms • Large crocodile like • Stem amphibians(first evolved amphibians) • Teeth like crossopterygian fishes • Evolved from crossopterygian fishes • Example- †Eryops
- 9. Order- † Phyllospondyli • Leaf like thin vertebrae • Small salamander like • Ancestors of modern anuran and urodels • Example- †Ichthyostega
- 10. Order- † Lepospondyli • Ring like vertebrae • Ancestor of modern caecilians • Example- †Diplocaulus
- 11. Subclass-lissamphibia Order-apoda Order-urodela Order-anura
- 12. Order-Apoda • Also called gymnophiona or caecilians • Burrowing forms • Snake like • Without limbs • Blind • Tail absent • Limb girdles present • Example- Ichthyophis
- 13. Order-Urodela • Also called caudata • Lizard like with tail • Larva aquatic • Neoteny may found • Larva breaths through gills which lost in adults • Example- Ambystoma(tiger salamander)
- 14. Axolotl larva of salamander
- 15. Order-Anura • Also called salientia • Frogs and toads • Tail absent in adults • Vocal sacs present in males • Leaping locomotion • 5 to 9 vertebrae with urostyle • Mandible toothless • Vomer teeth present • Metamorphosis found in most • Tadpole larva • Example- Hoplobatrachus (Rana)
- 18. Metamorphosis of frog shown in time interval
- 19. PARENTAL CARE IN AMPHIBIAN
- 20. • Parents give food shelter and protection to their eggs or offspring is called parental care. • Parental care increase the rate of survival of offspring. • MATERNAL CARE- caring by mother. • PATERNAL CARE-caring by father.
- 22. •INDIRECT CARING
- 23. Tree nests • Eggs laid on overhanging leaves which protect them from predator • Example- Rhacophorus (flying frog)
- 24. Mud nests • Dig a hole in mud and lay eggs in it • example- Hyla faber
- 25. Defending eggs • Many species of amphibians guard eggs and attack the invading intruders • Example- Autodax
- 26. Foam nests • Many species of amphibians convert their mucus secretion to foam nests. • Example- Leptodactylus
- 27. Gelatinous bags • Some make transparent gelatinous bag by their mucus secretion • Example- Salamandra keyserlingi
- 28. Direct development • No metamorphosis occurs in some species • Eggs hatch directly into little frogs • Example- Hylodes
- 29. DIRECT CARING
- 30. Coiling around eggs • Some dig a hole in mud and lay their eggs in that and coiled around them to protect them. • Example- Ichthyophis
- 31. Eggs glued to body • Many species glued their eggs to neck, thigh and other parts of body • Example- Desmognathus glued their eggs to neck • Example- Alytes glued their eggs to thigh
- 32. Eggs in back pouches • In breeding season skin become thick vascular glandular • Male presses eggs on female back • Amphibian with this characteristic is called marsupials • Example- Pipa (surinam toad)
- 33. Eggs develop and hatch in different organ of body • Some use buccal cavity. example- Hylambates • Some use stomach. example- Rheobatrachus • Some use vocal sacs. example- Rhinoderma
- 34. ovoviviparity • Eggs laid but retain in oviduct and give birth to young ones. • Exampke- Dermophis