1) The period from 1789-1814 saw the birth of the new American republic as it struggled to establish a stable government and pay off war debts while also dealing with frontier expansion and conflicts with Native Americans and European powers. 2) Domestic political debates emerged around the constitution and federal power, with Hamilton advocating for a loose interpretation and Madison advocating for a strict one. 3) Internationally, tensions with Britain and Spain over territory were resolved through treaties, but the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars embroiled Europe in over a decade of nearly continuous conflict.

1. The New Republic
1789-1814

2. Directions
• Read through each slide.
• When you come upon slides that say
“Assignment” record your responses in
your notebook. You will hand those
responses in at the end of the PowerPoint.
• There are 15 questions total

3. The Birth of Baby America
• First US government
had a very difficult
task
• Operating a new
government - that
has never been tested
• Faced with crisis
immediately and
often!

4. Alexander Hamilton
• First Secretary of the Treasury, which
means he is in charge of the USA’s budget.
• His first, and most difficult job, was to
come up with a plan to pay off the national
debt.
• He doesn’t have a lot of spare change to
work with.
• Decides to use tariffs and the National Bank
to get the job done.

5. How will these things pay off the
debt?
• Tariff is a tax on imported goods (so “stuff”
that we buy from other countries)
• At this time, Americans bought a lot of
“stuff” from Britain, so this will be a good
money maker for the USA.
• National Bank is simple. Bank owned by
the Federal Government that can give out
loans. Money made on the loans can be
used by the USA to pay “stuff” off!

6. Hamilton’s A Big Deal – He’s on
the Ten Dollar Bill!

7. Problem 2: Hamilton’s Bank
• Starts a giant debate because the
Constitution never gave the government the
power to create a bank.
• Country isn’t even a year old and already
there is the question …
• How do we follow the rules in the
Constitution!?

8. Strict Interpretation
• One way of reading the Constitution is
called “Strictly” which means we should
follow the Constitution to the letter
• Only do what it says you can
• If it doesn’t say you can do it ….
• THEN YOU CAN’T
• It’s like when you play a board or card
game and do exactly as the rules say!

9. Loose Interpretation
• Another way of reading the Constitution is called
“loosely” which means several things: s
• sometimes things need to be done that aren’t listed
in the Constitution
• … if the Constitution doesn’t say we can do
something, THEN WE CAN DO IT.
• … the Constitution does say the government can do
things that are “necessary and proper”
• ... so this means the government can do whatever it
has to right?

10. Loosely continued ...
• … so if the government needs to do
something that is “necessary and proper” it
can do anything?!
• This is like playing a board game or a card
game and making adjustments to the game
to make it more fun, faster, or stop fighting!

11. The Battle
• Hamilton’s ideas starts a huge debate not on
how to balance the budget, but on how to
interpret the Constitution.
• In a sense it’s like arguing over how to play
a board game or a card game.

12. End Result
• Congress, Supreme Court, and Washington
side with Hamilton and he gets his bank.
• This debate plants the seeds of political
parties in the USA.
• Political parties are groups of voters/leaders
who join together because they have similar
opinions and goals.

13. The Sides
• Strict interpreters: Madison and Jefferson
will eventually form the political party
called the Democrat-Republicans.
• Loose interpreters: Washington and
Hamilton would eventually form the
Federalist Party.

14. Problem One: The War Debt
• The new USA owes 52 million dollars.
• 1) Go to page 293 in your textbooks. Do
history skills #1
• 2) The debates caused by Hamilton’s bank
would eventually lead to the creation of
what groups in the USA?

15. Problem 3: Frontier
• Washington wanted to • Americans out there
tame the frontier. aren’t exactly law
• Problems … abiding.
• Native Americans are
putting up quite a
fight.
• British interference
• Spanish interference

16. Whiskey Rebellion
• Problem:
• No money on frontier
– so Americans use
whiskey as money.
• No money? No
Problem? Hamilton
taxes Whiskey.
• Frontier rebels against
his tax.

17. Washington’s Response
• Solution: • We have
• Washington uses his representation in the
war powers to crush government now –
the rebellion with the rebellions will not be
army and arrests the tolerated.
leaders. • Washington sets a
• WHY DOES GW DO new precedent …
THIS? rebellion is not an
acceptable form of
resistance and they
will be put down.

18. Assignment
• Read “The Whiskey • 3) Why were farmers
Rebellion” on pages angry about the tax?
284-285. • 4) Were the farmers
wrong to rebel?
• 5) Was Washington
wrong to use the army
against them?

19. Indian Wars
• Problem:
• Americans “pouring”
into the frontier.
• Indians fight – trying
to defend their lands
and their way of life.

20. Indian War Solution
• Solution: • USA takes the first
• Conquer the frontier!? step in conquering the
frontier by winning
the Battle of Fallen
Timbers.
• Losing tribes sign over
modern day Ohio over
to us.
• We stick surviving
tribe members onto
reservations or push
them West.

21. What Happened to the
Unbeatable Frontier Indians?
• The Native Americans • Indian population in
had no problems the frontier is very low
stomping the British, – constant warfare and
the worlds strongest disease.
military, why do they • Americans fight
lose to the Americans? differently than
Europeans.

22. Supply Problems for NatAms –
Supply and Demand of Furs
• Simply put, no furs –
no goods.
• As a tribe, if you run
out of trappable fur
land – then you run
out of ways to pay for
European goods
and/or weapons.

23. From the Indian Perspective …
• This is our land not yours – our people have
been living here for thousands of years.
• We hunt and gather – how will we survive
without our land?
• We will fight to keep Americans off of it!

24. From the US Perspective …
• Native Americans were not seen as Americans.
Infact, they were seen as an enemy that had to be
conquered.
• US policy was this:
• You NatAms are on our land. Hand it over or we
will take it over.
• Once you NatAms do this we may let you stay on
a tiny chunk of land OR we will send you further
West.

25. What this means for history …
• The USA will claim large tracks of land,
but it won’t be theirs until the Native
Americans are forced to recognize this.
• Usually NatAms are forced to recognize
this through warfare.
• From 1800 – 1885 the USA and Native
Americans will fight each other.
• Ultimately, the USA will win and all
NatAm tribes will be placed on
reservations.

26. Assignment
• 6) What are the USA and Native Americans
fighting over?
• 7) Why is it getting harder and harder for
Native Americans to successfully resist
American expansion?

27. Britain
• Problem: • Solution:
• They’re stinkers! • We meet with the
• Dragging their feet on British and come up
leaving frontier with Jay’s Treaty
territory. • Treaty means the
• Still trying to get a British finally agree to
few more pelts from leave US territory.
the NatAms before we
kick them out.

28. Spanish
• Problem: • Solution:
• They are “flexing their • We meet with the
muscle” and letting us Spanish and come up
know that they can with Pickney’s Treaty
make things difficult • Agree on borders
for us. • Free travel of the
• Trading weapons to Mississippi River.
NatAms for furs. • Opened the port of
New Orleans to the
USA

29. Assignment
• 8) How were our problems with Britain and Spain
solved?

30. Problems in Europe …
• Long story short -
• Majority of France is poor - because they
pay all the taxes. The wealthy don’t have to
pay a dime in taxes.
• After a couple hundred years - the people of
France get sick of it and successfully rebel.
• Create a constitutional monarchy, but it’s
not good enough.
• Things go sour …

31. French Revolution?
• In France, revolutionaries
start killing all the rich
people and the nobility.
• Then the revolutionaries
start killing each other.
• This makes the rest of
Europe very nervous!
• What if our poor people
want to kill us!?

32. Assignment
• Read “The French • 9) Why would the
Revolution” on French Revolution
pages 285-6 make leaders in
England or Austria
nervous?

33. The Napoleonic Wars
France vs. Everybody
• France is incredibly unstable.
• European countries invade France - hoping to
restore order (and stop the revolution from
spreading to their country)
• In response to the invasion, French
Revolutionaries kill the King and Queen of
France.
• Then “The people” in France form an army and
drive the invaders out!
• The leader of the “peoples” army - was Napoleon.

36. The Napoleonic Wars cont …
France vs. Everybody
• Napoleon and his People’s Army turn out to be
very capable and drive out the invaders.
• Then Napoleon returns the favor and invades
present day Austria and Germany.
• This ignited a war that would drag in all of
Europe!

37. What does this mean for the
USA?
• France is still our ally and a “republic”…
• So technically we are obligated to join the
war on their side.
• Britain is our biggest trading partner. If we
go to war against them, then it could cost us
a lot of money. We really need money right
now, so warfare would hurt the pocket
book!!!

38. Plus …
• France is at war with everyone!!!
• We have a very small army and it’s tied up
on the frontier.
• We have a very small navy and they are tied
up chasing pirates.

39. The Decision
• George Washington decides to declare
neutrality.
• The stance is simple – the USA is staying
out of other people’s problems.

40. Assignment
• Read page 286 “Remaining Neutral”
• 10) Is being a neutral a good policy or
should we be backing our ally France?
Explain your answer.

41. Washington - FYI
• Washington was the
USA’s first
president and when
he left office, he left
with two pieces of
advice:

42. Piece of Advice One
• Avoid foreign
entanglements.
• In short:
• No alliances
• Stay out of world
drama
• Stay on a friendly
basis with everyone.

43. Piece of Advice Two:
• Avoid party politics.
• What are party
politics?
• Simple: the actions
taken by the party
benefit the party first
common good second.

44. Assignment
• 11) What do you think of Washington’s advice of
being neutral and avoiding party politics?

45. Did they Listen?
• Yes • No
• Neutrality would be • Washington was firm
US foreign policy up believer in being
to 1941. neutral but others were
not!
• Parties began forming
in his second term –
his warning was too
late.

46. The Federalists
• Strong national
• The Federalist Party government
• Fear of mob rule (didn’t
trust voters/common
people)
• Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
• Favored the National
Bank
• Economy based on
shipping and industry
• Supported by wealthy and
educated
• Favored Britain

47. The Democrat-Republicans
• The Democrat- • Limited national
government
Republicans
• Fear of rule by one person
or powerful few
• Strict interpretation
• Opposed National Bank
• Favored farming
• Supported by farmers and
trades people.
• No national debt
• Favored France

48. The First Election with Political
Parties
John Adams (F) VS. Thomas Jefferson (DR)

49. The Winners? - FYI
• President: John Adams • In this time period the
• VP: Thomas Jefferson top vote getter would
become President and
the next highest vote
getter would be Vice
President.
• We don’t do it that
way anymore.

50. Assignment
• 12) Why do you think we don’t have the top
two vote getters be President and Vice-
President together anymore?

51. Fortress Britain - FYI
• A term given to the island of Britain.
• No invading army has successfully invaded
Britain since 1033 AD – and three world powers
have tried.
• However, Fortress Britain has one weakness and
that is it is very dependent on shipping …

52. Problems in France
• To break Fortress Britain, France begins
attacking US ships bound for Britain.
• They hit about 300 ships.
• USA sends a delegation (group of officials)
to talk to France about this problem.

53. XYZ Affair
• Three unidentified ministers (who were
later code named minister X, Y, and Z)
approached our delegation.
• Essentially demanded a 10 million dollar
loan and a 250,000 bribe before they’d
allow the delegation to meet with French
officials to discuss the shipping problem.

54. The results
• The USA is mad!
• No money for you France!
• No more treaties with you France!
• After the XYZ Affair we are no longer
official allies with France!

55. Assignment
• Read problems with France pages 289-290
• 13) What political party is going to look
good after the XYZ affair and what party is
going to look bad? WHY?
• 14) As a result, who will probably have
more power in Washington DC?

56. Alien Sedition Acts - FYI
• A lovely example of party politics.
• DR’s are really peppering the Federalists in
newspapers.
• Federalists see the early 1800’s as a time of
crisis – and don’t appreciate DR’s attempts
to smear them.
• SO Federalists pass the Alien Sedition
Acts.

57. Specifics - FYI
• Targeted immigrants • Sedition is a fancy word
• Increased waiting time to for treason.
become a US citizen. • Law said it was
• Can arrest or deport treasonous and illegal to
disloyal aliens (so any speak or write badly of the
alien who is DR) government during a war.
• Why’d they do this?
• Why’d they do this?
• Aliens and immigrants
typically supported the • Federalists could legally
DR party and this would go after Democratic-
weaken DR support. Republicans now.

58. WHY Don’t DR’s Stop the Alien
and Sedition Acts?
• Democratic-Republics don’t have the
numbers to overturn the Alien and Sedition
Acts.
• Federalists control all three branches of
government.
• However, the DR’s control the states so
they fight back with something called
States’ Rights

59. States’ Rights
• Basically says a state can nullify, or get rid
of, a federal law if the state views the law as
unconstitutional.
• The state is protecting the people by putting
itself in-between them and the federal
government.
• Doesn’t really catch on – BUT it will have
huge implications in the future!

60. Assignment
• Read “The Alien and Sedition Acts” pages
290-291.
• 15) Are the Alien and Sedition Acts
Constitutional? Explain your answer?