Running head: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SAFETY STATISTICS 1 LEADERSHIP AND INFLUENCE 6 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SAFETY STATISTICS Name Institution Course Date Introduction Safety is an important aspect of human lives of all ages, and its achievement and sustenance is being aimed at globally. Those vulnerable most in this case are the young children and the adolescents, who are still dependent on parents and guardians to keep them healthy and safe. The wellbeing is when an individual is safe and healthy, and is part and parcel of the quality of life. This wellbeing also includes mental health, when an individual can also fulfill their goals, both social and personal, and general wellbeing includes aspects such as income, education, general health and safety as objective measures, and also aspects such as happiness, satisfaction and quality of life. The aspect of children and adolescent wellbeing, both physically and mentally, is therefore important, as it will factor in an individual’s well being when they grow up, and therefore a stable, safe and healthy childhood and adolescent is very crucial for any generation. There are several factors to be looked at when dealing with child and adolescent well being, and they include education, culture, gender, family and parenting (Kahl, Dortschy & Ellsasser, 2007). Health and Well-Being The measures for physical health include self reported health, child mortality, infant mortality, birth weight, breastfeeding, immunization, hearing and vision, height and weight, chronic conditions, development process and dental health. The healthy behavior and lifestyle include things such as non intentional accidents, safety behaviors, physical activity, injuries and exercises. Some measures that promote healthy childhood and adolescent life include things such as immunization, as it lowers the child mortality and also gives them strong health advantages. Globally, the percentage of death contributed by unintentional injury is very large, and presence of healthy behaviors can reduce this percentage significantly (Fauth & Thompson, 2009). Safety Regulations Over the past few decades, the regulations regarding safety and health of children and adolescents have increased, and measures have been put in place by governments globally, although they differ in legislation and enforcement. Some of the interventions include the introduction of the requirement for minimum age fro drinking, where minors aren’t allowed to drink alcohol. Novice drivers are also regulated regarding the blood alcohol concentration. Laws regarding wearing of helmets when riding bicycles and motorcycles have also been introduced. Laws regarding seat belts, helmets and child restraint are also being enforced, and did not exist when we were growing up. Regulations regarding speed limits around children play areas, schools and residential areas have also been introduced. Systems regarding Graduated driver licensing have also been enfor ...

1. Running head: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SAFETY
STATISTICS 1
LEADERSHIP AND INFLUENCE 6
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SAFETY STATISTICS
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Introduction
Safety is an important aspect of human lives of all ages, and its
achievement and sustenance is being aimed at globally. Those
vulnerable most in this case are the young children and the
adolescents, who are still dependent on parents and guardians to
keep them healthy and safe. The wellbeing is when an

2. individual is safe and healthy, and is part and parcel of the
quality of life. This wellbeing also includes mental health, when
an individual can also fulfill their goals, both social and
personal, and general wellbeing includes aspects such as
income, education, general health and safety as objective
measures, and also aspects such as happiness, satisfaction and
quality of life. The aspect of children and adolescent wellbeing,
both physically and mentally, is therefore important, as it will
factor in an individual’s well being when they grow up, and
therefore a stable, safe and healthy childhood and adolescent is
very crucial for any generation. There are several factors to be
looked at when dealing with child and adolescent well being,
and they include education, culture, gender, family and
parenting (Kahl, Dortschy & Ellsasser, 2007).
Health and Well-Being
The measures for physical health include self reported health,
child mortality, infant mortality, birth weight, breastfeeding,
immunization, hearing and vision, height and weight, chronic
conditions, development process and dental health. The healthy
behavior and lifestyle include things such as non intentional
accidents, safety behaviors, physical activity, injuries and
exercises. Some measures that promote healthy childhood and
adolescent life include things such as immunization, as it lowers
the child mortality and also gives them strong health
advantages. Globally, the percentage of death contributed by
unintentional injury is very large, and presence of healthy
behaviors can reduce this percentage significantly (Fauth &
Thompson, 2009).
Safety Regulations
Over the past few decades, the regulations regarding safety
and health of children and adolescents have increased, and
measures have been put in place by governments globally,
although they differ in legislation and enforcement. Some of the
interventions include the introduction of the requirement for
minimum age fro drinking, where minors aren’t allowed to drink
alcohol. Novice drivers are also regulated regarding the blood

3. alcohol concentration. Laws regarding wearing of helmets when
riding bicycles and motorcycles have also been introduced.
Laws regarding seat belts, helmets and child restraint are also
being enforced, and did not exist when we were growing up.
Regulations regarding speed limits around children play areas,
schools and residential areas have also been introduced.
Systems regarding Graduated driver licensing have also been
enforced to try and curb the road accidents (CDC, 2012).
When it comes to the risk of drowning for children and
adolescents, several regulations have also been introduced,
which include the covering or removal of water hazards,
sufficient (four side) fencing around swimming pools,
availability of standby resuscitation and also wearing of
floatation devices. When it comes to the risk of burns,
regulations regarding smoke alarms, installation of burn centers,
child resistant lighters and also laws regarding water
temperatures are also being enforced now (Harvey et al, 2009)
The risk factor of falling from heights for children and
adolescents has also been regulated, where laws regarding
designs of childcare facilities and learning institutions, e.g.
furniture designs and other products are now being enforced.
The playground standards have also been established, regarding
maintenance of equipment, height of equipment, surface
material, window guards and several community programs are
now being enforced. Laws regarding poisoning do exist now,
and include aspects like the removal of toxic agents, packaging
of several products that may be poisonous like medicine,
packaging quantities that will not be lethal and also the
installation of poison control centers are now being enforced
too (Harvey et al, 2009).
All these legislations and safety measures like the requirement
to have protective helmets, seat belts and child passenger
restraints have greatly reduced the mortality rates through road
accidents. The legislation covering domestic injury risks like
smoke alarms, four side fencing of swimming pools, removal of
water hazards among others have also reduced the domestic

4. injuries reported. Regulations regarding poisoning like the child
resistant packaging and child resistant lighters have also greatly
reduced deaths and injuries from these risk factors, and
establishment of poison centers and also burn centers have
worked to reduce the severity of the injuries (Harvey et al,
2009).
Injury Statistics
The injury risk differ from toddlers, children and adolescents,
because of their level of activity and also their physical
coverage, as adolescents roamed more than the toddlers or small
children. Studies have been carried out to ascertain the injury
statistics among toddlers, children and adolescents. One
particular study carried out a research among 6,813 parents
where they were asked to give some data on their child safety
measures. It was found out that within a period of twelve
months when the study was carried out, 15.9% of the children
had suffered at least one injury. Of this percentage, 15.2% of
them were due to accidents and only 0.8% was as a result of
assault. When it comes to the factor of gender, it was found out
that boys suffered more injuries, with 17.9% being boys, as
opposed to girls who had a percentage of 14% (CDC, 2012).
In a study of 2,410 injured children, 13.3% of them were
hospitalized, and among toddlers, two thirds of them were
accidents that occurred domestically, and among the adolescents
aged five to twelve, 32.1% of the injuries were from activities
such as sports and leisure. Among the adults aged 15 to 17,
38.9% of the injuries were from sports and other leisure
activities. From infancy when a child is growing up to school
going age, the number of accidents do rise significantly, and in
day care facilities and school, the number of accidents tripled,
from 10.9% to 28.7%, and the traffic accidents between these
periods also tripled from 5.6% to 16.7% (CDC, 2012).
Three injury mechanisms stood out to be counted as notorious
for toddlers, children and adolescents. One of the mechanisms
was falling on level ground, where 35.2% of injuries were from
falling on level ground. The other mechanism is falling from

5. heights, through which 25.2% of toddlers, children and
adolescents suffered injuries, the toddlers faced highest risk in
this mechanism. The third mechanism is collision, either with
other people or objects, and this contributed to 20.6% of the
injuries, especially in toddlers. The risk levels of these three
mechanisms differed with age, as small children were at the
highest risk, 35.8%, from falling from heights. In adolescents,
the risk factor from strains, sprains and contusions rose to
50.9%, becoming the highest risk factor for this age group. The
risk from bone fractures for toddlers increased from 10.7%
during toddlerhood to 21.8% in adolescent age. The factor of
socio economic status on injuries was not found in the study,
but for traffic accidents, children from a lower socio economic
status were at a higher risk than those children from a higher
socio economic status as they suffered more traffic accidents
(Statham & Chase, 2010).
References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). An Agenda
to Prevent Injuries and Promote the Safety of Children and
Adolescents in the United States. Retrieved on 10th April 2015
from
http://www.cdc.gov/safechild/pdf/National_Action_Plan_for_Ch
ild_Injury_Prevention.pdf
Harvey, A., Towner, E., Peden, M., Soory, H. & Bartolomeos,
K. (2009). Injury prevention and the attainment of child and
adolescent health. Retrieved on 10th April 2015 from
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/5/08-059808/en/
Kahl, H., Dortschy, R. & Ellsasser, G. (2007). Injuries among
children and adolescents (1-17 years) and implementation of
safety measures. Results of the nationwide German Health
Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents
(KiGGS). Retrieved on 10th April 2015 from

6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514456
Statham, J. & Chase, E. (2010). Childhood Wellbeing: A brief
Overview. Retrieved on 10th April 2015 from
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach
ment_data/file/183197/Child-Wellbeing-Brief.pdf
1. Assume the speed of vehicles along a stretch of I-10 has an
approximately normal distribution with a mean of 71 mph and a
standard deviation of 8 mph. a. The current speed limit is 65
mph. What is the proportion of vehicles less than or equal to the
speed limit? b. What proportion of the vehicles would be going
less than 50 mph?
2. A group of students at a school takes a history test. The
distribution is normal with a mean of 25, and a standard
deviation of 4. (a) Everyone who scores in the top 30% of the
distribution gets a certificate. What is the lowest score someone
can get and still earn a certificate? (b) The top 5% of the scores
get to compete in a statewide history contest. What is the lowest
score someone can get and still go onto compete with the rest of
the state?
3. Use the normal distribution to approximate the binomial
distribution and find the probability of getting 15 to 18 heads
out of 25 flips. Compare this to what you get when you
calculate the probability using the binomial distribution. Write
your answers out to four decimal places
4. Use the following information to answer the next two
exercises: The patient recovery time from a particular surgical
procedure is normally distributed with a mean of 5.3 days and a
standard deviation of 2.1 days.
What is the median recovery time?
a. 2.7
b. 5.3

7. c. 7.4
d. 2.1
5. Height and weight are two measurements used to track a
child’s development. The World Health Organization measures
child development by comparing the weights of children who
are the same height and the same gender. In 2009, weights for
all 80 cm girls in the reference population had a mean µ = 10.2
kg and standard deviation σ = 0.8 kg. Weights are normally
distributed. X ~ N(10.2, 0.8). Calculate the z-scores that
correspond to the following weights and interpret them.
a. 11 kg
b. 7.9 kg
c. 12.2 kg
6. Suppose that the distance of fly balls hit to the outfield (in
baseball) is normally distributed with a mean of 250 feet and a
standard deviation of 50 feet.
a. If X = distance in feet for a fly ball, then X ~
_____(_____,_____)
b. If one fly ball is randomly chosen from this distribution,
what is the probability that this ball traveled fewer than 220
feet? Sketch the graph. Scale the horizontal axis X. Shade the
region corresponding to the probability. Find the probability.
c. Find the 80th percentile of the distribution of fly balls.
Sketch the graph, and write the probability statement.

8. 7. Facebook provides a variety of statistics on its Web site that
detail the growth and popularity of the site. On average, 28
percent of 18 to 34 year olds check their Facebook profiles
before getting out of bed in the morning. Suppose this
percentage follows a normal distribution with a standard
deviation of five percent.
a. Find the probability that the percent of 18 to 34-year-olds
who check Facebook before getting out of bed in the morning is
at least 30.
b. Find the 95th percentile, and express it in a sentence.
8. Suppose that the distance of fly balls hit to the outfield (in
baseball) is normally distributed with a mean of 250 feet and a
standard deviation of 50 feet. We randomly sample 49 fly balls.
a. If X ¯ = average distance in feet for 49 fly balls, then X ¯ ~
_______(_______,_______)
b. What is the probability that the 49 balls traveled an average
of less than 240 feet? Sketch the graph. Scale the horizontal
axis for X ¯ . Shade the region corresponding to the probability.
Find the probability.
c. Find the 80th percentile of the distribution of the average of
49 fly balls.
9. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the distribution
for averages?
a. The mean, median, and mode are equal.
b. The area under the curve is one.
c. The curve never touches the x-axis. d. The curve is skewed to

9. the right
10. A typical adult has an average IQ score of 105 with a
standard deviation of 20. If 20 randomly selected adults are
given an IQ tesst, what is the probability that the sample mean
scores will be between 85 and 125 points?