Some research related to child accidents and injuries

1. Term paper Presentation on
‘‘Researches on Childhood
Accidents and Injuries’’
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2. Presented by
Prepared by:
SAgun PAudel
HA, Student of BPH
LAGRANDEE INTERNATIONAL
COLLEGE SIMALCHOUR, POKHARA
Sagun paudel
Deepika gaire
Sarala kumal
Renuka ojha
Student of BPH
LAGRANDEE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
SIMALCHOUR, POKHARA
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3. INTRODUCTION
Childhood is the age span ranging from birth to adolescent. The
term childhood is non-specific and can imply a varying range of years in
human development. In common terms, childhood is considered to start
from birth.
there is no universally agreed age range for what constitutes childhood.
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4. Injury is defined as “the physical damage that results when a
human body is suddenly subjected to energy in amounts that
exceed the threshold of physiological tolerance – or else the
result of a lack of one or more vital elements, such as oxygen”
(1). Injury can be mechanical, thermal, chemical or radiated.
Injury may be Falling, drowning, poisonings, burns and falls.
1. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision. Volume 1: Tabular
list;Volume 2: Instruction manual; Volume 3: Index. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992–1994.
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5. Common injuries/accidents
Road traffic injuries
Drowning
Burns, scalds and exposure to smoke, fire or flames
Falls
Poisonings
Choking
Examples of 'serious' injury
Fracture
Internal injury
Severe cuts
Crushing
Burns (excluding friction burns)
Concussion
Severe general shock requiring hospital treatment
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6. OBJECTIVES:
General objectives:
To Study the research on childhood Accidents and Injuries.
Specific Objectives
To study about the burden of Accident and Injuries among
children.
To study the vulnerability to child injuries and accidents.
To study the socio-economic factors associated to injuries
and accidents.
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7. METHODOLOGY
To prepare this term paper Google was used to retrieve
journal and articles. The articles related To childhood
accidents and Injuries are downloaded and studied.. To
collect the further information advanced Google search
was also done and various books from library were also
studied for the preparation of the term paper. This
report was prepared by using various secondary data
sources available on internet.
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8. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Childhood injury is a major public health problem that
requires urgent attention. Injury and violence is a major
killer of children throughout the world, responsible for
about 950 000 deaths in children and young people
under the age of 18 years each year (WHO Global
Burden of Disease: 2004).
Unintentional injuries account for almost 90% of these
cases. They are the leading cause of death for children
aged 10–19 years.
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9. Worldwide, childhood injuries are a growing problem.
Every year, approximately 875,000 children are killed
and nonfatal injuries affect the lives of between 10
million and 30 million more globally. Moreover, 95% of
these deaths and injuries occur in low and middle
income countries. (2)
2. Child and adolescent injury prevention: a global call to action. Geneva, World Health Organization
and UNICEF, 2005. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241593415_eng.pdf.
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10. Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of death among
children and young adults. (3) Over 875 000 children less than 18
years of age die annually in the world as a result of injuries,
mostly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where
injuries account for 13% of the total burden of morbidity among
children less than 15 years of age.(4,5).
3. Krug EG, Sharma GK, Lozano R. The global burden of injuries. Am J Public Health 2000;90:523-6. PMID:10754963 doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.4.523
4. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause, 1990-2020: global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997;
349:1498-504. PMID:9167458 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2 352 Bull World Health Organ 2009;87:345–352 | doi:10.2471/BLT.08.055798
Special theme – Childhood injuries and violence Unintentional child injury surveillance in developing countries Adnan A Hyder et al.
5. Deen JL, Vos T, Huttly SR, Tulloch J. Injuries and noncommunicable diseases: emerging health problems of children in developing countries.
Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:518-24. PMID:10427938
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11. A child's environment plays a critical role, both in the
occurrence and the severity of an injury. Most injuries take
place in or near a child's home where unsafe play areas and
play things may often be found, as well as access to
chemicals, medicines, poisons and other dangers.
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12. Age, sex and economic factors are important
determinants of injury incidence and severity. Not only
are children particularly prone to injuries, but also the
types of injuries depend on age: very young children
tend to be more at risk for poisoning, drowning and
burns while older children and adolescents are more at
risk for road traffic injuries. Males are nearly two times
more at risk than females, both in terms of disease
burden and death from injuries
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13. Children from the poorest families are 38 times more likely to
die from exposure to smoke, fire or flames than children
whose parents work in higher managerial or professional
occupations. (6)
6. Child Accident Prevention Trust (2012). Fire Safety topic briefing [Online] Available at:
http://makingthelink.net/topic-briefings/fire-safety
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14. Global concern (7)
• In Asia, 900,000 deaths from injury Take place every year.
• In the low and middle income countries of the Eastern Mediterranean
region, road traffic injuries are the second leading cause of death in the 5 to
14 year age range. Africa has the highest mortality rate from injuries in the
world.
• The Western Pacific region reports 220,000 child deaths (ages 0-14) per
year due to injuries.
• Road traffic injuries and drowning were the two leading contributors to
healthy years of life lost in Latin America and the Caribbean as reported in
2002.
• Over one-third of child deaths, age 1-14 years, in Europe are due to
injuries.
7. ssue Brief Series: Accidents and Injuries: Healthy Environments for Children Alliance
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15. Road traffic injuries are among the top causes of child
disability and death in the world and are the leading
cause of death in children ages 5-14 in high-income
countries.
Children under five have the highest drowning mortality
rate in the world.
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16. Over half of the global mortality and 60% of healthy
days of life lost due to drowning occur among children
under 15. Globally, fire-related burns are one of the 15
leading causes of death and burden of disease among
children and young adults, ages 5-29 years. Over 90% of
fatal fire-related burns occur in low- and middle income
countries.
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17. Children, more than any other age group, suffer injury
from falls. Where and how children fall is closely related
to their age, with the very young most frequently falling
in and around the home, and older children likely to fall
from playground equipment. Children can encounter
toxic exposures, or poisonings, in many different places
but most occur in the home setting. Some workplaces
may pose poisoning risks to child and adolescent
workers.
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18. Children's Vulnerability to Injuries
Behavioral: Young children explore by touching and putting things in their
mouths, which can lead to burns, poisonings and other ill-health effects.
Older children play, take on new responsibilities and seek out adventures.
When they have not attained the judgment to do these things safely,
injuries often result.
World report on child injury prevention
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19. Physiological: Being smaller and closer to the ground, they
may be exposed to risks that go unnoticed by adults. For
example, children's size makes them hard to see from a
vehicle, increasing their risk of involvement in a road crash.
Developmental: Children, being immature and lacking the
psychological development to recognize and manage danger
situations, may more readily take actions that they do not
comprehend to be risky. They are easily distracted, tend to
focus on immediate tasks and have not yet gained the
skills, strength and endurance to manipulate certain
physically challenging situations for their own safety.
www.who.int/heca/
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20. Socioeconomic factors and risk for
injury
A broad range of socioeconomic factors associated with
injury risk has been identified . these factors include:
economic factors – such as family income;
social factors – such as maternal education;
factors related to family structure – including single
parenting, maternal age, numbers occupying the
household, and number of children;
Factors related to accommodation – such as type of
tenancy, type of housing, level of overcrowding and
various factors describing the neighborhood.
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21. Socioeconomic factors affect injury risk in a number of ways;
In poor households, parents may not be able to:
Properly care for and supervise their children, who may
need to be alone or in the care of siblings– afford safety
equipment, such as smoke alarms or safety helmets.
Children living in poverty may be exposed to hazardous
environments, including:
a high volume of fast-moving traffic;
lack of space and facilities for safe play;
Cramped living conditions, with no proper kitchen and open
cooking fires;
Unprotected windows and house roofs, and stairs without
handrails.
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22. Injury prevention
Injuries can be prevented or controlled. Because of their
many causes and the close interrelationship between them, a
wide range of prevention approaches is called for. Various
prevention models have been proposed, but for the purpose
of this report the classic model is used, including:
primary prevention: preventing new injuries;
secondary prevention: reducing the severity of injuries;
tertiary prevention: decreasing the frequency an
Severity of disability after an injury.
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23. The public health approach to injury
prevention
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24. Summary
Accidents and injuries are a leading cause of
preventable death and ill health among children and
young people. Injuries have emerged as the leading
cause of child and adolescent morbidity and mortality in
developed countries. To reduce the mortality and
morbidity special types of public health interventions
are need to apply.
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25. References
1. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth
revision. Volume 1: Tabular list; Volume 2: Instruction manual; Volume 3: Index. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 1992–1994.
2. Child and adolescent injury prevention: a global call to action. Geneva, World Health
Organization and UNICEF, 2005.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241593415_eng.pdf.
3. Krug EG, Sharma GK, Lozano R. The global burden of injuries. Am J Public Health
2000;90:523-6. PMID:10754963 doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.4.523
4. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause, 19902020: global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997; 349:1498-504. PMID:9167458
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2 352 Bull World Health Organ 2009;87:345–352 |
doi:10.2471/BLT.08.055798 Special theme – Childhood injuries and violence Unintentional child
injury surveillance in developing countries Adnan A Hyder et al.
5. Deen JL, Vos T, Huttly SR, Tulloch J. Injuries and non-communicable diseases: emerging
health problems of children in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:518-24.
PMID:10427938
6. Child Accident Prevention Trust (2012). Fire Safety topic briefing [Online] Available at:
http://makingthelink.net/topic-briefings/fire-safety
7. ssue Brief Series: Accidents and Injuries: Healthy Environments for Children Alliance
•
www.who.int/heca/
•
World report on child injury prevention
•
CDC Childhood Injury Report: Patterns of Unintentional Injuries among 0-19 Year Olds in
the United States, 2000-2006
•
Healthy Environments for Children Alliance
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26. FEEDBACK
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www.facebook/sagun.paudel
THANKYOU!
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