The document provides an overview of the early history of English colonization in North America, including: 1) It discusses the founding of Jamestown in 1607 by the Virginia Company and the early struggles the colony faced, including a "starving time" period. 2) It then covers the establishment of other English colonies along the east coast, including the Puritan founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious freedom in the 1630s. 3) The document also summarizes the growth of the slave trade and rise of the plantation economy in the southern colonies during the 1600s, which became centered around cash crops like tobacco.

1. John Smith Nathaniel Bacon
Joint-Stock Companies
Jamestown
Powhatan
Headright System
Indentured Servant
Royal Colony

2. Joint Stock Company
Rich people pooling
their money, hopefully
for a profit
Got a Charter from the
King – 80/20 split of $$.
1606 – James I grants
charter to Virginia
Company

3. Gold, gold gold!!!
Colonists refused to work
(rich people)
After 8 months only 38 of
150 original colonists
were alive.
John Smith – “No work,
no eat.”
Powhatan indians
provide food but are
alarmed by new colonists
arriving…sabotage.

4. “Starving Time”
Colony implemented
strict laws for anyone
neglecting work.
Included flogging
(beating) and hanging.
Under these laws
Jamestown became
successful
New cash crop: Tobacco

5. Late 1620’s 1.5 million pounds of tobacco were
exported to Europe.
Headright System: Pay your own way to colonies or
someone else’s…50 acres per person.
Indentured Servants: Someone pays your way to
colonies…you work for them for a period of time (4-7
years)…Usually from lower class in England.

6. 1619 – 1st
Africans (about
20) brought over by
Dutch.
Treated as indentured
servants. (Received land
and freedom after a
period of time).
Several decades before
they would be used as
slaves.

7. Forbidden to intermarry
among the Indians.
Considered them
“savage.”

8. Jamestown leaders
demanded corn and
labor from Indians
because of Powhatan
violence during
“Starving Time.”
Pocahontas/John Rolfe
marry 1614…half hearted
peace.
Colonists continued to
take more land.
Powhatan attack kill 340
colonists.
James I makes Virginia a
“Royal Colony” (Under
direct control of King).
1644 – 10,000+ English in
Virginia…Powhatan
population continued to
fall.

9. 1660’s – Poor settlers felt
oppressed by Governor
William Berkeley.
High taxes…$ used by
rich.
Wanted forts as
protection from Indians.
1675 – Fighting between
Doeg tribe and colonists.
Governor refused to pay
for a war benefitting
poor settlers.

10. Nathaniel Bacon – Raised
an army to fight Indians .
Berkeley said Bacon’s
army was “illegal.”
1676 – Bacon marches on
Jamestown to confront
governor about taxation.
Berkeley fled, Bacon dies,
Berkeley returns.
Growing power of former
indentured servants.

11. Puritans did not immigrate for profit, they immigrated to create a
model new society. John Winthrop (1st
Governor) referred to it as a
“City upon a Hill.”

12. 1530’s: Henry VIII breaks
with Catholic Church.
Elizabeth I formed
Anglican Church
Some felt it had kept too
much Catholic ritual
Wanted to “purify”
Anglican Church
Some Puritans formed
independent
congregations –
“Separatists” (Pilgrims)
1620: Founded Plymouth
Colony (2nd
permanent
English settlement)

13. Pilgrims were trying to
get to Virginia but
landed in Massachusetts
Made their charter
invalid
Afraid non-Pilgrims
would challenge their
authority
Before leaving ship 41
men signed Mayflower
Compact
Pledged allegiance to
King

14. Joint Stock Company
John Winthrop transfers
company’s HQ to N.
England (authority for
independent gov’t)
1630: Massachusetts Bay
Colony (Boston)
1630-31: 1,000 people
immigrate to MBC and it
eventually absorbs
Plymouth Colony

15. Winthrop’s vision
Not a democracy
But did extend voting
rights to male members
of Puritan church
“Freemen” voted for
members of the General
Court
General Court chose the
governor.

16. Civic leaders felt like
they were God’s “elect”
Duty to carry out God’s
will
Drunkenness, swearing,
theft and idleness were
considered crimes

17. Immigrated as families
“It takes a village…” –
Families looked out for
each other
Children could be
removed from homes
that were not raising
them “properly”

18. Roger Williams –
Extreme Separatist
Settlers had no right to
take Indian lands unless
purchased
Gov’t officials had no
right to punish for
religious beliefs
General Court wanted
him sent back to
England
Williams flees and
purchases land from
Narragansett tribe
Sets up Providence
Colony (later Rhode
Island)
Guarantees separation of
church and state and
religious freedom

19. People don’t need
ministers to interpret
Bible
1638: Banished from
Massachusetts
Family and followers flee
to Rhode Island

20. Indians: No one owned
the land
Europeans: Treaties are
one time deal in which
Indians permanently
sold their land to new
owners

21. Pequots: Powerful tribe
in CT river valley
1637: Whites with
Narragansett tribe attack
Pequot village on Mystic
River
Set fire to homes and
shot fleeing Pequots
Pequots vitually
annihilated…uneasy
peace for 40 years

22. Only hope for Indians to
resist settlers was for all
tribes to UNITE
Metacom (King Phillip to
whites) unites Indians
and stages guerilla
warfare against while
frontier settlements
Whites forced to retreat
to Boston
War ended in failure for
Indians
Metacom beheaded and
drawn and quartered
Natives ceased to pose
any major threat in N.
England

23. June-September 1692
By end 150 people jailed,
24 innocent people
hanged
Started by 2 girls who
had been entertained by
Tituba (slave from
Barbados)
When questioned, Tituba
claimed there were other
witches in Salem which
started hysteria

24. • William Penn
• New Netherland
• Proprietor
• Quakers

25. 1609 – Henry Hudson
(Englishman employed
by Dutch) sails up what
is now Hudson River
1621 – Dutch give Dutch
West India Co.
permission to colonize
New Netherland
1625 – New Amsterdam
(NYC) founded
1655 – Take over New
Sweden to expand fur
trade

26. Dutch opened doors of
New Netherland to
attract colonists
1660’s: 20% of
population was African
Better relations with
Indians (more interested
in trading with them
than conquering)
Iroquois tribe controlled
much of land

27. New Netherland formed
a “wedge” between
English colonies to north
and south
1664: Charles II grants
James to drive out Dutch
Dutch issue a call to arms
which is mostly ignored
Dutch surrender
peacefully
Renamed colony “New
York”

28. Quakers: God’s “inner
light” burned inside of
everyone
Church without formal
ministers
William Penn: Founded
Pennsylvania without an
aristocracy
All adult males…50
acres/right to vote
Philadelphia “City of
Brotherly Love”

29. Penn provides a court
composed of whites and
Indians
Saw that both sides got
treated fairly
Indians respected Penn
50 years without conflict
between settlers/Indians

30. Colony was initially
opened to Quakers but
Penn began to recruit
other Europeans
Large number of
Germans who brought
craft techniques and
farming skills
Penn never profited as
the proprietor and died
in poverty in 1718

31. 1632: Lord Baltimore
founds Maryland
(religious tolerance)
1663: Charles II grants
land between Virginia
and Spanish Florida to
group of supporters (N &
S Carolina)
1732: James Oglethorpe
founds debtors colony.
Names after King George
II (Georgia)

32. •Mercantilism
•Parliament
•Navigation Acts
•Dominion of New England
•Sir Edmond Andros
•Glorious Revolution
•Salutary Neglect

33. National self sufficiency
by acquiring the most
gold and silver
Balance of trade: Export
more than import =
more gold coming in
Looking to colonies as a
source of resources

34. Colonists begin shipping
goods to countries other
than England
Meant extra $$ for
colonists/loss of $$ for
England
All colonial goods must
pass through England
Jobs for English
dockworkers/jobs for
Colonial shipbuilders

35. 1684: Charles II revokes
Mass. Charter and
makes them a royal
colony (under control of
King)
Charles was angry
because Puritan Mass
felt that they didn’t have
to obey Parliament

36. 1685: James II succeeds
Charles, places Northern
colonies (Maine to New
Jersey) under one ruler
in Boston (D of NE)
Sir Edmond Andros:
harsh, questioned
Puritan religion,
restricted assemblies
and levied taxes
Colonists send Increase
Mather to lobby for old
charter

37. James II: Catholic who
ruled with little regard
for Protestant leaning
Parliament
1688: Has a son,
Parliament worried
about possible line of
Catholic kings
Parliament offers throne
to William of Orange
(Protestant)
James II flees the
country

38. After learning of this
colonists overthrow
Andros
Dominion of New
England dissolved, Mass
charter restored
King appoints Mass
governor
More religious
toleration, Puritans
could no longer
persecute
Anglicans/Quakers

39. England strengthens
Nav. Acts – moves trials
to English courts (less
biased)
Board of Trade –
Monitored Colonial
trade
Relaxation of policies in
return for economic
loyalty (send only goods
to England)

40. Governor appointed by
King created Advisory
Council, Local Assembly,
appoint/dismiss judges
Colonial Assembly paid
governor’s salary – not as
powerful as thought
Large influence over
governor and decisions
he made

41. Key Terms
•Cash Crop
•Slave
•Triangular Trade
•Middle Passage
•Stono Rebellion

42. Cash Crop: Crop grown
for sale rather than
individual use
Plantations instead of
towns
Long deep rivers allowed
for shipping
Mostly rural and self-
sufficient (produced
everything they needed
on the plantation

43. Germans settled in MD,
VA & SC
Scots-Irish in NC
Small number of
planters controlled most
of economy
Southern economy was
good because of
booming tobacco
industry

44. 2nd
class citizens
Few legal/social rights
(could not vote)
Bowed to husband’s will
Taught only basics of
reading/writing/math
Responsible for taking
care of household
duties/children

45. Only 10% survived term
of service
Life did not improve
very much after term of
service
Numbers of IS’s coming
to America declined at
end of 1600’s
Gave rise to slavery

46. Worked for life = better
investment
Most whites thought
slaves were inferior
because of their skin
color
Better suited to hot
climate than European
1690: 13,000 slaves
1750: 200,000 slaves

47. Triangular Trade: 3 way
trading process
New England-Africa:
Rum, etc to be traded for
slaves
Africa-West Indies:
Slaves for
sugar/molasses
West Indies-New
England: Sugar/molasses
distilled into rum

48. Part of trip that brought
Africans to America
Many (up to 20%) died
from disease and harsh
treatment of slavers,
some committed suicide
Tight vs loose packing

49. 80-90% of slaves were
field workers (worked
under the direction of a
foreman on plantations)
10-20% were house
servants
(cooked/cleaned/raised
owner’s children)

50. Kept alive African
culture and traditions
Song/dance and story
telling
Many slave families were
broke apart because they
were sold

51. 1739: Stono Rebellion –
20 slaves with guns
killed several planter
families
By afternoon they were
surrounded by militia
several were killed,
others executed as a
message to other slaves
Still many slaves
attempted escape

52. • Enlightenment
• Benjamin Franklin
• Jonathan Edwards
• Great Awakening

53. Mercantilism: Colonies
exist to help mother
country amass wealth
1650-1750: Colonial
economy grew 2x as fast
as England’s
Most growth in New
England & Middle
Colonies

54. Most farms in North
produced more than 1
crop
Farming/fishing/lumber
1760: Colonies producing
1/3 of English ships and
producing more iron
than England
1750’s: Merchants one of
most powerful groups in
the North

55. More ports in North
Grid design for
Philadelphia 1st
since
Roman Empire
Large #’s of people living
close together
Firewood/clean water
hard to find

56. Germans & Scots-Irish
were largest non-English
speaking immigrant
groups
Fleeing economic
distress & religious
freedom
Did not always get along
with English speaking
colonists

57. Corn/wheat did not
require slaves
Slavery still existed in
New England & Middle
Colonies
Slaves in North enjoyed
greater legal rights
Racial prejudice still
existed in the North

58. Extensive work
responsibilities/Few
legal rights
Puritan doctrine
dictated wives obey their
husbands
Only single
women/widows could
operate businesses
Women could not keep $
earned outside the home

59. Started the Scientific
Revolution
World is not governed
by chance but fixed
mathematical laws
Emergence of Physical
Sciences
People began to
question their
governments

60. World renowned
scientist
Owned several printing
companies
Enlightened thinker
Colonial diplomat to
England and formed an
alliance with French
during the Revolution

61. Emotion over Rational
thought
As wealth grew, church
attendance suffered
Puritans feared loss of
culture
Jonathan Edwards began
to preach about hell and
damnation…idea was to
scare people back in to
church
Caused people to
question authority
Built many churches in
the South that became
social meeting places
Emphasized the
individual
Helped question British
authority and Anglican
church in the colonies

62. •New France
•George Washington
•French & Indian War
•William Pitt
•Pontiac
•Proclamation of 1763
•George Grenville
•Sugar Act

63. France and Britain
competed for control of
Ohio Valley
Colonists favored Britain
(Mother country/wanted
to expand westward)

64. 1608: Quebec founded
1682: Sieur de la Salle
claimed entire
Mississippi Valley for
France (Louisiana)
Fur trade led to better
relations w/Indians
(military alliances)
Tribes allied with French
to help defeat their other
Indian enemies

65. 1754: French build Fort
Duquesne (Pittsburgh)
British had already
claimed that land so VA
governor sent militia to
boot out French
Militia was led by
George Washington
Washington
defeated/French and
Indian War begins

66. British ambushed by
French on their way to
attack Fort Duquesne
Many British soldiers ran
away causing Colonials
to question the ability of
British army
French were very
successful from 1755-56

67. William Pitt: Energetic,
self-confident politician
Under Pitt, British begin
winning
battles/Powerful
Iroquois begin to
support them

68. 1759: British attack
Quebec at night
Catch French
commander, the Marquis
de Montcalm by surprise
Win a short but deadly
battle which leads Britain
to victory in war
1763: Treaty of Paris ends
war/Britain claims all of
N. America east of
Mississippi River

69. 1763: Pontiac realizes
that the French loss was
a loss for Indians
Led by Pontiac Indians
capture 8 British forts
Smallpox infected
blanket given during
peace negotiations
1765: Indians weakened
by disease and war ask
for peace

70. No settlement west of
Appalachian mountains
Colonists did it anyway
Colonists felt that
Britain did not care
about their needs

71. 1761: Writs of Assistance
– allowed British to
search any Colonial
home or ship
Enraged Colonists
(particularly in
Massachusetts)

72. 10,000 British troops
stationed in Colonies
Colonists viewed as a
standing army that
might turn against them
Keeping troops in
Colonies was expensive,
doubling Britain’s
national debt

73. George Grenville: Prime
Minister of Britain
1764: Sugar Act
Halves the tax on foreign
made molasses
Taxes on certain imports
Moved smuggling cases
to British courts instead
of Colonial courts
(British less
sympathetic)