The document discusses fiber optic connectors and losses that occur in fiber-to-fiber connections. It proposes investigating the use of antireflection coatings to reduce losses. Specifically, it will:
1) Analyze fiber losses and various connector types.
2) Analyze materials for antireflection coatings like MgF2.
3) Measure reflectance losses using an optical reflectometer and calculate transmittance/reflectance with and without coatings.
The expected outcome is that using MgF2 as a coating can significantly reduce attenuation within the operating wavelength range. Adding more coating layers may further reduce losses in fiber optic communication systems.
Analysis on The Impact of Reflectance in Optical Fiber Linksijtsrd
An optical fiber link is a part of an optic fiber communication system. Other components of the optic fiber link include the transmitter, connectors, and the receiver. The optical fiber could be single-mode (for long distance transmission) or multi-mode (for short distance transmission). This paper however, majors on the impact of reflectance in the single-mode optical fiber. Reflectance is a hidden threat that increases Bit Error Rate, BER, (rate at which errors occur in transmission system) and reduces system performance if not monitored or controlled. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) was used to measure the reflectance in single-mode fiber. Events measurements in OTDR heavily depend on good reflectance. The OTDR was able to establish the reflectance in every portion of the fiber under test. An average reflectance level of -14.9275 dB of 1550 nm signal over the span length of 20.422 km was achieved which is within the acceptable standard range. Hence, good quality performance transmissions can be achieved along these routes. J. Ilouno | M. Awoji | J. Sani"Analysis on The Impact of Reflectance in Optical Fiber Links" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14378.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/14378/analysis-on-the-impact-of-reflectance-in-optical-fiber-links/j-ilouno
Fiber-optic cables transmit signals using light pulses through extremely thin glass or plastic strands. They can carry voice, data, and video signals over distances up to 50 km without needing repeaters. Optical fibers use the principle of total internal reflection to transmit light signals through the fiber. Fibers come in single-mode and multi-mode varieties and are constructed through processes like chemical vapor deposition and drawing from preforms. Fibers are tested for characteristics like attenuation and capacity before being installed.
GEOMETRY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW INDEX SILICON MICRO RING RESONATORSoptljjournal
An optical ring resonator is indeed a series of waveguides in which a closed loop coupled with some sort of input and output of light is at least one. The consequence of the index difference on dielectric waveguide characteristics such as single-mode process, losses, efficiency of fiber to waveguide coupling, minimum bending radius, hybridity mode, birefringence, polarization effects, repeatability and stability, integration
size, realizable circuits, technical constraints and usable materials is indeed very significant for study. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect of the features of the waveguide with regard to the index correlation and to explore the difficulties. This article assesses the effect of the intensity index on the characteristics of the dielectric waveguide, such as the single-mode device, losses, technical constraints and materials available. This work is an approximation for the design of optical waveguides, so that by lowering the silicon index, we can achieve versatility
This document describes the design and analysis of a novel hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with circular air holes to achieve low confinement loss and low chromatic dispersion. A fiber is designed with four rings of circular air holes with a radius of 0.8 μm, lattice pitch of 2.3 μm, and silica core. Finite difference time domain analysis shows this design achieves low confinement loss below 1 dB/km from 0.8-1.4 μm for both TE and TM modes. Dispersion is also flattened and near-zero from 0.8-1.3 μm. This novel fiber design optimizes parameters to gain low confinement loss and flattened dispersion over a wide wavelength range.
Improving Splitting Efficiency in Photonic Crystal WaveguideIJERA Editor
“Photonic Crystals (PCs)” are dielectric structures with periodic spatial alternations of refractive index on the
scale of the wavelength of light. Many optical devices, based on PCs, have been proposed. There are
multiple ways by which equal amount of power of incoming signals can be divided into two, three and
four output channels; for example using multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides, directional coupling and
cascaded multimode PC waveguides. Ideally, the splitter should divide the input power equally into the output
channels without significant reflection or radiation losses and should be compact in size. In this thesis I
have proposed the optical power splitting using Y-junction. The optical modeling of this proposed structure
was investigated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The goal was to achieve equal power at
each output channel with broad spectrum around the target wavelength with low loss.
IRJET- Reduction of Dispersion using FBG in Fiber Optic CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing dispersion in fiber optic communication systems using fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). It begins by describing some of the challenges of signal degradation over long distances in fiber optic transmission, including attenuation, dispersion, and nonlinear effects. Dispersion causes pulse broadening and is a significant effect. FBG is commonly used to compensate for chromatic dispersion due to its low cost and insertion loss. The document simulates different fiber optic communication system configurations using FBG and dispersion compensation fiber to analyze parameters like bit error rate at various transmission powers. It analyzes pre, post and symmetrical dispersion compensation techniques. Results show FBG provides better dispersion compensation compared to DCF. The document also discusses using optical add-drop multiplexing to
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
Analysis on The Impact of Reflectance in Optical Fiber Linksijtsrd
An optical fiber link is a part of an optic fiber communication system. Other components of the optic fiber link include the transmitter, connectors, and the receiver. The optical fiber could be single-mode (for long distance transmission) or multi-mode (for short distance transmission). This paper however, majors on the impact of reflectance in the single-mode optical fiber. Reflectance is a hidden threat that increases Bit Error Rate, BER, (rate at which errors occur in transmission system) and reduces system performance if not monitored or controlled. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) was used to measure the reflectance in single-mode fiber. Events measurements in OTDR heavily depend on good reflectance. The OTDR was able to establish the reflectance in every portion of the fiber under test. An average reflectance level of -14.9275 dB of 1550 nm signal over the span length of 20.422 km was achieved which is within the acceptable standard range. Hence, good quality performance transmissions can be achieved along these routes. J. Ilouno | M. Awoji | J. Sani"Analysis on The Impact of Reflectance in Optical Fiber Links" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14378.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/14378/analysis-on-the-impact-of-reflectance-in-optical-fiber-links/j-ilouno
Fiber-optic cables transmit signals using light pulses through extremely thin glass or plastic strands. They can carry voice, data, and video signals over distances up to 50 km without needing repeaters. Optical fibers use the principle of total internal reflection to transmit light signals through the fiber. Fibers come in single-mode and multi-mode varieties and are constructed through processes like chemical vapor deposition and drawing from preforms. Fibers are tested for characteristics like attenuation and capacity before being installed.
GEOMETRY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW INDEX SILICON MICRO RING RESONATORSoptljjournal
An optical ring resonator is indeed a series of waveguides in which a closed loop coupled with some sort of input and output of light is at least one. The consequence of the index difference on dielectric waveguide characteristics such as single-mode process, losses, efficiency of fiber to waveguide coupling, minimum bending radius, hybridity mode, birefringence, polarization effects, repeatability and stability, integration
size, realizable circuits, technical constraints and usable materials is indeed very significant for study. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect of the features of the waveguide with regard to the index correlation and to explore the difficulties. This article assesses the effect of the intensity index on the characteristics of the dielectric waveguide, such as the single-mode device, losses, technical constraints and materials available. This work is an approximation for the design of optical waveguides, so that by lowering the silicon index, we can achieve versatility
This document describes the design and analysis of a novel hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with circular air holes to achieve low confinement loss and low chromatic dispersion. A fiber is designed with four rings of circular air holes with a radius of 0.8 μm, lattice pitch of 2.3 μm, and silica core. Finite difference time domain analysis shows this design achieves low confinement loss below 1 dB/km from 0.8-1.4 μm for both TE and TM modes. Dispersion is also flattened and near-zero from 0.8-1.3 μm. This novel fiber design optimizes parameters to gain low confinement loss and flattened dispersion over a wide wavelength range.
Improving Splitting Efficiency in Photonic Crystal WaveguideIJERA Editor
“Photonic Crystals (PCs)” are dielectric structures with periodic spatial alternations of refractive index on the
scale of the wavelength of light. Many optical devices, based on PCs, have been proposed. There are
multiple ways by which equal amount of power of incoming signals can be divided into two, three and
four output channels; for example using multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides, directional coupling and
cascaded multimode PC waveguides. Ideally, the splitter should divide the input power equally into the output
channels without significant reflection or radiation losses and should be compact in size. In this thesis I
have proposed the optical power splitting using Y-junction. The optical modeling of this proposed structure
was investigated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The goal was to achieve equal power at
each output channel with broad spectrum around the target wavelength with low loss.
IRJET- Reduction of Dispersion using FBG in Fiber Optic CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing dispersion in fiber optic communication systems using fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). It begins by describing some of the challenges of signal degradation over long distances in fiber optic transmission, including attenuation, dispersion, and nonlinear effects. Dispersion causes pulse broadening and is a significant effect. FBG is commonly used to compensate for chromatic dispersion due to its low cost and insertion loss. The document simulates different fiber optic communication system configurations using FBG and dispersion compensation fiber to analyze parameters like bit error rate at various transmission powers. It analyzes pre, post and symmetrical dispersion compensation techniques. Results show FBG provides better dispersion compensation compared to DCF. The document also discusses using optical add-drop multiplexing to
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
Fibre optics is an important technology for audio visual and IT convergence. It allows transmission of large amounts of data, video and audio over long distances using thin strands of glass or plastic. Fibre uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals encoding digital data through the core. As bandwidth needs increase with high definition formats and IP, fibre optic infrastructure is expanding with developments in multiplexing and higher speed networks.
Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku...ijtsrd
This paper describes the design, simulation and development of parabolic reflector using fiber glass. The antenna is 1.8m in diameter, for operation at Ku-band (10.95 “ 12GHz). An f/d ratio of 0.43 was chosen and other parameters were computed. The S parameters for the antenna were obtained using Design-Expert 6.0.8 Software Version and Advance Design System (ADS). The properties of the antenna such as bandwidth, beam width, gain, directivity, return loss and VSWR were obtained. The antenna offers high efficiency and high gain. The fiberglass has good surface accuracy with a light weight of 20 kg. Olabisi Olusegun"Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku-Band Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11132.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/11132/development-of-18-m-diameter-dish-reflector-using-fiberglass-materials-at-ku-band-applications/olabisi-olusegun
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Isolation Techniques of 1x2 MIMO Antenna for 5Gjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : In this paper a simple mender line EBG with slotted ground planer 1x2 rectangle patch multi-band antenna is designed and simulated. Presently the communication system provides the ultra wideband internet services. This is possible due to higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency of the communication system. The higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency are achieved by the use of MIMO antenna. MIMO antenna provide a significant increase in data rate and range of link without more bandwidth and power. The main design challenge in MIMO antenna is to attain high isolation between the antenna elements. This paper reviews various decoupling techniques to improve the mutual coupling between the antenna elements.
This document is a term paper on photonic crystal fiber submitted by Chahat Gupta to their professor Dr. Maninder Lal Singh. It includes an introduction to optical fibers, photonic crystals, and photonic crystal fibers. It discusses two guiding mechanisms for photonic crystal fibers - modified total internal reflection and photonic bandgap guidance. It also outlines some applications of photonic crystal fibers such as being endlessly single mode, enabling zero dispersion at desired wavelengths, and using in sensing applications with long period fiber gratings.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity technique using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a parasitic strip director and integrated balun. A 3-antenna array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the 5 GHz WLAN band with low cost and compact size suitable for indoor use.
Design and simulation of circularly polarized pentagonal-shaped microstrip pa...cscpconf
In wireless communication system antennas play an inherent role. In terms of geometrical shapes
and implementations microstrip patch antennas are versatile in nature. Characteristics like low
gain and smaller bandwidth make single microstrip more popular. Printed type of antenna
which consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and ground plane on the
other side is a microstrip patch antenna. The intension of exploiting design is to implement a
circularly polarized pentagonal-shaped microstrip patch antenna with a dielectric constant of
2.33, for a dielectric substrate. The antenna is designed and simulated using IE3D
electromagnetic simulator. Circularly polarized pentagonal-shaped microstrip patch antenna has
good CP axial ratio bandwidth and minimum reflection coefficient. The aimed antenna designed
for WLAN applications at RFID frequency of 2.4 GHz in ISM band. The simulation outcomes shows that the designed CP pentagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna gives axial ratio of 0.6023 at 2.38 GHz and CP axial ratio bandwidth of 36MHz with 1.5%.
IRJET- Design of Composite Circular Microstrip Patch Dual Band Antenna for Wi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a composite circular microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio software. Key features of the antenna include operating in the ISM band at 5.8 GHz using FR4 as the substrate material, having a radius of 9.8mm and dual feeding technique. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a gain of 4.2 dB, return loss of -27 dB, and VSWR of nearly 50 ohms at the resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design was found to have improved bandwidth and performance for wireless applications.
Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Effect on Structural, Optical and Electri...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on indium-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis. Key findings include:
1) XRD analysis showed the films were polycrystalline and doping led to a decrease in average grain size and a reorientation of crystal planes.
2) Optical band gap increased from 3.06 eV to 3.6 eV with doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Transmittance remained above 80% in the visible region.
3) Electrical resistivity decreased from 45.07 Ω-cm in undoped films to a minimum of 0.1 Ω-cm with doping, increasing conductivity. The highest figure of merit
Study on the effect of the substrate material type and thickness on the perfo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article presents a new design of a four-pole microstrip filtering antenna. The filtering antenna consists of a bandpass filter, which has four resonators integrated to a monopole patch antenna. The filtering antenna is designed with a relatively high bandwidth of about 1.22 GHz to satisfy a high-speed data transmission. Three types of dielectric substrate materials were used for the design of the filtering antenna, which is RT/Duroid 5880, RO3003, and FR-4. The simulation results of the filtering antenna design, which are established on the three different dielectric substrate materials, are done by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Comparison results of the filtering antenna that is established on the three different dielectric substrate materials are done at a fixed substrate height and different substrate heights. The filtering antenna is designed at a center frequency f0 = 2.412 GHz, which is suitable for WLAN applications.
Wideband msa for dual band operation using slot loaded finiteIAEME Publication
This document discusses a modified square microstrip patch antenna with slot loaded finite ground plane for dual band operation. Corner cuts and slits are inserted in the radiating patch to achieve dual band operation with wide bandwidth. Simulation results show operating frequencies of 3.21 GHz and 4.03 GHz with impedance bandwidths of 15.58% and 27.8%, respectively. The compact dual band antenna design with wide bandwidth makes it suitable for wireless communication applications.
NOVEL BAND-REJECT FILTER DESIGN USING MULTILAYER BRAGG MIRROR AT 1550 NMcscpconf
Novel band-reject filter is proposed using multilayer Bragg mirror structure by computing reflection coefficient at 1550 nm wavelength for optical communication. Dimension of different
layers and material composition are modified to study the effect on rejection bandwidth, and no of layers is also varied for analyzing passband characteristics. GaN/AlxGa1-xN composiiton is taken as the choice for simulation purpose, carried out using propagation matrix method. Refractive indices of the materials are considered as function of bandgap, perating wavelength and material composition following Adachi’s model. One interesting result arises from the computation that band-reject filter may be converted into band-pass one by suitably varying ratio of thicknesses of unit cell, or by varying Al mole fraction. Simulated results can be utilised to design VCSEL mirror as optical transmitter.
Design and Analysis of Tiny Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a tiny microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 28-35 GHz. The antenna has dimensions of 5.5x5.5x0.017 mm and is made of ROGERS RT5880 substrate. Simulation results show the antenna has a resonance frequency of 33.4 GHz and return loss of -50.95 dB, making it suitable for wearable public safety communications devices.
Bending losses of power in a single mode step index optical fiber due to macro bending has been
investigated for a wavelength of 1550nm. The effects of bending radius (4-15mm, with steps of 1mm), and
wrapping turn (up to 40 turns) on loss have been studied. Twisting the optical fiber and its influence on power
loss also has been investigated. Variations of macro bending loss with these two parameters have been
measured, loss with number of turns and radius of curvature have been measured.
This work founds that the Macro bending and wrapping turn loss increases as the bending radius and wrapping
turn increases.
A Review Paper on Dispersion Compensation MethodsIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for compensating for dispersion in optical fiber communication systems. It describes how dispersion causes pulse broadening that limits bandwidth. The two main techniques discussed for compensating dispersion are dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) and fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). DCF uses fiber with high negative dispersion to offset the positive dispersion in standard fiber. FBG acts as a wavelength-specific reflector to control dispersion. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are also discussed as they boosted existing system capacity. The document compares DCF and FBG, noting DCF increases losses and cost while FBG has less insertion loss and can lower system costs.
III-Nitride Semiconductors based Optical Power Splitter Device Design for und...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we introduce III-nitrides based 1× 4 optical power splitter for underwater optical communication applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first study for the design of multimode interference (MMI) and four-branch taper waveguide based on GaN/sapphire. The microstructure of GaN semiconductor grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) on (0001) sapphire reported. The numerical experimental is conducted using the 3D FD-BPM method. The results showed that the optical power splitter has an excess loss of 0.013 dB and imbalance of 0.17 dB. The results open the opportunity for the future device using this technology for the underwater application.
1. Optical fiber termination methods like no-epoxy-no-polish connectors, epoxy and polish connectors, and pigtail splicing impact the insertion loss and return loss of telecommunications systems. The precision of polishing and minimizing the air gap at connector interfaces is important for low loss.
2. Factory-controlled termination processes provide more consistent optical performance than field installations. No-epoxy-no-polish connectors and pigtails have insertion loss and reflectance measured during manufacturing.
3. Field installers must measure insertion loss but typically do not measure reflectance, which is impractical. The proper termination method should be chosen to meet loss budget and industry standard specifications.
Design of Integrated LC Filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets iosrjce
This document describes the design of an integrated LC filter using multilayer flexible ferrite sheets. Key points:
- The design aims to integrate an inductor and capacitor using ferrite sheets, which have both magnetic and dielectric properties, to reduce the size of filters in power electronic converters.
- The structure consists of a spiral inductor sandwiched between two ferrite sheets, acting as a magnetic core, with multiple ferrite layers above acting as a dielectric for a multilayer capacitor.
- Analytical equations are provided to calculate the inductance, capacitance, resistance and other parameters of the integrated LC component based on its geometric parameters and material properties.
- A design procedure is outlined to
This document describes the design of an integrated LC filter using multilayer flexible ferrite sheets. The structure consists of a spiral inductor sandwiched between two ferrite layers, which act as a magnetic core, and a multilayer capacitor above the ferrite layers. Analytical equations are provided to calculate the inductance, capacitance, and resistance of the design based on its geometric parameters and the material properties. A design procedure is outlined to size the components based on desired inductance and capacitance values. The integrated LC filter is simulated and a prototype is fabricated and tested to validate the analytical model.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Fibre optics is an important technology for audio visual and IT convergence. It allows transmission of large amounts of data, video and audio over long distances using thin strands of glass or plastic. Fibre uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals encoding digital data through the core. As bandwidth needs increase with high definition formats and IP, fibre optic infrastructure is expanding with developments in multiplexing and higher speed networks.
Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku...ijtsrd
This paper describes the design, simulation and development of parabolic reflector using fiber glass. The antenna is 1.8m in diameter, for operation at Ku-band (10.95 “ 12GHz). An f/d ratio of 0.43 was chosen and other parameters were computed. The S parameters for the antenna were obtained using Design-Expert 6.0.8 Software Version and Advance Design System (ADS). The properties of the antenna such as bandwidth, beam width, gain, directivity, return loss and VSWR were obtained. The antenna offers high efficiency and high gain. The fiberglass has good surface accuracy with a light weight of 20 kg. Olabisi Olusegun"Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku-Band Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11132.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/11132/development-of-18-m-diameter-dish-reflector-using-fiberglass-materials-at-ku-band-applications/olabisi-olusegun
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Isolation Techniques of 1x2 MIMO Antenna for 5Gjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : In this paper a simple mender line EBG with slotted ground planer 1x2 rectangle patch multi-band antenna is designed and simulated. Presently the communication system provides the ultra wideband internet services. This is possible due to higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency of the communication system. The higher data rates and improved spectral efficiency are achieved by the use of MIMO antenna. MIMO antenna provide a significant increase in data rate and range of link without more bandwidth and power. The main design challenge in MIMO antenna is to attain high isolation between the antenna elements. This paper reviews various decoupling techniques to improve the mutual coupling between the antenna elements.
This document is a term paper on photonic crystal fiber submitted by Chahat Gupta to their professor Dr. Maninder Lal Singh. It includes an introduction to optical fibers, photonic crystals, and photonic crystal fibers. It discusses two guiding mechanisms for photonic crystal fibers - modified total internal reflection and photonic bandgap guidance. It also outlines some applications of photonic crystal fibers such as being endlessly single mode, enabling zero dispersion at desired wavelengths, and using in sensing applications with long period fiber gratings.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity technique using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a parasitic strip director and integrated balun. A 3-antenna array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the 5 GHz WLAN band with low cost and compact size suitable for indoor use.
Design and simulation of circularly polarized pentagonal-shaped microstrip pa...cscpconf
In wireless communication system antennas play an inherent role. In terms of geometrical shapes
and implementations microstrip patch antennas are versatile in nature. Characteristics like low
gain and smaller bandwidth make single microstrip more popular. Printed type of antenna
which consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and ground plane on the
other side is a microstrip patch antenna. The intension of exploiting design is to implement a
circularly polarized pentagonal-shaped microstrip patch antenna with a dielectric constant of
2.33, for a dielectric substrate. The antenna is designed and simulated using IE3D
electromagnetic simulator. Circularly polarized pentagonal-shaped microstrip patch antenna has
good CP axial ratio bandwidth and minimum reflection coefficient. The aimed antenna designed
for WLAN applications at RFID frequency of 2.4 GHz in ISM band. The simulation outcomes shows that the designed CP pentagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna gives axial ratio of 0.6023 at 2.38 GHz and CP axial ratio bandwidth of 36MHz with 1.5%.
IRJET- Design of Composite Circular Microstrip Patch Dual Band Antenna for Wi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a composite circular microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio software. Key features of the antenna include operating in the ISM band at 5.8 GHz using FR4 as the substrate material, having a radius of 9.8mm and dual feeding technique. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a gain of 4.2 dB, return loss of -27 dB, and VSWR of nearly 50 ohms at the resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design was found to have improved bandwidth and performance for wireless applications.
Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Effect on Structural, Optical and Electri...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on indium-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis. Key findings include:
1) XRD analysis showed the films were polycrystalline and doping led to a decrease in average grain size and a reorientation of crystal planes.
2) Optical band gap increased from 3.06 eV to 3.6 eV with doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Transmittance remained above 80% in the visible region.
3) Electrical resistivity decreased from 45.07 Ω-cm in undoped films to a minimum of 0.1 Ω-cm with doping, increasing conductivity. The highest figure of merit
Study on the effect of the substrate material type and thickness on the perfo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article presents a new design of a four-pole microstrip filtering antenna. The filtering antenna consists of a bandpass filter, which has four resonators integrated to a monopole patch antenna. The filtering antenna is designed with a relatively high bandwidth of about 1.22 GHz to satisfy a high-speed data transmission. Three types of dielectric substrate materials were used for the design of the filtering antenna, which is RT/Duroid 5880, RO3003, and FR-4. The simulation results of the filtering antenna design, which are established on the three different dielectric substrate materials, are done by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Comparison results of the filtering antenna that is established on the three different dielectric substrate materials are done at a fixed substrate height and different substrate heights. The filtering antenna is designed at a center frequency f0 = 2.412 GHz, which is suitable for WLAN applications.
Wideband msa for dual band operation using slot loaded finiteIAEME Publication
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3. Introduction cont….
A fiber optic connector is a demountable device that
permit the coupling of optical power b/w two optical
fibers. Fiber optic connector can reduce system
performance by introducing modal & reflection noise.
Modal noise is eliminated by using single mode fiber
with laser source. Reflection noise is reduced by
index matching material, physical contact polishes or
antireflection coating.
4. Introduction cont….
Losses in Fiber-to-Fiber Connectors
Lateral Misalignment
Angular Misalignment
End Separation
5. Literature Search
Mitsuru Kihara et al in [8] described the influence of wavelength and
temperature changes on optical performance of fiber joints with small gap.
The author investigated that when an air gap occurs at the contact point of a
fiber joint, the insertion loss and return loss vary depending on wavelength.
The return losses of fiber-end joints using index matching material depend
on temperature. In this article, PC type connectors are discussed(2006).
Dalip Singh Mehta et al in [7] suggested the method for improving the
light out-coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting devices by
antireflection coating technique. Here single layer MgF2 material is used as
an antireflection coating to improve the external efficiency of light emitting
devices(2007)
Kazuya Ogata et al in [11] discussed a comparison between fusion splice
and mechanical splice. In this article, various connectors are discussed
such as SC,ST and LC which are used in data comm. Systems(2007).
6. Literaure Search
Yoshiteru Abe et al in [2] demonstrated many optical fiber connection devices such
as fusion splice, mechanical splice & optical connector. A mechanical splice
requires refractive index matching material to reduce the Fresnel reflection induced
by the air gap between the fiber end faces(2009)
G.D. Shen et al in [6] described the propagation of lights through multi layer optical
coatings was analyzed by transfer matrix method. It could improve the light
extraction efficiency of LED with the antireflection coating. SiON was used as an
antireflection coating(2009).
Mitsuru Kihara et al in [1] discussed optical fiber connector & mechanical splices
used in optical network such as fiber to the home (FTTH) system. Optical
performances of fiber joints with a mixture of refractive index matching material
and air gap are extremely unstable and vary over a wide range of wavelength.
Losses increases as the length of gap increases. Physical Contact Type connectors
without index matching material are widely used for intra-office use where frequent
reconnections are required(2009).
7. Inferences Drawn Out Of Literature
Search
Connector losses occur due to core misalignment
and
end separation.
Splicing is permanent joint of two fibers,
demounting is not possible.
Fiber joints design with mechanical splice require
careful cleaning and precision cleaving.
8. Inferences cont…..
Refractive index of index matching material vary with
temperature, effect system performance.
ARC enhance the efficiency of optical source(LED).
Physical Contact Type connector using polishing
method require better cleaving of fiber ends, otherwise
exhibit more losses(5db).
9. Scope of the work
Anti-reflective coatings used for a wide variety of
applications where light passes through an optical
surface, and low loss or low reflection is desired.
Modal noise and reflection can be reduced by
antireflection coatings.
Optical source efficiency can be improved using
antireflection coatings.
Optical detector sensitivity can be enhanced using
antireflection coatings.
10. Scope of the work
Fiber to fiber losses can be reduced up to
considerable amount.
Optical transmission capacity can be improved
by reducing losses occuring at source to fiber
interface, fiber to fiber interface and fiber to
detector interface.
11. Proposed Work
The work proposed by author is as follows:
Analysis of Fiber losses.
Analysis of various optical connectors.
Analysis of Materials for Antireflection coating.
Measurement of reflectance losses at fiber ends by
Optical Continuous-wave Reflectometer /optical time-
domain reflectometer.
Calculation of Transmittance and Reflectance for
sequence of layer i.e. without coating, single layer
coating, two layer coating etc.
12. Analysis of various types of connectors
Physical Contact (PC) type Connectors with refractive index
matching material are widely used for intra-office use. Various
connectors generally in use are:
Butt Joint Connectors
Multichannel Connectors
ST Connectors: used in local area network(LAN).Used in
multimode networks like buildings and campuses.
SC Connectors: used in optical subscriber loop networks.
Used in single mode systems.
LC Connectors: used in data communication networks.
small in size and offer high port density
13. Analysis of Materials for Antireflection
Coating
Material Refractive Index(n)
MgF2 1.38
Al2O3 1.65
SiON 1.53
ZnS 2.2
CeO2 2.46
14. Working of Antireflection Coating
• Anti-reflection coatings consist of a thin layer of
dielectric material, with a specially chosen thickness so
that interference effects in the coating cause the wave
reflected from the anti-reflection coating top surface to be
out of phase with the wave reflected from the
semiconductor surfaces. These out-of-phase reflected
waves destructively interfere with one another, resulting
in zero net reflected energy. In addition to anti-reflection
coatings, interference effects are also commonly
encountered when a thin layer of oil on water produces
rainbow-like bands of colour.
16. Measurement of reflectance losses at fiber ends
by Optical Continuous-wave Reflectometer
/optical time-domain reflectometer.
Measurement of connector reflectance with an OCWR setup
17. Methodology
• Development of an algorithm in C using Matrix
Transfer Method.
• Determination of Reflectance and Transmittance
without using any coating for given range of
wavelength using a program developed in C.
• Determination of Reflectance and Transmittance for
a given range of wavelength using single layer, two
layers coatings using a program developed in C.
• Development of a function for analysis of various
results between wavelength and attenuation using
transmission window at 850 nm and 1310 nm.
18. Start
Enter code
to select
layer
B
Three Layer Double Layer
A
(N) (K)
n1 = (n0. ns)1/2
Enter layer
thickness?
d1=l0/4n1
d1=l0/2n1
Enter range of operating
wavelength (L1) & (L2)
19. Calculate reflectance (R)
Stop
A
n1=1.38 , n2 = n1(ns / n0 )1/2
d1=l0/4n1 , d2=l0/4n2
Enter range of operating
wavelength (L1) and (L2)
Calculate Reflectance (R)
Stop
B
n1=1.38, n2=2.08,
n3= n1(ns / n0) 1/2
d1=l0/4n1 , d2=l0/2n2 , d3=l0/4n3
Enter range of operating
wavelength (L1) and ( L 2)
Calculate Reflectance ( R )
Stop
20. Expected Outcome
Using Mgf2 as an antireflection coating, the attenuation
may be reduced to a considerable amount with a given
range of wavelength. Optical fiber connectors without
any coating may exhibit more losses. Using single layer
antireflection coating, the loss or attenuation may be
considerably decreased. The author may further try to
reduce the attenuation in fiber communication system by
increasing number of antireflection layers.
21. References
[1] Mitsuru Kihara, Ryuichiro Nagano, Morikazu Uchino,“Analysis on performance
deterioration of optical fiber joints with mixture of refractive index matching material and
air filled gaps”, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, March 2009.
[2] Yoshiteru Abe, Tetsuya Hoshijima, Takashi Matsui, and Shigeru Tomita, “ Optical
Characteristics and Reliability of Mechanical Splice Utilizing Solid Refractive Index
Matching Material for Hole-Assisted Fiber Connection”, Photonics Technology Letters,
IEEE,Volume21,Issue4, pp. 194-196,February2009.
[3] Shigeo Takahashi, Koji Sumida, Daigo Saito, Kazuya Ogata, “Low Return Loss Field-
installable Optical Connector’’, Optical Fiber Communication Conference,2009.
[4] Andenet Alemu , Alex Freundlich , Nacer Badi , Chris Boney and Abdelhak Bensaoula,
“ MgF2/BN Double Layer Antireflection Coating For Photo Voltaic Application”,
Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 1-4, May2008.
[5] Donyau Chiang,Cheng Hung Chu,Hai-Pang Chiang, “ Optical Constants of Thin Films
Calculated From Reflectance and Transmittance Measurements”,Optical Data Storage
Topical Meeting,pp.101-103,2009.
[6] Y. H. Guo*, X. Guo, B. L. Guan, W. J. Jiang, G. D. Shen, “ Improvement of LED
Extraction Efficiency with Antireflection Coating”, Communication and Photo-Nics
Conference and Exhibition ,pp 1-2,November2009.
[7] Dalip Singh Mehta, Kanchan Saxena, Virendra Kumar Rai, Ritu Srivastava,
“Enhancement of Light out coupling efficiency of organic light emitting devices by
antireflection coatings”, International Workshop on Physics of Semiconductor
Devices,pp.628-629,2007.
22. References
[8] Mitsuru Kihara, Shigeru Tomita, Tadashi Haibara, “ Influence of Wavelength and
Temperature changes on Optical Performance of Fiber Joints with small Gap”, vol.
18, pp.2120-2122,October2006.
[9] Saeed Mahmud Ullah, SeungHun Lee, Ryo Suemitsu, Kazuya Ohira and Shigehisa
Arai, “Improved Performance Of Distributed Reflector Laser With Antireflection
Coating”, Indium Phosphide and Related Materials Conference Proceedings,
pp360- 363, May 2006.
[10] E. B. Kim, C. Y. Park, and S. E. Park, “Selective Amplification of Optical
Frequency Comb Using Anti-Reflect Coated Laser”, Conference on Precision
Electromagnetic Measurements, PP.113-114, June 2010.
[11] Terutake Kobayashi, Daigo Saito, Kazuhiro Takizawa, Kazuya Ogata,“ Field
Installable LC Connector and Mechanical Splice”,Optical Fiber Communication
and National Optic Fiber Engineers Conference,pp.1-11,2007.
[12] Hiroaki Kurokawa, Soichiro Ikuno, Seiko Mitachi, “ An Analysis Of Ultra Low
Reflection Characteristics of FPC Connectors”, 2002.
[13] Etsuji Sugita, Ryo Nagase, Kazunori Kanayama and Toshihiro Shintaku, “SC-Type
Single-Mode Optical Fiber Connectors”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 7,
no.11, pp.1689-1696, November 2000.
23. References
[14] Lee, D. G. Lim, K. H. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. H. Lee*, D. W. Kim*, E. C. Choi*, D. S.
Kim*, and J. Yi, “ Efficiency Improvement of Buried Contact Solar Cells Using
MgF2/Ce02 Double Layer Antireflection Coatings”,Photovoltaic Specialists
Conference, pp.403-406, August 2000.
[15] Mitsuru Kihara, Shinji Nagasawa,Tadatoshi Tanifuji, “ Temperature Depandance
of Return Loss for Optical Fiber Connectors with Refractive Index Matching
Material”, Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE,Volume7, pp. 795-797, July1995.
[16] Jayakrishnan Chandrappan, Member, IEEE, Zhang Jing, Ramkumar Veppathur
Mohan, Philbert Oliver Gomez, “ Optical Coupling Methods for Cost-Effective
Polymer Optical Fiber Communication”, IEEE Transaction on Componenets and
Packaging Technologies, vol. 32, no. 3, pp.593-599,September 2009.
[17] Takashi Iwasaki,“ A Single-Mode Optical Fiber Attenuator for Inter comparison
of Attenuation”, IEEE Transaction On Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 43,
no. 6, pp. 837-842, December 1994.
[18] M.E. De Rosa, V.A. Bhagavatula, Q. Wu., K. Matusick, “ High optical power
testing of physical contact connectors at 1550 nm”, Optical Fiber Communication
Conference and exhibit,vol.2,pp.TuI7-1-TuI7-3,2001.
24. References
[19] Hiroaki Kurokawa, Soichio Ikuno, Seiko Mitachi, “An Analysis of Ultra Low
Reflection Characteristics of FPC connectors”, Laser and Electro-optics Society,
vol.2, pp.738-739, 2002.