When the pursuit of development excludes solutions to problems arising from its own process, the system will run into a ‘progress trap’. A nation polarized by intense sectionalism, tribalism, regionalism and religious bigotry is susceptible to incessant ‘crisis of leadership’ and trapped in dysfunctional conflicts. The resultant divisive process sets the various contending factions in perpetual struggle for advantages or supremacy over one another in the quest for ascendancy, retention, or even sabotage. This is the time to do something about the Nigerian Project otherwise, when the chips are down those in charge will pay the highest price. In resilience studies, time is a friend before a disaster; after a disaster, time is an enemy.
Genocide prevention task force united states institute of peaceMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.usip.org/genocide-prevention-task-force/view-report
Genocide Prevention Task Force
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-prevention-for-genocide-/5081977.html?ltflags=mailer
လူမ်ိဳးတံုးသတ္ျဖတ္မႈ တားဆီးေရး ကန္ေဆာင္႐ြက္မည္
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/files/genocide_taskforce_report.pdf
Preventing Genocide A Blueprint for U.S. Policymakers
Madeleine K. Albright • William S. Cohen
Co-Chairs, Genocide Prevention Task Force
https://www.usip.org/genocide-prevention-task-force/view-report
Genocide Prevention Task Force
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
Genocide prevention task force united states institute of peaceMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.usip.org/genocide-prevention-task-force/view-report
Genocide Prevention Task Force
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-prevention-for-genocide-/5081977.html?ltflags=mailer
လူမ်ိဳးတံုးသတ္ျဖတ္မႈ တားဆီးေရး ကန္ေဆာင္႐ြက္မည္
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/files/genocide_taskforce_report.pdf
Preventing Genocide A Blueprint for U.S. Policymakers
Madeleine K. Albright • William S. Cohen
Co-Chairs, Genocide Prevention Task Force
https://www.usip.org/genocide-prevention-task-force/view-report
Genocide Prevention Task Force
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
FORCE MULTIPLIERS: The Instrumentalities of ImperialismMaximilian Forte
In the drive to accumulate ever more global power for the US state and its allies, both political and corporate, the quest for totalization confronts the challenge of “overreach”. To operate using smaller efforts to carry larger loads, US strategists have devised what they call “force multipliers”. Force multiplication is about “leverage”: using partners and proxies in an expanding network. Forces are conceptualized in multi-dimensional terms. Anything in the world of cultural systems, social relationships, and material production can become force multipliers for imperialism: food security, oil, electricity, young leaders, aid, social media, NGOs, women’s rights, schoolgirls, democratization, elections, the G8, the European Union, NATO, the IMF, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, AFRICOM, development, policing, borders, and epidemics, among others.
“The U.S. is engaged in an international struggle of ideas and ideologies, which requires a more extensive, sophisticated use of communications and public diplomacy programs to gain support for U.S. policies abroad. To effectively wage this struggle, public diplomacy must be treated—along with defense, homeland security and intelligence—as a national security priority in terms of resources”.— US Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (US Department of State, 2007, p. 11)
“The battle of the narrative is a full-blown battle in the cognitive dimension of the information environment, just as traditional warfare is fought in the physical domains (air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace)….a key component of the ‘Battle of the Narrative’ is to succeed in establishing the reasons for and potential outcomes of the conflict, on terms favorable to your efforts. Upon our winning the battle of the narrative, the enemy narrative doesn’t just diminish in appeal or followership, it becomes irrelevant. The entire struggle is completely redefined in a different setting and purpose”.—US Joint Forces Command (2010, pp. xiii–xiv)
The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!.
The twenty first century announced more promising for the black continent as the US turned massively and determinedly to Africa. Despite previous attempts by former administrations, it was the Bush administration which showed more interest in an economically and politically distressed area for so long. In the light of the international competition over the continent’s resources, the United States possesses clear and compelling national interests in Africa. There are vital security, economic, and humanitarian interests, including reliable long-term access to energy, shared largely by the African people and the international community.
Yet, despite the rhetoric, did the Bush Administration really work to bring about a fairer and more just Africa? One of the central questions which needs to be asked is the extent to which President Bush’s policy to help the African nations solidify the US policy? Or was his project implementation influenced largely by narrow American realpolitik perspectives thus missing the opportunity to lay the foundation for a well established Wilsonian idealism?
Although George W. Bush’s administration claimed to have made major new contributions to public health, promoting development, fostering democracy and peace in Sub-Saharan Africa : aid has increased in several areas and a major AIDS initiative launched, many scholars argued that foreign aid is losing its focus on development as political priorities come to the fore. Increasingly military approaches to fighting the “Global War on Terror” in Africa and securing energy imports carries serious risks for the region.
This paper will first examine the enunciated objectives and rational for the Bush’s policy project. Then, this will be followed by an assessment of the effect of these measures on the development of the continent and to which extent the rhetoric matches with reality.
CRJ 200 1Running head CRIMINAL PROCEDURECrimi.docxfaithxdunce63732
CRJ 200 1
Running head: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Criminal Procedure and Criminal Evidence
Fredick Watson
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for CRJ 200: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE, MODULE 2 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT taught by PROFESSOR CAMILLE ARMSTEAD.
Case Development:
Choose the role of Prosecutor of Defense Attorney. You are charged with preparing two witnesses. You must chronicle what is needed to determine what relevant testimony the witness can provide, whether the witness fits the generally accepted requirements to be a witness and whether this individual has any defects that need attention. Make a list of all things related to each witness that you think are necessary to prepare the witness for testimony. Cite your work based on the chapters you have read and any information researched related to witness preparation.
Journal of Social Development in Africa (2000), 15. 1,61-78
Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in
Nigeria: The Marginalisation Question
EDL YNE E ANUGWOM*
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the issue of ethnic conl1icts and thcir implications for
democracy in Nigeria. Ethnic conflict and distrust is identified as the bane of
former democratic experiments in Nigeria. Moreover, since the late 1980s,
ethnicity in Nigeria has assumed disturbing new dimensions. The most crucial of
these arc the issues of marginalisation and agitations by ethnic minorities.
Marginalisation breeds suspicion, distrust, heightens ethnic tensions and may
eventually lead to conl1ict over the sharing and allocation of power and national
resources. Democratic tradition, which is imperative lor development, cannot
blossom in the context of ethnic conflict. Thus,marginalisation, whether apparent
or real, has the potential for disrupting the drive towards democracy. With cries
for marginalisation so rife among ethnic groups, a need arises to address the issue
squarely. This is particularly important given that Nigeria is presently engaged in
another attempt at democracy. Ethnic conflicts in whatever form need to be
resolved in order to allow for democracy to thrive. This paper examines ways in
which ethnic problems in Nigeria may be resolved through the creation of a
realistic and workable federalism modelled largely on the American model.
Introduction
Ethnic conflict has been rightly defined as one of the greatest obstacles to
meaningful development in Africa (see The Courier 1993). In Nigeria, this sort
of competition and rivalry among various ethnic groups is seen as a product of
colonial contact. The ethnic factor, however, did not diminish with the advent of
independence; rather, it bccame a yardstick for measuring contribution to the
national development effort and especially for allocating and distributing power
and national resources. As Nigeria is c urrentl y engaged in another exercise aimed
at establishing a sustainable form of democracy, there is urgent need to address
*Lccturer, Department .
Cultural-pluralism: implications for national integration and socio-economic ...Premier Publishers
The process by which nation states are created makes them to be a conglomerate of various ethnic groups or sub-nationalities. These groups, as it were, surrender some of their sovereignty to the new state with the central objective of providing security and welfare for the people. This derives perhaps from the notion that things are better achieved within a cooperative environment. The state therefore strives to create a peaceful and conducive environment to enable it attain its objectives of sustainable development using appropriate structures. The state also ensures that its various segments live in harmony in their day-to-day interactions by establishing a consensus on norms, values and ethics of engagement. This leads to forging a ‘homogeneous’ culture which further engenders peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of the country/state. However one cannot say this about Nigeria where ethnic rivalry has continued to undermine her developmental efforts. This paper examines the plural nature of Nigeria and concludes that rather than be an asset, the country’s cultural pluralism is a draw-back to its development. Means of harmonious co-existence geared towards national socio-economic development are suggested.
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. A complete guide to writing a reflective essay | Oxbridge Essays - How .... 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab .... Best 25+ Reflective essay examples ideas on Pinterest | How to write .... Personal Reflective Essay Help - Reflective Essay Writing. Reflective writing is thus more personal than other kinds of academic .... Reflective Essay Example University – Telegraph. 017 Topics For Reflective Essays Essay Papers Examples Argumentative .... Reflective Essay: The importance of reflective writing. Tips to Write a Perfect Reflective Essay | Essay examples, Reflective .... Reflective Essay Writing Examples: Rubric, Topics, Outline. 011 Topics For Reflective Essays Example And Illustration Essay .... Reflective Essay Examples & Structure [Great Tips] | Pro Essay Help. Amazing Reflective Essay ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write A Reflective Essay: Format, Tips And 5 Examples. Expository essay: Reflective essay topics for grade 11. Reflective essay example which will help you write your essay and boost .... 006 Reflective Essay Rubric Example ~ Thatsnotus. Reflective Essay Examples. Sample Reflective Essay | English Studies | Teachers Topics For Reflective Essays
FORCE MULTIPLIERS: The Instrumentalities of ImperialismMaximilian Forte
In the drive to accumulate ever more global power for the US state and its allies, both political and corporate, the quest for totalization confronts the challenge of “overreach”. To operate using smaller efforts to carry larger loads, US strategists have devised what they call “force multipliers”. Force multiplication is about “leverage”: using partners and proxies in an expanding network. Forces are conceptualized in multi-dimensional terms. Anything in the world of cultural systems, social relationships, and material production can become force multipliers for imperialism: food security, oil, electricity, young leaders, aid, social media, NGOs, women’s rights, schoolgirls, democratization, elections, the G8, the European Union, NATO, the IMF, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, AFRICOM, development, policing, borders, and epidemics, among others.
“The U.S. is engaged in an international struggle of ideas and ideologies, which requires a more extensive, sophisticated use of communications and public diplomacy programs to gain support for U.S. policies abroad. To effectively wage this struggle, public diplomacy must be treated—along with defense, homeland security and intelligence—as a national security priority in terms of resources”.— US Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (US Department of State, 2007, p. 11)
“The battle of the narrative is a full-blown battle in the cognitive dimension of the information environment, just as traditional warfare is fought in the physical domains (air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace)….a key component of the ‘Battle of the Narrative’ is to succeed in establishing the reasons for and potential outcomes of the conflict, on terms favorable to your efforts. Upon our winning the battle of the narrative, the enemy narrative doesn’t just diminish in appeal or followership, it becomes irrelevant. The entire struggle is completely redefined in a different setting and purpose”.—US Joint Forces Command (2010, pp. xiii–xiv)
The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!.
The twenty first century announced more promising for the black continent as the US turned massively and determinedly to Africa. Despite previous attempts by former administrations, it was the Bush administration which showed more interest in an economically and politically distressed area for so long. In the light of the international competition over the continent’s resources, the United States possesses clear and compelling national interests in Africa. There are vital security, economic, and humanitarian interests, including reliable long-term access to energy, shared largely by the African people and the international community.
Yet, despite the rhetoric, did the Bush Administration really work to bring about a fairer and more just Africa? One of the central questions which needs to be asked is the extent to which President Bush’s policy to help the African nations solidify the US policy? Or was his project implementation influenced largely by narrow American realpolitik perspectives thus missing the opportunity to lay the foundation for a well established Wilsonian idealism?
Although George W. Bush’s administration claimed to have made major new contributions to public health, promoting development, fostering democracy and peace in Sub-Saharan Africa : aid has increased in several areas and a major AIDS initiative launched, many scholars argued that foreign aid is losing its focus on development as political priorities come to the fore. Increasingly military approaches to fighting the “Global War on Terror” in Africa and securing energy imports carries serious risks for the region.
This paper will first examine the enunciated objectives and rational for the Bush’s policy project. Then, this will be followed by an assessment of the effect of these measures on the development of the continent and to which extent the rhetoric matches with reality.
CRJ 200 1Running head CRIMINAL PROCEDURECrimi.docxfaithxdunce63732
CRJ 200 1
Running head: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Criminal Procedure and Criminal Evidence
Fredick Watson
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for CRJ 200: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE, MODULE 2 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT taught by PROFESSOR CAMILLE ARMSTEAD.
Case Development:
Choose the role of Prosecutor of Defense Attorney. You are charged with preparing two witnesses. You must chronicle what is needed to determine what relevant testimony the witness can provide, whether the witness fits the generally accepted requirements to be a witness and whether this individual has any defects that need attention. Make a list of all things related to each witness that you think are necessary to prepare the witness for testimony. Cite your work based on the chapters you have read and any information researched related to witness preparation.
Journal of Social Development in Africa (2000), 15. 1,61-78
Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in
Nigeria: The Marginalisation Question
EDL YNE E ANUGWOM*
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the issue of ethnic conl1icts and thcir implications for
democracy in Nigeria. Ethnic conflict and distrust is identified as the bane of
former democratic experiments in Nigeria. Moreover, since the late 1980s,
ethnicity in Nigeria has assumed disturbing new dimensions. The most crucial of
these arc the issues of marginalisation and agitations by ethnic minorities.
Marginalisation breeds suspicion, distrust, heightens ethnic tensions and may
eventually lead to conl1ict over the sharing and allocation of power and national
resources. Democratic tradition, which is imperative lor development, cannot
blossom in the context of ethnic conflict. Thus,marginalisation, whether apparent
or real, has the potential for disrupting the drive towards democracy. With cries
for marginalisation so rife among ethnic groups, a need arises to address the issue
squarely. This is particularly important given that Nigeria is presently engaged in
another attempt at democracy. Ethnic conflicts in whatever form need to be
resolved in order to allow for democracy to thrive. This paper examines ways in
which ethnic problems in Nigeria may be resolved through the creation of a
realistic and workable federalism modelled largely on the American model.
Introduction
Ethnic conflict has been rightly defined as one of the greatest obstacles to
meaningful development in Africa (see The Courier 1993). In Nigeria, this sort
of competition and rivalry among various ethnic groups is seen as a product of
colonial contact. The ethnic factor, however, did not diminish with the advent of
independence; rather, it bccame a yardstick for measuring contribution to the
national development effort and especially for allocating and distributing power
and national resources. As Nigeria is c urrentl y engaged in another exercise aimed
at establishing a sustainable form of democracy, there is urgent need to address
*Lccturer, Department .
Cultural-pluralism: implications for national integration and socio-economic ...Premier Publishers
The process by which nation states are created makes them to be a conglomerate of various ethnic groups or sub-nationalities. These groups, as it were, surrender some of their sovereignty to the new state with the central objective of providing security and welfare for the people. This derives perhaps from the notion that things are better achieved within a cooperative environment. The state therefore strives to create a peaceful and conducive environment to enable it attain its objectives of sustainable development using appropriate structures. The state also ensures that its various segments live in harmony in their day-to-day interactions by establishing a consensus on norms, values and ethics of engagement. This leads to forging a ‘homogeneous’ culture which further engenders peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of the country/state. However one cannot say this about Nigeria where ethnic rivalry has continued to undermine her developmental efforts. This paper examines the plural nature of Nigeria and concludes that rather than be an asset, the country’s cultural pluralism is a draw-back to its development. Means of harmonious co-existence geared towards national socio-economic development are suggested.
50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab. A complete guide to writing a reflective essay | Oxbridge Essays - How .... 50 Best Reflective Essay Examples (+Topic Samples) ᐅ TemplateLab .... Best 25+ Reflective essay examples ideas on Pinterest | How to write .... Personal Reflective Essay Help - Reflective Essay Writing. Reflective writing is thus more personal than other kinds of academic .... Reflective Essay Example University – Telegraph. 017 Topics For Reflective Essays Essay Papers Examples Argumentative .... Reflective Essay: The importance of reflective writing. Tips to Write a Perfect Reflective Essay | Essay examples, Reflective .... Reflective Essay Writing Examples: Rubric, Topics, Outline. 011 Topics For Reflective Essays Example And Illustration Essay .... Reflective Essay Examples & Structure [Great Tips] | Pro Essay Help. Amazing Reflective Essay ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write A Reflective Essay: Format, Tips And 5 Examples. Expository essay: Reflective essay topics for grade 11. Reflective essay example which will help you write your essay and boost .... 006 Reflective Essay Rubric Example ~ Thatsnotus. Reflective Essay Examples. Sample Reflective Essay | English Studies | Teachers Topics For Reflective Essays
Catharticising Leadership Challenges and National Development in Nigeria: A H...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Critical Analysis of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africaijtsrd
This research is a critical analysis of xenophobic attacks in South Africa. Xenophobia is a fear of strangers or foreigners. The discrimination and unfair treatment against foreigners is as old as the history of the World. This controversial issue of xenophobic attacks has attracted scholars who attempt to find a lasting solution to the issue. We exist at a time where government and authorities look away when such matters arise. We exist at a time where government and authorities look away when such matters arise. The foreigners are to face stigmatization and even death threat, without protection from relevant authorities. Our objective here is to find out what normally trigger xenophobic attacks on foreigners What can be done to stop xenophobia and xenophobic attacks around the World We deploy qualitative method, using critical conceptual analysis and speculative approach consulting textbooks, journals, newspapers, and surfing the internet for available relevant materials. The study concluded that the issue of xenophobia can be put to rest by educating people through enforcement of educational policy with action plans that include the revision of history and civil education curriculum to accommodate some moral contents. Oluwasegunota Bolarinwa | Francis O. Olaniyi | Tobi Abayomi Anthony "Critical Analysis of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africa" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46414.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46414/critical-analysis-of-xenophobic-attacks-in-south-africa/oluwasegunota-bolarinwa
1.You will provide a brief cultural write-up relating to Japan(2.docxcarlstromcurtis
1.You will provide a brief cultural write-up relating to Japan(20 points)
Historical background
Communication styles (language, both verbal and non-verbal)
Beliefs (religion, family, nature, etc.)
Society structure (gender equality, role of children, family, ethnic groups, leaders, government, political ideologies, hierarchies)
VERY IMPORTANT – your final score will greatly depend on this.
In the next sections, associations SHOULD be made with the value orientations addressed in the Values portion of this course:
Human Nature (Universalism-Particularism, Good/Evil, High-Context/Low-Context, Uncertainty Avoidance)
Relation to Nature (Subjugation, Harmony, Mastery, Inner-/Outer-Directed)
Activity Orientation (Achievement/Ascription, Doing-Being-Being-Becoming)
Human Relationships (Affectivity/Affective Neutrality, Instrumental/Expressive, Self (Individualistic)/Collective (Collateral)/Linear, Egalitarian/Hierarchical, Power Distance)
Relation to Time (Past-Present-Future, Monochronic/Polychronic, Low-Context/High-Context
2. Each student will provide a list of ‘Reasons for Codes of Cultural Behavior’ for tourists visiting his/her representative country. This list will explain to tourists why it is important that they follow each of the Do’s and Don’ts (that you listed in your Making Acquaintances: Do’s and Don’t’s assignment), from the hosts’ cultural (values of the culture) perspective, and should include the following: (40 points)
Five major ‘Do’s’ for tourists
At least one appropriate value orientation of the culture for each ‘Do’ (20 points) (Describe in detail one distinct value orientation for each Do. Do not repeat value orientations for the items on the list of Dos.)
Five major ‘Don’ts’ for tourists
At least one appropriate value orientation of the culture for each ‘Don’t’ (20 points) (Describe in detail one distinct value orientation for each Don’t. Do not repeat value orientations for the items on the list of Don’t’s.)
3. Each student will provide APA-style citations within the text whenever applicable and compile a list of APA-style references (reference page) for all resources used in his/her write-up (5 points).
4. On the ‘Making Acquaintances Part 2’ discussion forum, each student will post his/her findings about the representative country in a thread by the due date.
5. Each student is required to read the findings of one other student and respond to the posting of the other student by identifying the following, on or before the response due date (10 points):
One major cultural value commonality between his/her country and the other country (5 points)
One major cultural value difference between his/her country and the other country (5 points)
Please respond Student A and B:
Nigeria
History of Nigeria: The first evidence of humans living in what is now known as Nigeria, dates back to about 9000 BCE. The oldest evidence found was a part of a society called the Nok culture. The evi.
Since Nigeria's independence in 1960, several measures have been adopted to ensure that her citizens live together in unity, but none has yielded much positive results. The country is still characterised by inter-ethnic disharmony, marginalisation, etc. Surprisingly, of all the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria, the Igbo are the major victim of marginalisation. This marginalisation reached its climax shortly after the Nigerian civil war in 1970 when the Igbo were crippled economically with the ridiculous 20 pounds given to each of them regardless of how much of Biafran currency they brought for exchange. Up till today, the Igbo have constantly been humiliated and marginalised in the only country they can rightfully call their own. This has intrigued many to question the place of the Igbo in Nigeria. This paper traces the origin of the Igbo people and examines their current state in the affairs of Nigeria. The findings of the study came from the optic of Acts 6:1-7 which suggests that the issue of marginalisation of the Igbo in Nigeria can effectively be managed through restructuring of the country’s political structure as rightly done by the Apostles in the early church when the Hellenistic Jews were marginalised by the dominant Hebraic Jews in the daily distribution. This paper, in its study of the pericope, adopted the critical historical exegetical method and offered some recommendations based on the findings on its study of Acts 6:1-7 that will help in addressing the problem of marginalisation of the Igbo in Nigeria.
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17.docxgitagrimston
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
178
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNIC
POLITICS AND ITS IMPACTS ON POST
COLONIAL GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
Felicia H. Ayatse
Akuva, Isaac Iorhen
Department Of Political Science, Federal University,
Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State
Abstract
Nigeria party politic has been polluted by ethnic chauvinism. This
problem is one of the major qualms confronting the progress of liberal
democracy in Nigeria since 1960, to the extent that ethnic sentiment has
gradually crept in to find a place in every faced of Nigerian political activity.
Ethnic sentiment has been one of the factors responsible for most of the
inefficiencies and low productivity in Nigeria. The major focus of this paper
is to trace the historical origin, growth and development of ethnicity and the
effects it has had on post-colonial governance in Nigeria. In the findings of
this paper, it was discovered that ethnic sentiment was deliberately
introduced and propagated in the polity by the British colonial government to
realize colonial and imperialist economic and political objectives. It was also
found that since the end of colonialism in 1960, Nigeria has carried forward
the spirit of ethnicity into the post-colonial Nigeria, this vice has been
discovered to have been responsible for most of the political, administrative,
economic, social and cultural maladies in Nigeria. The data that was used to
support this argument was got from the secondary method of data
acquisition. At the concluding remark, it is suggested that, indigene-settle
phenomenon should be strong discouraged while the Federal Character
principles be genuinely implemented at the federal, state and local
government levels in other to remove the age long ethnic unrest in the
governance of Nigeria.
Keywords: The Origin, Development, Ethnic Politics, Impacts, Post-
Colonial Governance
Introduction
It has been estimated that Nigeria has as much as 350 ethnic groups
based on lingual classification. However, the “United Nations says there are
European Scientific Journal June 2013 edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431
179
250 ethnic groups in Nigeria many consider this as underestimated. A federal
government demographic survey in 1976 identified 394 language groups,
one estimate put it as high as 400 with the highest density of languages in
Taraba and Adamawa States” (www.thenation onlineng.net). The above
statement clearly depicts that Nigeria is multi-lingual in nature. The diverse
nature of the Nigeria state as a result of tribal differences, this therefore lays
the foundation for the exploitation of what goes on in the country. This is
further precipitated on the fact that these ethnic groups though housed in one
country, they do not have the same needs, objectives and aspirations. Based
on these ethnical inclinati ...
Unity in diversity is a conceptual formula for showing unity without uniformity along with diversity without fragmentation.
It is used to explain the harmonious unison of a people coming from different religions, cultures or/and environment.
Nigeria was a product of British Colonial empire-building and the emergence of Nation-States.
Plateau State is a product of Nigeria’s nation-building, a sub-set of the former.
The success of Plateau State as a people will translate into the success of Nigeria as a nation.
Elements are abstract parts of any entity depicting its group dynamics. Group or Community elements are what we see in the nature of the people as they relate to their environment .
The Plateau Elements are the qualities that make ‘Plateau the Beautiful’.
Addiction is being abnormally tolerant or strongly dependent to something. A Psychological, Physical or/and Physiological Condition. It is Habit forming especially destructive
Drugs Addiction = Substance Use Disorder
NATIONALINTEREST AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYTANKO AHMED fwc
National policies, strategies and programmes are grounded on national interests tied to social, political, economic, and humanitarian processes.
We seek to understand ‘national interest’ in general, in specific relationship with ‘national security’
Issues or elements and events in national interest and national security are reflected in a nation’s security strategy
CONCEPTS, THEORIES AND METHODS IN THE POLITICS OF FRANCOPHONE AFRICA IN THE P...TANKO AHMED fwc
Concepts, theories, and methods project subjects of study beyond mere technical definitions.
They widen views, heighten propositions, and broaden approaches befitting scholastic practices.
The ‘Politics of Francophone Africa’ comprises of three flowing variables of ‘politics’, ‘francophone’ and ‘Africa’
This lecture discusses how to create and use concepts, theories and methods for the course theme.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO POLITCS OF FRANCOPHONE AFRICATANKO AHMED fwc
Modern African political structures and processes were greatly influenced by the continent’s colonial past.
The two major colonial powers in Africa were Britain and France.
The French are known for stringent policies of controlling their colonies and subjects.
POLITICS OF FRANCOPHONE AFRICA: GENERAL INTRODUCTION TANKO AHMED fwc
The modern world is divided into spheres of influence with historical origins from the era of building empires to the age of creating nation-states.
This processed featured the socio-cultural expansion to outreached colonialism by super-powers across the world.
Among the European colonial ‘masters’ is France from which the syntagmatic ‘francophone’ originates.
Policing has completed its natural cycle, originating from a community function to a global network, and now back to base as community or universal policing.
The common phrase of ‘Dan’sanda Abokin Kowa’ (police the friend for all) has transformed into the new ‘Dan’sanda Na Kowa’ (policing for all by all).
The process of policing is intrinsically tied to the primary activities of the People.
The Police are the closest government agents to the community level.
Strategic plans involve the setting of vision, mission, goals and objectives, guided by core values of the organisations.
“… strategic planning should be more about collective wisdom building than top-down or bottom-up planning.”
Aimed at setting priorities, focusing energy and resources, strengthening operations, co-opting and galvanising both internal and external stakeholders in attainment of set goals.
Strategic planning is different from the ordinary ad-hoc planning in which few disconnected projects are identified from time to time for implementation (Imobighe, 2014:2) .
It is integral with a comprehensive vision, in which all the vital elements of its resources including human and material, are effectively engaged towards the promotion of the goals and aspirations of the organisation.
The lack of strategic planning is ruinous to the vision, mission, and values of whatever an organization stands for.
In the highly competitive environment, the Nigerian auto-industry, strategic planning is a ‘do or perish’ process without which survival is very difficult in the face of fierce competition and available ‘alternatives’.
POLICY AND STRATEGY FOR PATRIOTISM, INSTITUTIONS, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF...TANKO AHMED fwc
This work is a child of circumstances originating from the NIPSS stock where individual projects of participants are not only topical but also focused on problem-solving.
SECURITY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES COURSE RECAP ON SSS.pptxTANKO AHMED fwc
The field of security and strategic studies (SSS) is a critical component of political science and international relations in national policies and strategies. SSS serves as a tool for understanding and application of ideas and doctrines in political and social sciences. It is closely associated with national security in nation-building, national development, and the management of national affairs.
THINKING SKILLS FOR GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS.pptxTANKO AHMED fwc
*Social Thinking or Thinking Socially is Perspective Thinking or Consideration for Others.
*Economic Thinking or Thinking Economically is Opportunity Cost Thinking or Providing Choices
*Political Thinking or Thinking Politically is about Power-sharing in Decision-and-Action.
*A Unified or Systems Thinking involves Unity of purpose and consideration for others in making decisions and taking actions.
The challenge of entrepreneurship for individual actualization and group participation in wealth creation, nation-building, and national development is enormous. Members of the Alumni Association of the National Defence College (AANDEC) are unique with knowledge, skill, experience, patriotism, and zeal for business and industry. The AANDEC Consult strives to actualize the AANDEC resolve for '… constructive engagement …' with the larger society.
The challenge of entrepreneurship for individual actualization and group participation in wealth creation, nation-building, and national development is enormous. Members of the Alumni Association of the National Defence College (AANDEC) are unique with knowledge, skill, experience, patriotism, and zeal for business and industry. The AANDEC Consult strives to actualize the AANDEC resolve for '… constructive engagement …' with the larger society.
A PhD External/Oral Defence/Viva
Submitted to the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of PhD in Defence and Strategic Studies.
EFFECTS OF FLOODING ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: The Case of Jigawa State,...TANKO AHMED fwc
Seen optimistically, flooding could be more of a blessing than a curse especially when it occurs predictably in an area dearth of water resources. This paper describes flooding in its basics, discusses its causes and effects on the socio-economic development of Jigawa State and its people. The paper notes the devastating effects of flood in Jigawa State but also considers what it could have been if it was well-managed. It is assumed that the same flooding would also bring opportunities for socio-economic development against the destruction and miseries. It presupposed that if existing agencies, policies, strategies, and the commitment of the people and governments at all levels are reckoned with, the present equation would be different.
DEVELOPING A PEOPLE’S SECURITY ECOSYSTEM IN A CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTTANKO AHMED fwc
The paper deploys an analogical approach to the complex topic of developing a people’s security ecosystem centrifugal to the existing national security architecture within a challenging environment. It conceptulises people’s security ecosystem as an adhocratic enhancement to the bureaucratic nature of national security architecture as aspects of national security management and describes the environmental impediments to its development. The paper deploys a system approach in the management process of getting things done by use of resources with the people as core. It views the existing national security architecture as a closed, self-constraint, over-regulated, isolated, restrained, and too bureaucratic against the people’s security ecosystem which is open, extended, flexible, participatory, and adhocratic as it interacts with the environment. The paper argues that the Nigerian security environment is self-afflicted with defective organisational capability, weak interagency synergy, absence of effective communication strategy, and prolonged breakdown in national value re-orientation. The paper attributes the deeply rooted divisive tendencies as precursory to a national psyche in which issues are seen in terms of tribal, ethnic, religious, sectional, and endless highly opinioned dysfunctional conflicts. It establishes the way forward to include the expansion of existing bureaucratic national security architecture to an adhocratic people’s security ecosystem for effective security service delivery. The paper strongly recommends the mass mobilisation of the citizenry, re-organisation of communities, and encouragement of security service entrepreneurship as key approaches to developing a people’s security ecosystem in a challenging environment. Some key suggested implementation strategies range from otherwise neglected civic duties to compulsory community and security service for all able Nigerians.
REMODELING THE POLICE AND POLICING IN NIGERIA: Challenges and Prospects for t...TANKO AHMED fwc
Recent developments including the current community policing programme, the new Police Act, the EndSARS protests, and a supportive Police Trust Fund provide the catalyst for remodeling the Police and policing in Nigeria. This presentation addresses the process of modeling the ideal police officer with particular attention to the challenges and prospects for the Nigeria Police Academy cadet-graduates. The paper discusses the meaning and philosophy of police and policing, and reflects on the work environment within which they operate. It argues that police officers are often on their own in thinking out strategies, planning operations, or calculating tactics. The paper employs the social learning theory to capture the mission, vision, and philosophy of the Academy in producing the ideal police officer for Nigeria. The trendy figurative phrase of ‘the thin blue line’ policing documentary movie is deployed to depict the complex challenges and prospects for the police in society. The paper projects the Police as the force holding back chaos to allow for order and civilisation to thrive; at the same time striving to practice good policing within its enclave. It describes command and leadership acquired by the POLAC cadet-graduates as a necessary tool for wading through the dysfunctional work environment hindering the police and policing in Nigeria. A simulation exercise is specially designed for the POLAC graduating Cadets on how to form a networking platform as preparation for facing the challenges and prospects of a technology-driven world. The presentation summaries key observations for a conclusion, with recommendations and implementation strategies on the way forward.
Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
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My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
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Nigeria Dancing on the Brink - A Discourse on the 'Nigerian Project'
1. BY
TANKO AHMED fwc
Senior Fellow (Security & Strategic Studies)
National Institute for Policy & Strategic Studies
(NIPSS)
March 2014
1
2. ‘Gyara kayan ka, ba sauke mu raba ba’,
(A suggestion to adjust your wares is not a request to drop and share).
- A Nigerian (Hausa) Proverb
2
3. Ambassador John Campbell’s book ‘Nigeria Dancing on the Brink’ is a discourse on the
‘Nigerian Project’ inferring the absence of committed ‘national’ leadership.
In place are warring cliques or coteries which are, at best, ‘local champions’ operating on
platforms of sectional, religious and ethnic fraternities.
The ‘Nigerian Project’ urgently requires a crop of creative transcultural leaders capable
of utilizing the enormous human and natural resources packaged in the country, for its
people and the whole wide world, including the United States.
Failure to do this will lead to the lurking dangers of reversal to Brzezinski’s (1998)
concept and project, of ‘micro-nationalities’ which at best are ‘easy pickings’ for even
medium size multi-nationals or any of the marauding non-governmentals.
This book review essay attempts to shift the contents and contexts of the book and assess
the ‘Nigerian Project’. It also probes the quality of leadership and the dangers it creates
for the Nigerian state dancing on the brink.
3
4. Book Title - Nigeria Dancing on the Brink
Author - John Campbell
Publisher - Rowman & Littlefield Inc.
Pages - 183 pages
Year - 2011
Reviewer - Tanko Ahmed, fwc
4
5. John Campbell is a Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies at the
American Council on Foreign Relations, New York.
He served as a U. S. Department of State Foreign Service Officer with two sojourns
in Nigeria; 1988 to 1990 as political counselor; and 2004 to 2007 as ambassador.
He is a ‘long service’ Foreign Service Officer at the US Department of state with
sojourn at Lyon, Paris, Geneva, Pretoria, Lagos and Abuja.
His academic stunts include Wisconsin, Princeton and the Foreign Service Institute.
Ambassador Campbell can literally (and rightly) be described as a ‘Voice of
America’ in reflection of the power of his views on the American platform.
He ranks at per with notables like Zbigniew Brzezinski whose cogent views in the
past, on the fate of countries like Nigeria complements the subject matter of this
essay.
5
6. The book ‘Nigeria Dancing on the Brink’ is structured
into nine interconnected flowing sections and sub-
sections.
Its presentation is at ease with the schema or rule of
mental pattern in writing prose; with explicit
introductory paragraphs and ‘guiding’ 1st sentences.
An Introduction projects an umbrella of the complete
work of nine chapters.
6
7. Chapter One is a brief history ‘Un Peu d’Histoire’ of Nigeria, reflective of the obvious socio-
economic and political riddle sited in Chapter two, that: ‘If Nigerian is Rich, Why are
Nigerians so Poor’.
Chapter three ‘Who Runs Nigeria?’ exposes the cliques, coteries and cabals of ‘leadership’
perpetuating personal, family, clique, tribal, religious and professional cronyism platforms and
networks.
Chapter four pounds on the spiritual fraud of religiosity using ‘Faith’ in controlling Nigerians.
Chapter five ‘The Niger Delta’ imbroglio points to oppression as enabler for insurrection.
Chapter Six and Chapter Seven ‘A President for Life’ and ‘The Election-like Event of 2007’
open up the high risk of seat-tight leadership and the mockery of election process which may
eventually backfire in a nation of vibrant people.
The bilateral relationship between the US and Nigeria, as reflected in Chapter Eight
‘Washington and Abuja’, is entirely based on American economic and regional or strategic
interests.
Chapter Nine ‘Dancing on the Brink’ struggles to define Nigeria as a ‘failed’ or ‘falling’ state
with a clear conclusive statement on a nation at the verge of state failure.
7
8. Nigeria is blessed with abundance human and material resources of rich
cultural groups, fertile land and minerals deliberately put together to
make a large and powerful state with ample resources to play a leading
role in the affairs of the African continent and the world at large (Bingel,
2009).
The main thrust of the Nigerian Project aims at harnessing and utilization
of the country’s enormous human, cultural and natural endowments to
make Nigeria a great nation.
This quest is often coined by its leaders in the currency of ‘unity in
diversity’.
Lalonde (1994) explained ‘unity in diversity’ as a concept of ‘unity
without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation’ shifting focus
from unity based on a mere tolerance of differences towards a more
complex unity based on the understanding that difference enriches
human interactions.
This was initially captured by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Nigeria’s first
Prime Minister, in a speech at the occasion marking the motion
requesting for Nigeria’s independence from Britain titled ‘Unity Diversity
in Independence’ (Cartey and Kilson, 1970). 8
9. Campbell argues that the lack of a ‘national’ leadership in an embroiled crisis of
leadership along primordial sectionalism produces ‘local champions’.
As Parekh (2005) put it, groups can contribute to the national cultural assets new
forms of imagination; new ideas of beauty and goodness; new forms of
resourcefulness and skills; new sources of energy and dynamism; and add to its
national assets.
This is the basis for much needed national integration, nation-building and
national development.
However, George (2009) noted that crises accentuate the dynamics of leadership
and reveal its strength and weaknesses in a way that ordinary challenges do not.
Campbell in a way has challenged and spotlighted the dangers and weaknesses of
the Nigerian leadership in the quest for the Nigerian Project.
9
10. Uzoigwe (1996) pointed out that exploitation of differences created
distrusts, suspicions and cleavages among the various groups often seen
in the conduct of Nigeria’s national affairs.
Joshua (2002) observed that the lack of any true national integration as
basis for nation-building in Nigeria is traceable to the belief and conduct
of the elite class represented in the various ethnic groups who use their
position to consolidate their own gains.
Metumara (2010) concluded that successive post-independence regimes,
not only failed to initiate far-reaching policy measures to settle ethnic
differences into positive ventures that could create effective national
integration, but ended up escalating its negative tendencies to present
times.
Consequently, the major problem of national character in Nigeria, and
most Africa states, has to do with creating overarching loyalties to the
nation over and above the primordial and sub-national loyalties.
10
11. When the pursuit of development excludes solutions to problems arising from its own process,
the system will run into a ‘progress trap’.
A nation polarized by intense sectionalism, tribalism, regionalism and religious bigotry is
susceptible to incessant ‘crisis of leadership’ and trapped in dysfunctional conflicts.
The resultant divisive process sets the various contending factions in perpetual struggle for
advantages or supremacy over one another in the quest for ascendency, retention, or even
sabotage (Ahmed, 2013).
Conflicts set in with resultant situations, depending on how they are handled by the elite or
leadership of the various groups.
Nigeria is indeed ‘dancing on the brink’, at the very edge of a steep drop or verge of disaster
which require speedy retraction in order to spring back to stability.
American views, opinions or even policies towards Nigeria are often interpreted by Nigerians
as ‘double standard’ ways to exploit the country’s perennial fluid situation.
A close look at Campbell’s book generates same feelings; but a critical look reveals a paradigm
shift from the hostile ways of Brzezinski (1998) to an open, sincere but stern warning of the
dangers ahead for the Nigerian Project.
11
12. The ultimate reality in Nigeria portends dangers
leading to, not only a simple division of the
country into smaller nations, but its complete
fragmentation, further leading to system
collapse.
These dangers seem unnoticed by a leadership
blinded by selfish quest for power and wealth,
riding on Kelly’s (1988) followership typology of
the sheeple (sheep + people).
or
The seemingly docile Nigerian citizenry may
suddenly awaken and revolt overnight.
12
13. A divided and warring Nigeria may ultimately serve the interests of the United States as
cited by Brzezinski (1998), a top adviser to Barack Obama and leading US foreign policy
theoretician.
Zbigniew Brzezinski, who co-founded the Trilateral Commission, had ‘undue influence
in the Carter administration’ and also pushed policies that encouraged the division of
existing nation-states by the succession and emergence of microstates, based on cultural,
ethnic and religious peculiarities (Chomsky, 1980).
Author and historian Webster G. Tarpley submitted that, for Africa, Brzezinski actually
recommended that the so-called ‘micro-nationalities’ concept, which means that national
boundaries established in the 19th century should be swept aside in favor of a crazy quilt
of petty tribal entities, each one so small that it could not hope to resist even a medium-
sized oil multinational (Griffin, 2008).
It is however encouraging to note that the exact opposite of Brzezinski’s projects, are
presently advocated by new crop of equally influential American voices, like
Ambassador Campbell.
13
14. While it is not feasible to ask for a greater degree and range of unity than
is possible or necessary, a society cannot be held together unless its
members share certain basic beliefs and values in common.
A nation like Nigeria cannot be cohesive and stable unless its components
share a common national outlook including, a common system of
meaning and significance; a shared conception of the good life at personal
and collective levels; and a shared body of customs, practices, habits,
attitudes and collective memories.
Campbell has clearly inferred that in order to move forward, the Nigerian
nation, particularly its elite and leadership must work for ‘unity in
diversity’ as main stream of the Nigerian Project.
The way forward for Nigeria is therefore the investiture and sustenance
of ‘unity in diversity’ for the success of the Nigerian Dream, for its people
and the whole wide world, including the United States of America.
14
15. Ambassador Campbell has made a case on the importance of Nigeria to
the United States of America.
The natural Nigeria is as stable as any dancing stage can ever be, but the
staggering steps of its performers roll on the brink, as anything goes.
In a popular Hausa narrative: A courier’s luggage rack or ‘amalanke’ bears
some displaced pieces as it rolls along a bumpy road, a passerby noticed
and asked the bearer to drop and adjust the falling items.
A Nigerian (Hausa) proverb to this effect preaches that ‘gyara kayan ka,
ba sauke mu raba ba’, that is, ‘a suggestion to adjust your wares is not a
request to drop them and share’.
This is the time to do something about the Nigerian Project otherwise,
when the chips are down those in charge will pay the highest price. To
conclude with, in resilience studies, time is a friend before a disaster;
after a disaster, time is an enemy.
15
17. Full Article Published in the Journal International
Researcher, Vol. 3, Issue 1, March 2014
www.iresearcher.org
17
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Ahmed, T. (2013), Crisis of Leadership in Nigeria: An Analysis of National Psyche, political
Behaviour and Nation-Building, African Renaissance Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3&4, pp 59-73.
Bingel, B. T. (2009), ‘Nigerian History in Perspectives: The Challenges of Nation-building’. A
Paper Presented to the Senior Executive Course No. 31-2009 Participants, National Institute for
Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), Kuru.
Brzezinski, Z (1998), ‘How Jimmy Carter and I Started the Mujahideen’ Counterpunch, January
15 http://www.counterpunch.org Accessed on 14 November 2013.
Cartey, W. and Kilson, M. (1970), ‘The African Reader: Independent Africa’, New York:
Vintage, www.blackpast.org/1957-alhaji-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-unity-and-diversity-
independence Accessed on 18 November 2013.
Chomsky, N. (1980), ‘The Carter Administration: Myth and Reality’, New York: Vintage,
www.chomsky.info/books/priorities01.htm Accessed 18 November 2013.
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www.billgeorge.org/files/media/leading-in-crisis-lessons-for-safety-
leaders/20101014150246550.pdf Accessed on 14 November 2013.
Griffin, W (2008), ‘Obama: The Postmodern Coup – Making of a Manchurian Candidate’
Tarpley: Progressive Press, http://books.google.com Accessed on 14 November 2013.
Joshua, A. A. (2002), ‘Language, National Integration and Nigeria Federation’, Humanities 18
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www.emeralinsight.com/bibliographic_databases.htm Accessed 18 November 2013.
Lalonde, R. (1994), ‘Unity in Diversity: Acceptance and Integration in an Era of Intolerance and
Fragmentation’ (PhD Thesis). Ottawa, Ontario: Department of Geography, Carleton University.
http://bahai-library.com/lalonde_unity_diversity Accessed on 12 November 2013.
Metumara, D. M. (2010), ‘Ethnic Militias and Sub-nationalism in Nigeria: A Comparative
Analysis of MASSOP and OPC’, Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation, Department of Political
Science, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Novak, M. (1983), ‘Epigraph’ in Carol L. Birch Unity in Diversity: An Index to the Publications of
Conservative and Libertarian Institutions. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press: New American
Foundation. http://bahai-library.com/lalonde_unity_diversity Accessed on 8 November 2013.
Parekh, B (2005), ‘Unity and Diversity in Multicultural Societies’, International Institute for
Labour Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, March
www.academia.edu/5121983/UNITY_AND_DIVERSITY_IN_MULTICULTURAL_SOCIETIES
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Uzoigwe, Godwin N. (1996), ‘The Evolution of the Nigerian State: 1900-1914’, in Isawa J.
Elaigwu & Godwin N. Uzoigwe (eds.) Foundation of Nigeria Federalism 199-1960. Jos: Institute of
Governance and Social Research (IGRS) pp. 1-3.
http://Europa.eu/abc/symbols/motto/index_en.htm
19