This document summarizes and discusses several articles about Denmark's history during its occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II. It discusses the political and social impacts of the occupation, including the strategies taken by the Social Democratic Party and trade unions to cooperate with the Germans in order to preserve Danish institutions. It also examines women's roles in the resistance movement, Danish workers who were sent to Germany, and Danish seamen who organized abroad in exile during the war.
Peter h. oppenheimer the sudetendeutsche landsmannschaft - journal of histo...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes the evolution of the Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft (SL), an organization representing Sudeten Germans expelled from Czechoslovakia after World War II. It discusses the SL's origins, political goals, and changing approach over three periods from 1950 to the present. Initially, the SL advocated strongly for the rights of Sudeten Germans to return to their homeland and self-determination. However, it gradually moderated its rhetoric and adapted to recognize West German policies and the realities of postwar Europe. While still supporting those goals, the SL evolved to focus more on cultural heritage preservation as Sudeten Germans integrated into West Germany.
The document discusses newspapers in Germany after World War 2. It describes how two major publishing companies, Axel Springer Verlag and Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, came to dominate the media landscape in Germany. Axel Springer Verlag publishes influential newspapers like Bild and Die Welt. It also discusses some of the scandals that major publications like Der Spiegel were involved in, and how they helped shape public opinion. The concentration of media ownership among a few large companies is also addressed.
Dr. andreas r wesserle death and rebirth - european political observations ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of current political trends in Europe based on an analysis of nationalism, Russia, America, and Germany. It discusses how recent elections in Germany showed gains for more radical anti-establishment parties at the expense of traditional conservative parties. It analyzes Russian foreign policy goals of maintaining territorial conquests while gaining footholds around the world. It notes Russia exploits weaknesses in opponents like damaging Germany's relationship with the US. It posits Russia may pursue strategic withdrawal from Eastern Europe if internal problems rise regarding succession and restive non-Russian populations.
Geschiedenis het derde rijk opkomst en ideologieJurgen Marechal
The document provides an overview of the Third Reich in Germany, including:
1) It summarizes the political timeline from the German Empire to a reunited democratic Germany.
2) It describes key aspects of Nazi ideology like ultranationalism, racism, and the cult of the leader.
3) It analyzes reasons for the failure of the Weimar Republic like its weak democratic foundations and the impact of the Great Depression.
The rise of extremism and the collapse of the weimar democracyJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het extremisme en de ondergang van de Weimar democratie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The document provides updates on political and social issues in Germany. It discusses the League of Expellees and concerns about some members holding revanchist views that could undermine reconciliation efforts. It also describes the new European External Action Service that will coordinate EU foreign policy, and the closure of a mosque in Hamburg known to recruit for terrorist activities. The challenges of enforcing sanctions against Iran while some German firms try to circumvent the rules are also noted.
This document discusses the rise of racism and nationalism in Germany following reunification in 1989. It analyzes the social and economic impacts of reunification, including dashed hopes for improved conditions in East Germany and resentment in West Germany over costs. It also examines policy debates around the Basic Law constitution, treatment of ethnic groups, and handling of neo-fascism. The author argues reunification presented an opportunity for Germany to confront its past and chart a new progressive path, but racism and nationalism flared up instead.
Peter h. oppenheimer the sudetendeutsche landsmannschaft - journal of histo...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes the evolution of the Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft (SL), an organization representing Sudeten Germans expelled from Czechoslovakia after World War II. It discusses the SL's origins, political goals, and changing approach over three periods from 1950 to the present. Initially, the SL advocated strongly for the rights of Sudeten Germans to return to their homeland and self-determination. However, it gradually moderated its rhetoric and adapted to recognize West German policies and the realities of postwar Europe. While still supporting those goals, the SL evolved to focus more on cultural heritage preservation as Sudeten Germans integrated into West Germany.
The document discusses newspapers in Germany after World War 2. It describes how two major publishing companies, Axel Springer Verlag and Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, came to dominate the media landscape in Germany. Axel Springer Verlag publishes influential newspapers like Bild and Die Welt. It also discusses some of the scandals that major publications like Der Spiegel were involved in, and how they helped shape public opinion. The concentration of media ownership among a few large companies is also addressed.
Dr. andreas r wesserle death and rebirth - european political observations ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of current political trends in Europe based on an analysis of nationalism, Russia, America, and Germany. It discusses how recent elections in Germany showed gains for more radical anti-establishment parties at the expense of traditional conservative parties. It analyzes Russian foreign policy goals of maintaining territorial conquests while gaining footholds around the world. It notes Russia exploits weaknesses in opponents like damaging Germany's relationship with the US. It posits Russia may pursue strategic withdrawal from Eastern Europe if internal problems rise regarding succession and restive non-Russian populations.
Geschiedenis het derde rijk opkomst en ideologieJurgen Marechal
The document provides an overview of the Third Reich in Germany, including:
1) It summarizes the political timeline from the German Empire to a reunited democratic Germany.
2) It describes key aspects of Nazi ideology like ultranationalism, racism, and the cult of the leader.
3) It analyzes reasons for the failure of the Weimar Republic like its weak democratic foundations and the impact of the Great Depression.
The rise of extremism and the collapse of the weimar democracyJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het extremisme en de ondergang van de Weimar democratie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The document provides updates on political and social issues in Germany. It discusses the League of Expellees and concerns about some members holding revanchist views that could undermine reconciliation efforts. It also describes the new European External Action Service that will coordinate EU foreign policy, and the closure of a mosque in Hamburg known to recruit for terrorist activities. The challenges of enforcing sanctions against Iran while some German firms try to circumvent the rules are also noted.
This document discusses the rise of racism and nationalism in Germany following reunification in 1989. It analyzes the social and economic impacts of reunification, including dashed hopes for improved conditions in East Germany and resentment in West Germany over costs. It also examines policy debates around the Basic Law constitution, treatment of ethnic groups, and handling of neo-fascism. The author argues reunification presented an opportunity for Germany to confront its past and chart a new progressive path, but racism and nationalism flared up instead.
Hitlerism the iron-fist_in_germany-nordicus-dorothy_waring-1932-249pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of Adolf Hitler's life and work:
1. On November 8, 1923 Hitler led the National Socialist party in an attempted coup in Munich, declaring the Bavarian and German governments deposed. However, Hitler was deserted during the coup and it failed.
2. Hitler had founded the National Socialist German Workers' Party just four years prior in 1919, and they had little real power at that time. Nonetheless, Hitler attempted to lead them into revolution.
3. The summary provides context on Hitler's background and rise to power as the leader of the National Socialist party in Germany in the early 20th century.
The document summarizes key aspects of the establishment and development of West Germany after World War 2. It describes the principles of the Basic Law, the federal political system established, and the main political parties that emerged (CDU, SPD, FDP). It then discusses West Germany's economic recovery, foreign policy of integration with the West, and the growing anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s challenging the early postwar conservative order.
Geschiedenis the debate on german peculiaritiesJurgen Marechal
1) Germany was unified in 1871 under Prussian leadership after various states had attempted unification and failed in 1848. 2) The Weimar Republic faced significant challenges to its legitimacy from 1918-1933 due to defeat in WWI, the revolution, and the Treaty of Versailles. 3) Debates continue over the extent of continuity between Imperial Germany, Nazi Germany, and modern Germany in areas like nationalism, militarism, and racism.
Du Bow Digest American Edition November 2014dubowdigest
This document provides summaries of several news stories from Germany:
1) Neo-Nazis and soccer hooligans have formed an "unholy alliance" in Germany, holding violent protests against Salafists that have injured police officers. Security officials have been monitoring the growing ties between these groups.
2) The city of Cottbus, Germany will dedicate its new synagogue in January 2015, the first in the state of Brandenburg in 76 years. The 350-member Jewish community there traces back to the 15th century.
3) Germany's president sparked political controversy by questioning whether the far-left Linke party is fit to lead a state government, given its roots
How a cultured nation, such as Germany perpetrated such crimes under the Nazi...Danielle Underwood
Assesses the beginnings of how a regime like the Nazi Party could gain such wide support in Germany. Analyses how a cultured nation allowed the development of the Nazis’ ethnic racial policy.
Prussia led the unification of Germany, achieving it through three successful wars led by Otto von Bismarck against Denmark, Austria, and France. Prussia unified the independent German states and acquired the lands of Alsace and Lorraine through these conflicts. German nationalism and Bismarck's strong Prussian military were major factors driving unification.
This document discusses social movements through examining episodes of contention in Poland in 1956 and 1980. It finds that while contention was widespread in 1956, it failed to create a sustained social movement due to a lack of "social movement bases." In 1980, the Solidarity movement succeeded due to the dense network of oppositional groups that had developed since 1956, providing a foundation of organizations, networks, and traditions to sustain the movement's campaign. The key distinction made is between social movement bases, which provide enduring support, and social movement campaigns, which are public challenges to power-holders that can succeed or fail depending on available bases.
The document discusses language and intercultural communication problems that arose between East and West Germans after reunification in 1989. For 45 years, the two populations developed separate political, economic, and cultural institutions while speaking different dialects of German. When the Berlin Wall fell, they discovered their language had diverged and they now had different understandings of some words. This led to misunderstandings as the two groups encountered each other after years of separation within a shared national identity.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERY. Contains: dealing with the unemployment, tackling economic crisis, John Kenneth Galbraith, Hitler's economic policy, addressing the nation.
The document summarizes the rise of the Nazi party in Germany from 1919-1933 in three key periods:
1) 1919-1923: After World War 1, many Germans felt betrayed by their government and turned to extremist right-wing groups like the Nazi party and Freikorps for strength and opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi party gained early support through militaristic imagery and targeting communists.
2) 1924-1929: The Nazi party regained strength under Hitler's leadership, focusing on traditional values and stoking fears of the left wing through propaganda.
3) 1929-1933: The Wall Street crash exacerbated Germany's economic woes and rising unemployment, enabling the Nazi party to gain
The bombing of Dresden occurred in February 1945 when over 1,300 Allied bombers firebombed the city, destroying over 80% of its downtown area. Dresden had become overwhelmed with refugees fleeing the advancing Soviet forces. While the Allies claimed the bombing was to disrupt German communications and transportation links, others argue it was intended to demonstrate Allied air power to the Soviets or force Germany to surrender more quickly. Over 25,000 civilians were killed in the resulting firestorm that engulfed the city. The destruction of Dresden remains controversial, with some arguing it was not a militarily necessary action so late in the war.
Nazi Germany - schacht his role and influencemrmarr
Hjalmar Schacht was a crucial figure who helped the Nazis rise to power in Germany. As the head of the Reichsbank and later Economics Minister, Schacht introduced economic policies that aided Nazi Germany's recovery and raised funds from businesses to strengthen the Nazi Party. However, Schacht eventually lost faith in Hitler and began plotting against the Nazi regime, leading to his imprisonment in a concentration camp.
German unification was formally achieved on 18 January 1871 when Wilhelm became Emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. However, the transition of German-speaking populations into a federated organization had occurred unofficially over nearly a century through experimentation. While unification united many states, it also exposed religious, linguistic, social and cultural differences between inhabitants, showing that 1871 was just one moment in the larger process of unification.
The document summarizes the various groups that resisted Hitler and the Nazi regime in Germany between 1933-1945. It discusses the political opposition from groups like the Social Democratic Party and Communist Party. It also outlines resistance from industrial workers, youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates, students in the White Rose movement, and churches. One of the most prominent acts of resistance was the failed 20 July 1944 bomb plot led by Claus von Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler. Overall, there was no single resistance movement in Germany but rather opposition from different individuals and groups with different motivations who worked to undermine and eventually overthrow the Nazi dictatorship by various means.
Foreword 1 hitler's english inspirers emanuel sarkisyanzmufufu fu
This document provides context and introduction for a book that examines the influence of British imperial ideology on Nazi Germany. It summarizes that the book argues British examples of imperial power and social Darwinism were crucial in shaping the Nazi counter-revolution in Germany. It also notes that British appeasement of and assistance to Hitler was in part due to a shared goal of attacking the Soviet Union. The introduction concludes by explaining why the book faced censorship and difficulty finding a mainstream publisher in Britain or Germany.
World War I consisted of two stages from 1914 to 1916 of conventional warfare followed by desperate warfare from 1916 until the end as both sides struggled for survival. There were several fundamental causes of the war including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and pre-war alliances between countries. After World War I, Germany suffered greatly including starvation, disease, farming disruption, and loss of territory. The Weimar Republic replaced the German Empire but struggled with political divisions and unrest, especially during the Great Depression when economic troubles increased support for the Nazi party.
The Reichstag fire of 1933 had devastating consequences that led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany. This single arson attack allowed Hitler to claim a communist plot, suspend civil liberties, and consolidate power. The fire destroyed the lives of millions as it enabled the Nazis to start World War II and carry out the Holocaust. While immensely destructive, it ultimately led to the formation of the United Nations after WWII in an effort to prevent future wars and protect human rights globally.
Hitlerism the iron-fist_in_germany-nordicus-dorothy_waring-1932-249pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of Adolf Hitler's life and work:
1. On November 8, 1923 Hitler led the National Socialist party in an attempted coup in Munich, declaring the Bavarian and German governments deposed. However, Hitler was deserted during the coup and it failed.
2. Hitler had founded the National Socialist German Workers' Party just four years prior in 1919, and they had little real power at that time. Nonetheless, Hitler attempted to lead them into revolution.
3. The summary provides context on Hitler's background and rise to power as the leader of the National Socialist party in Germany in the early 20th century.
The document summarizes key aspects of the establishment and development of West Germany after World War 2. It describes the principles of the Basic Law, the federal political system established, and the main political parties that emerged (CDU, SPD, FDP). It then discusses West Germany's economic recovery, foreign policy of integration with the West, and the growing anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s challenging the early postwar conservative order.
Geschiedenis the debate on german peculiaritiesJurgen Marechal
1) Germany was unified in 1871 under Prussian leadership after various states had attempted unification and failed in 1848. 2) The Weimar Republic faced significant challenges to its legitimacy from 1918-1933 due to defeat in WWI, the revolution, and the Treaty of Versailles. 3) Debates continue over the extent of continuity between Imperial Germany, Nazi Germany, and modern Germany in areas like nationalism, militarism, and racism.
Du Bow Digest American Edition November 2014dubowdigest
This document provides summaries of several news stories from Germany:
1) Neo-Nazis and soccer hooligans have formed an "unholy alliance" in Germany, holding violent protests against Salafists that have injured police officers. Security officials have been monitoring the growing ties between these groups.
2) The city of Cottbus, Germany will dedicate its new synagogue in January 2015, the first in the state of Brandenburg in 76 years. The 350-member Jewish community there traces back to the 15th century.
3) Germany's president sparked political controversy by questioning whether the far-left Linke party is fit to lead a state government, given its roots
How a cultured nation, such as Germany perpetrated such crimes under the Nazi...Danielle Underwood
Assesses the beginnings of how a regime like the Nazi Party could gain such wide support in Germany. Analyses how a cultured nation allowed the development of the Nazis’ ethnic racial policy.
Prussia led the unification of Germany, achieving it through three successful wars led by Otto von Bismarck against Denmark, Austria, and France. Prussia unified the independent German states and acquired the lands of Alsace and Lorraine through these conflicts. German nationalism and Bismarck's strong Prussian military were major factors driving unification.
This document discusses social movements through examining episodes of contention in Poland in 1956 and 1980. It finds that while contention was widespread in 1956, it failed to create a sustained social movement due to a lack of "social movement bases." In 1980, the Solidarity movement succeeded due to the dense network of oppositional groups that had developed since 1956, providing a foundation of organizations, networks, and traditions to sustain the movement's campaign. The key distinction made is between social movement bases, which provide enduring support, and social movement campaigns, which are public challenges to power-holders that can succeed or fail depending on available bases.
The document discusses language and intercultural communication problems that arose between East and West Germans after reunification in 1989. For 45 years, the two populations developed separate political, economic, and cultural institutions while speaking different dialects of German. When the Berlin Wall fell, they discovered their language had diverged and they now had different understandings of some words. This led to misunderstandings as the two groups encountered each other after years of separation within a shared national identity.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERY. Contains: dealing with the unemployment, tackling economic crisis, John Kenneth Galbraith, Hitler's economic policy, addressing the nation.
The document summarizes the rise of the Nazi party in Germany from 1919-1933 in three key periods:
1) 1919-1923: After World War 1, many Germans felt betrayed by their government and turned to extremist right-wing groups like the Nazi party and Freikorps for strength and opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi party gained early support through militaristic imagery and targeting communists.
2) 1924-1929: The Nazi party regained strength under Hitler's leadership, focusing on traditional values and stoking fears of the left wing through propaganda.
3) 1929-1933: The Wall Street crash exacerbated Germany's economic woes and rising unemployment, enabling the Nazi party to gain
The bombing of Dresden occurred in February 1945 when over 1,300 Allied bombers firebombed the city, destroying over 80% of its downtown area. Dresden had become overwhelmed with refugees fleeing the advancing Soviet forces. While the Allies claimed the bombing was to disrupt German communications and transportation links, others argue it was intended to demonstrate Allied air power to the Soviets or force Germany to surrender more quickly. Over 25,000 civilians were killed in the resulting firestorm that engulfed the city. The destruction of Dresden remains controversial, with some arguing it was not a militarily necessary action so late in the war.
Nazi Germany - schacht his role and influencemrmarr
Hjalmar Schacht was a crucial figure who helped the Nazis rise to power in Germany. As the head of the Reichsbank and later Economics Minister, Schacht introduced economic policies that aided Nazi Germany's recovery and raised funds from businesses to strengthen the Nazi Party. However, Schacht eventually lost faith in Hitler and began plotting against the Nazi regime, leading to his imprisonment in a concentration camp.
German unification was formally achieved on 18 January 1871 when Wilhelm became Emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. However, the transition of German-speaking populations into a federated organization had occurred unofficially over nearly a century through experimentation. While unification united many states, it also exposed religious, linguistic, social and cultural differences between inhabitants, showing that 1871 was just one moment in the larger process of unification.
The document summarizes the various groups that resisted Hitler and the Nazi regime in Germany between 1933-1945. It discusses the political opposition from groups like the Social Democratic Party and Communist Party. It also outlines resistance from industrial workers, youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates, students in the White Rose movement, and churches. One of the most prominent acts of resistance was the failed 20 July 1944 bomb plot led by Claus von Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler. Overall, there was no single resistance movement in Germany but rather opposition from different individuals and groups with different motivations who worked to undermine and eventually overthrow the Nazi dictatorship by various means.
Foreword 1 hitler's english inspirers emanuel sarkisyanzmufufu fu
This document provides context and introduction for a book that examines the influence of British imperial ideology on Nazi Germany. It summarizes that the book argues British examples of imperial power and social Darwinism were crucial in shaping the Nazi counter-revolution in Germany. It also notes that British appeasement of and assistance to Hitler was in part due to a shared goal of attacking the Soviet Union. The introduction concludes by explaining why the book faced censorship and difficulty finding a mainstream publisher in Britain or Germany.
World War I consisted of two stages from 1914 to 1916 of conventional warfare followed by desperate warfare from 1916 until the end as both sides struggled for survival. There were several fundamental causes of the war including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and pre-war alliances between countries. After World War I, Germany suffered greatly including starvation, disease, farming disruption, and loss of territory. The Weimar Republic replaced the German Empire but struggled with political divisions and unrest, especially during the Great Depression when economic troubles increased support for the Nazi party.
The Reichstag fire of 1933 had devastating consequences that led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany. This single arson attack allowed Hitler to claim a communist plot, suspend civil liberties, and consolidate power. The fire destroyed the lives of millions as it enabled the Nazis to start World War II and carry out the Holocaust. While immensely destructive, it ultimately led to the formation of the United Nations after WWII in an effort to prevent future wars and protect human rights globally.
EDSP 370Essay on Intellectual Disabiities InstructionsTh.docxtidwellveronique
EDSP 370
Essay on Intellectual Disabiities Instructions
The focus of this course is on students with intellectual disabilities. It is important that you gain a good understanding of the full range of characteristics identified as intellectual disabilities. This essay will demonstrate your understanding of the characteristics and the implications for education for each of the subcategories of intellectual disabilities.
In the essay you will define each of the subtypes of intellectual disability and identify the characteristics to include cognitive processing, academic skills, and social skills. The description of the subtypes is to be followed by a one page reflection stating your personal philosophy on how individuals with intellectual disabilities should be viewed/treated, including how this is guided by faith and including Biblical references. Your paper should include a title page, the essay with at least 3 citations, a reflection page with Biblical references, and a reference page. The paper, citations and references should be in APA format, double-spaced, with 12-point font and 1” margins. You may use headings to organize your essay. The length of the essay should be at least two pages and the reflection should be at least one page in addition to the title page and reference page.
Page 1 of 1
11
Chapter 2: The Interest of the SS in the
Monumental Building Economy
As Albert Speer has written, the SS never efficiently maximized its use of forced labor
even after 1942 when forced-labor operations were made a key part of centralized
government wartime economic policy.1 But such a retrospective assessment misrepresents
a crucial point: while SS economic managers and on-site camp administrations never
efficiently used their forced-labor population, this population nevertheless was coerced
into functioning productively. The SS did not temper the punitive and brutal goal of the
camps in suppressing supposed enemies of the Party and state in order to address the
individual needs of the forced-laborer to make him more efficient. Rather, it was through
the day-to-day oppression of individual prisoners that the productive goals of SS
administrators came together with the punitive initiatives of the on-site camp personnel.
But for what end were productivity and punishment combined? From the founding
of major forced-labor operations in 1938 until their reorientation to the armaments industry
in 1942–3, the predominant answer to this question is: to provide materials for the
monumental building economy. The building economy in general was one of the most
dynamic sectors of growth in National Socialist Germany. Monumental projects favored
by Hitler provided a high-profile symbolic focus to contemporary discussions concerning
the strength of the German economy. As one of Hitler’s major peacetime initiatives, the
reconstruction of specific cities on a massive scale and with particular aesthetic materials
(above all, stone) helped revive par.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER113RESEARCH PAPERRe.docxjeanettehully
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
13
RESEARCH PAPER
Research Paper
Weijing Zhu
HST 296
Unification of the Two Germans States
Berlin Wall was an obstacle that enclosed West Berlin that hindered its access by people coming from East Berlin and the surrounding regions. This scenario happened between 1961 and 1989; however, between 1949 and 1969, almost two million find a hundred thousand people from East Germany to the Western state. This action increased the number of skilled-labor, intellectuals, and professionals in the Western State[footnoteRef:0]. Remarkably, this action affected the economic prosperity of East Germany due to limited skilled labor, intellectuals, and professionals that worked in various departments in East Germany. Eastern Germany responded to the dubious activity to protect the economic prosperity of the Eastern state. In regards to this, the Eastern State built a block to hinder access of the citizens from the Eastern state to Western Berlin and entire Western Germany. The block was built for the first time in 1961 when the decree was implemented by the Volkskammer from Eastern Germany. The block was constructed using cinder blocks and barbed wire that replaced several concrete walls, which were supported by barbed wire and protected by soldiers in several watchtowers. Besides, the barrier was also protected by mines, watchtowers, and gun emplacements[footnoteRef:1]. Later in the 1980s, the walls systems, fortifications, and electrified fences were extended by almost 45 km that divided the Berlin City into two; western and eastern part[footnoteRef:2]. The cold war between the eastern and western Germany was solved letter, and the two states reunified to form one united Germany. This research presents the drivers for wall constructions and the reasons why the unions reunified. [0: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Berlin Wall | Definition, Length, & Facts. Retrieved 17 October 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berlin-Wall] [1: Burda, M. C., & Weder, M. (2017). The economics of German unification after twenty-five years: Lessons for Korea (No. 2017-009). SFB 649 Discussion Paper.] [2: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Berlin Wall | Definition, Length, & Facts. Retrieved 17 October 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berlin-Wall]
Cold War
The Berlin Wall constructed symbolized the undiplomatic relationship between eastern emanating from Western Europe and the cold war in East emanating from Western state. Almost 5,000 people from the eastern state crossed over the obstruction using all ways possible and reached the final destination safely, whereas other 5,000 were captured in their attempt that resulted in the massive killing of 191 people when they scrambled to cross the wall. Thereafter, the obstruction wall stopped to serve as a political barrier between the two German states.
Effects of Cold War on Germany States Economy
The economic conditions in the East and Germany dramatically di ...
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism in Germany and Adolf Hitler's role in leading the Nazi party to power between 1928-1933. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Nazism referred to the fascist ideology and policies adopted by the Nazi party in Germany from 1933-1945 under Adolf Hitler. Key elements included anti-Semitism, racism, totalitarianism, and opposition to liberal democracy.
2. Hitler rose to power by exploiting economic instability and nationalist sentiment following Germany's defeat in WWI. The Nazi party grew from a small, insignificant party in 1928 to becoming the largest party by 1932 and allowing Hitler to become Chancellor in 1933.
3. As Chancellor, Hitler established a totalitarian
This document is Adolf Hitler's unpublished sequel to Mein Kampf, written in 1928. It discusses the fundamental ideas of National Socialist foreign policy. Hitler wrote this to substantiate and explain the Nazi stance of advocating an alliance with Italy against France. He felt compelled to explain the Nazi conception of foreign policy more fully, as the Nazi position on foreign affairs was extremely isolated within Germany at the time. Hitler hoped this work would help nationalistic Germans understand and support the Nazi viewpoint on foreign policy issues like the South Tyrol region.
This document is Adolf Hitler's unpublished sequel to Mein Kampf written in 1928. It lays out Hitler's views on foreign policy and the role of politics in preserving and continuing the existence of a nation/folk. Some key points:
- Politics is the execution of a nation's struggle for existence through maintaining its substance of flesh and blood. Both peace and war policies can lead to the destruction of a nation if they fail to preserve the prerequisites for its life.
- The National Socialist movement advocates an alliance with Italy against the ruling pro-French tendency in Germany, believing this best serves German interests despite disputes over South Tyrol.
- Hitler wrote this work to substantiate the NS foreign policy position in detail and
How the Resistance Tried to Stop HitlerSheila J Wood
In the early days of the Nazi regime, there was a strong Resistance movement attempting to overthrow the regime. This resistance was led by people like Claus von Stauffenberg, Erich Remarque, and others.............
The document provides background information on the Hitler Youth organization in Nazi Germany. It discusses how the Nazi regime aimed to control every aspect of citizens' lives from cradle to grave through organizations like the Hitler Youth. The Hitler Youth played a key role in indoctrinating German youth with Nazi ideology and preparing them for militarization. Over time, the organization took on greater paramilitary aspects and trained boys for combat roles in the German military during World War II.
Hitler Youth 1922 1945-an illustrated historyOdal Rune
The document provides background information on the Hitler Youth organization in Nazi Germany. It discusses how the Hitler Youth was part of Hitler's goal of having total control over every aspect of German citizens' lives from childhood through adulthood. Membership in the Hitler Youth or other Nazi-controlled organizations was essentially compulsory. The Hitler Youth played a key role in indoctrinating German youth with Nazi ideology and preparing them for military service. Over time, the Hitler Youth took on more explicitly military roles as Hitler's regime became more belligerent in the lead up to World War 2.
This document provides background information on the rise of totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany and fascist Italy in the lead up to World War II. It discusses the key characteristics of totalitarian states, including the dominance of a single party led by a dictator. It also summarizes Hitler's rise to power in Germany by appealing to nationalist sentiments and offering scapegoats like Jewish people. The document then covers events that led to the start of WWII, including Germany invading countries in Europe and the failed policy of appeasement by Britain and France to avoid war.
Under the Weimar Republic, Germany's economy struggled after foreign investors withdrew support, sending the country into trouble. Unemployment rose to over 3 million and nationalism increased as the people blamed outsiders. In the 1930s, the Nazi party gained popularity by promising to restore Germany's power and prosperity. After Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, the Nazi party became the sole party and Hitler consolidated power. The German people supported these moves as they wanted a strong leader to improve their situation and make Germany powerful again through military and territorial expansion in the late 1930s.
Under the Weimar Republic, Germany's economy struggled after foreign investors withdrew support, sending the country into trouble. Unemployment rose to over 3 million and nationalism increased as the people blamed outsiders. In the 1930s, the Nazi party gained popularity by promising to restore Germany's power and prosperity. After Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, the Nazi party became the sole party and Hitler consolidated power. The German people supported these moves as they wanted a strong leader to improve their situation and make Germany powerful again through military and territorial expansion in the late 1930s.
The Nazi party rose to power in Germany during the 1930s, a time of economic crisis following World War I. Nazi propaganda was highly effective in gaining widespread support and influencing public opinion. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister of propaganda, skillfully organized massive rallies and dominated all aspects of society to promote Nazi ideology. Propaganda appealed to Germans by portraying Hitler as a strong leader who could restore national pride and prosperity. It also spread anti-Semitism by portraying Jews as the cause of Germany's problems. Through the education system and Hitler Youth, the Nazis also successfully indoctrinated German youth with their racist ideology.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Non-armed resustance in Europ during 2nd World War
Nonviolence towards Hitler ?
Civil resistance in Genmany
Norway, North Europe
Reistance against Jew's arrest
France
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1. Summary
Denmark occupied and Denmark liberated caused more history to be
written than any other period in Danish history. It is unliker that the
50th anniversary of Denmarks Liberation in May 1945 will mean an end
to this interest among historians, authors, and participants, although the
ranks of this latter group are dwindling. Nor shall we see the demise of the
controversies concerning the politically correct line that arose as early as
during the Occupation. Issues related to those five years constitute a com-
ponent of such vital importance to our national identity that future gen-
erations, too, irrespective of the historical distance from which they ob-
serve events, will perceive of these conñicts as existential because, like
any interpretation of history, they are as much about our understanding
of the present and our expectations of the future as they are about events
in the past.
By Virtue of the political and general social positions of strength, the
Labour Movement had fought for and won in previous decades, the atti-
tudes and actions of the Movement during the Occupation had a major
inñuence on the political stance vis-á-Vis the occupying power as well as
on the stance of the general public. To be sure, the line of co-operation
with the Germans taken by the Social Democratic Party has been the fo-
cal point of much heated debate in recent years, in which Hans Kirchhoff
has been the main protagonist among historians. In a widely conceived
synthesis, -“ Our struggle for survival is identical with the struggle of the
nation -
On the survival strategy of the Social Democratic Party during
the Occupation”,Kirchhoffexposes and discusses the Social Democratic
labour movement's dilemmas and traumatic experience involved in
“collaborating”with the Germans, characterising the Social Democratic
Party as the party among all the large democratic parties most willing to
reach an accommodation -
despite the movemenfs anti-fascism and
ideological preparedness during the 1930s. The objective of the policy of
accommodation and the concomitant disciplining of the trade unions
was “the welfare of the entire nation,”the preservation of democratic in-
stitutions and the organisations of the Labour Movement. A broken La-
bour Movement would, as it was put by the deputy secretary general of
the Federation of Trade Unions in Denmark, Eiler Jensen, be tanta-
mount to a broken democracy. Taking these objectives as the benchmark,
321
2. the strategy chosen by the Social Democratic Party and the trade unions
was a success. However, there was a high price to be paid: Pronounced
weakening of positions in the ongoing class-struggle during the early
years of the Occupation, complete alienation from the resistance move-
ment, deeply rooted in the conñrmed anti-Communism of the move-
ment, and isolation from the fundamental clash with Nazism that had to
be the raison d”etre of a social and democratic party.
As Hans Kirchhoffwrites in his introduction, in Social Democratic his-
toriography the time of the Occupation was “atime between brackets, pre-
ferably to be forgotten,”while for the Communists it was “a never-to-be-
surpassed political and national triumph.”This asymmetry of historio-
graphy is the theme of an article by Niels Finn Christiansen and Morten
Thing called, “Social Democrats and Communists looking at themselves
in the mirror,”and when they do so against the backdrop of the Occupa-
tion, what they see is each other. The unbridgeable gulf between the two
during the intet-war years was deepened during the Occupation, for one
thing because the Danish Communist party could not, because of the
Hitler-Stalin Pact, pass the acid test during the early years of occupation,
and because later the party became the moving force of the resistance
movement that defied the sort of responsible behaviour represented by
the Social Democratic effort for national survival. Whereas the line of
criticism levelled against Communists is a constant factor in Social De-
mocratic historiography and polemic, the interpretations of the Commu-
nist Party have to some extent been governed by tactics and cyclical
trends in the nuances of Communist perceptions of the Social Demo-
cratic Party as the ruling force in the Labour Movement.
In his article “DAF and the trade union movement in the countries oc-
cupied by the Germans,” the German historian Fritz Petrick makes a
comparative analysis of Nazi strategy vis-á-vis the trade unions of the in-
corporated or occupied countries. To some extent the article is based on
new German source material. The German Labour Front (DAF), was a
mammoth organisation in the Third Reich, and with a few variations it
became the model for organising the labour market in those countries
that were to form part of the New Europe -
except Denmark. Here, like
in other respects, we became a special case, in which the trade union
movement, to some extent voluntarily, to some extent compulsorily, did
indeed collaborate with the DAF. The crucial difference was, however,
German acceptance of the continued existence of Danish trade unions
as independent players in the labour market. Petrick also takes a more
322
3. faceted view of Lauritz Hansen, the often censured Secretary General of
the Federation of Trade Unions in Denmark.
Norway,s situation during the Occupation was completely different
from Denmarks. Norway took up an armed struggle against being occu-
pied. The Government went into exile in Great Britain, and the country
enriched international politics with the concept of Quisling. In his article
“The Labour Movement in the Resistance Movement,” the Norwegian
historian Tore Pryser describes how a few trade union leaders allowed
themselves to be captured by the Nazis, reorganisation of the labour mar-
ket, and how in Norway, too, the trade union movement embarked upon a
course of collaboration with the Germans, a situation that lasted until the
autumn of 1941 when the trade union movement went underground. Sub-
sequently, the general trend was for the Labour Movement to involve itself
in the Resistance. Many trade union leaders were convicted of illegal
work, a few were executed or murdered in concentration camps. But
even in Norway it could not be avoided that the conflict between the La-
bour Party and the Communists concerning the tactics of the struggle
became s0 acrimonious that they threatened to tear apart the Resistance
Movement.
The traditional resistance concept, and consequently also research into
the Resistance Movement has marginalised women from its history. In
her article “The underground den. The function of the home in the Resis-
tance,”Anette Warring argues in favour of including the role of women
and home as a central component in the resistance struggle. In material
and emotional terms they formed a reservoir, which was an absolute con-
dition for the pursuit of resistance in all its forms. In the accounts so far
made, women have been given their traditional role. Sabotage activities
were visible, taking place as they did in the urban spaces, in an external
front line, while the home front was invisible. If future research is to be
adequate, it is necessary that a gender perspective be applied to the work-
ers, struggle for freedom.
The well over 125,000Danish trips to Germany for work during the War
is another factor on which insufficient light has been shed until recently.
In his article “The Labour Movement and the Workers Going to Ger-
many,”one of the pioneering researchers into this traffic, Therkel Stræde,
points out the dilemmas facing Danish workers and the trade unions
when the Germans demanded that Danish labour be sent to Germany.
During the early war years, the trade unions withdrew into a “defensive
minimumprogramme”aimed at ensuring the survival of the organisa-
323
4. tions as the last protective shield for the workers against German mis-
treatment. It was imperative to increase employment to prevent the crea-
tion of a sub-proletariat, which might become radicalised in a Commu-
nist or Nazi direction. By means of carrot-and-stick methods some unem-
ployment could be exported into German jobs, thus simultaneously
accommodating the Germans and reducing the rate of unemployment.
In his article Stræde shows how, quite concretely, the trade unions and
the unemployment insurance funds handled the problems involved, such
as the many instances of breach of contract and emigration back to Den-
mark.
The Danish seamen, who were cut olTabroad at the time of the Occupa-
tion, were a
completely different labour force. In his article “The Danes
had to start at rock-bottom,”Christian Tortzen presents an analysis of the
exile organisation established by Danish seamen in Great Britain during
the War. In keeping with Danish traditions, the seamen abroad created a
strong and viable trade union, organising three quarters of the ordinary
seamen, sailing out of Great Britain. The Amalgamated Danish Seamenk
Unions was remarkable in that it was a uniñed organisation for seamen
who back in Denmark had been organised by several different unions of
divergent political persuasions. Obviously this was not a simple matter,
but the DSDS, as the organisation was called, was kept together by the
dynamic organiser, Børge Møller, who also made a good name for him-
self in the London-based Danish Council. The DSDS had to take up a
position on innumerable trivial and important issues, dictated by the
war, but also by its “ungovernable”membership, and the continued poli-
tical rift between Social Democrats and Communists. A few months after
the Liberation, DSDS discontinued its activity, and the old unions took
over the members and the problems. The dream entertained by the exile
trade union organisers of a permanent unified organisation turned out to
be impossible.
The last four articles of the yearbook are dedicated to the domestic
scene. In his article “Production and labour market during the Occupa-
tion: Normality and Abnormality in the Engine and Shipbuilding Indu-
stries,”JanPedersen looks at the way in which labour market institutions
operated under the abnormal conditions created by the Occupation.
Generally, the period was a “low intensity”one in terms of industrial ac-
tion, one reason for this being the fact that a statutory provision to main-
tain labour market peace had been enacted. The iron and metal industry,
including shipyards, has always set the standard in the Danish labour
324
5. market. Jan Pedersen, therefore, examines labour market and productiv-
ity trends in this sector, using the most advanced company, Burmeister &
Wain as a case in point. Normality was largely maintained, and long-term
shifts in productivity were caused by investment and raw material sup-
plies rather than by sabotage or obstruction. However, the short-term ef-
fects of sabotage were occasionally considerable, particularly if com-
pared to the rather modest effort required to carry out a successful sabo-
tage operation.
Among sabotage groups, BOPA has achieved a special status in the lit-
erature. It is perceived as the most formidable, as dominated by Commu-
nists, as featuring a high degree of assurance in its actions and relatively
few casualties, a high level of professionalism and a high number of ac-
tions. In 1991-92, Morten Thing made a detailed study of the BOPA mem-
bership, and he accounts for his ñndings in the article, “Portrait of a Sabo-
tage Group. The BOPA Survey 1992.”On the basis of a detailed question-
naire, covering sociological ground as well as the attitudes of the
respondents, he maps out nearly all aspects of the lives of BOPA-mem-
bers. The findings of this survey allow far more shades to be added to ex-
isting favourite perceptions both inside the organisation itself and in the
general public. For one thing, there were relatively few Communists,
although the leadership was linked to the underground leadership of the
Communist Party in Denmark. Most of the members were born in Co-
penhagen, they were youngsters between 19 and 21 years of age, and in
class terms they were divided between skilled workers and university stu-
dents. According to Morten Thing, this “clash of cultures” between work-
ers and students was what gave BOPA its special dynamism.
With the childhood memoirs “Great inventiveness was called for,”col-
lected by Ove Nielsen we move far away from the ”big,history and into the
everyday life of a girl in a working-class family in a hutment outside
Næstved, a provincial town on Sealand. Here we are literally brought
very close to the skin of a family consisting of two adults and five children
in a two-room ñat. Both mother and father work for a living, and the chil-
dren, too, as soon as they could, or else they looked after their smaller
siblings. What with rationing, insufficient supplies, and modest incomes
people had to be creative and inventive to put food in the mouths and
clothes on the bodies of a family. With a wealth of detail these memoirs
depict a working-class family life, which was shared by tens of thousands
of families in Denmark during those years.
We conclude this yearbook with an account of Esbjerg, one of the hot-
325
6. spots of the Occupation years. As Søren Federspiel and Claus Jensen tell
us, the town was characterised by a high level of activity,both in terms of
business earnings and of local resistance actions. The town was teeming
with German soldiers and foreign workers. Traditionally Communists
had a strong position and dominated the local Resistance, also in connec-
tion with the crucial role played by the town in the Revolt of August 1943.
The article reveals the local conflict between the collaboration policy and
resistance struggle.
From 1995 The Society for the Study of Working Class History will
change its publishing policy. The separate publications,viz. the periodi-
cal Arbejderhistorie (Labour History) and Arbog for arbejderbevægel-
sens historie (The Yearbook) will be published as one under the title of
Arbejderhistorie. Tidskrift for politik, kultur og historie (Labour His-
tory. Periodical for Politics, Culture, and History), which will be pub-
lished four times a year. It is our intention to unify all the virtues of the
old publications in the new one: Scholarly quality, debate, useñil informa-
tion, reviews and being a good read -
all of this in an up-to-date and invit-
ing layout. The editors of this year,s yearbook invite readers and contribu-
tors to work with us in the new periodical with the same kind of enthu-
siasm that we have enjoyed for so many years.
The Editors
326
7. Forfatterfortegnelse
Christiansen, Niels Finn, mag. art., lektor ved Københavns Universitet,
Center for Arbejderkulturstudier, Njalsgade 80, 2300 København S, tlf.
35 328345.
Federspiel, Søren, cand. phil., Nybrogade 26, 4.th., 1203 København K. tlf.
33 135728. Ekstern lektor ved Institut for Historie, Københavns Universi-
tet.
Jensen, Claus, cand. mag. i historie, Østerbrogade 92, 3. tv., 2100 Køben-
havn Ø.
Kirchhojf Hans, dr. phil., lektor ved Københavns Universitet, Institut for
Historie, Njalsgade 102, 2300 København S, tlf. 35 328811.
Nielsen, Ove, museumspædagog, Lolland-Falsters Stiftmuseum, Muse-
umsgade 1,4930 Maribo, tlf. 53 881101.
Petersen, Jan, ph.d. studerende ved Institut for Historie, Københavns
Universitet, Njalsgade 102, 2300 København S, tlf. 35 328811.
Petrick, Fritz, dr. phil. habil., Dostojewskistrasse 10 B, D-l749l Greifswald,
Tyskland. tlf. 03834 / 812831. Indtil 1992 docent i historie ved universitetet i
Greifswald.
Fryser; Tore, professor i samtidshistorie ved Høgskolen i Lillehammer,
Postboks 1004 Skurva ,
2601 Lillehammer, Norge.
Stræde, T herkel, cand. mag., lektorvikar, Institut for historie og samfunds-
forhold, Roskilde Universitetscenter, Postbox 260, 4000 Roskilde, tlf. 46
757711.
Thing, Morten, dr. phil., forskningsstipendiat, Center for Arbejderkultur-
studier, Københavns Universitet, Njalsgade 80, 2300 København S, tlf. 35
328343.
327
8. Tortzen, Christian, docent, dr.phil., Institut for historie og samñindsteori,
Roskilde Universitetscenter, Postbox 260, 4000 Roskilde, tlf. 46 757711.
Wârring,Anette, ph.d., adjunkt, Institut for historie og samfündsteori,
Roskilde Universitetscenter, Postbox 260, 4000 Roskilde, tlf. 46 757711.
328