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Cyclotron
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Presentation of my research of graduated
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nuclear physics,unit 6
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
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Active methods of neutron detection
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The document discusses key concepts related to nuclear radiation including:
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2) Describing three common radiation detection devices - film badges, Geiger-Müller counters, and scintillation counters.
3) Outlining applications of radioactive nuclides including radioactive dating, medical uses like cancer treatment, tracing movement in the body, and extending food shelf life.
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Emulsion detectors provide high-precision tracking of charged particles using photographic emulsion. They have three key properties:
1. Nuclear emulsion consists of silver halide crystals in a gelatin base that can track particles with sub-micron resolution.
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3. Automated scanning systems have been developed to rapidly digitize emulsion plates and reconstruct tracks for high-energy physics experiments like OPERA, which used emulsions to observe tau neutrino interactions.
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This document discusses the cyclotron, a type of particle accelerator. It begins with an introduction and overview of key topics like principles, construction, diagrams, workings, calculations, applications, and limitations. Some key points made are:
- A cyclotron accelerates charged particles like protons and deuterons using electric and magnetic fields, generating energies from 1 MeV to over 100 MeV.
- It works on the principle that a charged particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences a force causing it to travel in a circular path, with increasing radius and velocity over time due to an oscillating electric field.
- Important applications of cyclotrons include production of beams for nuclear physics experiments and cancer particle therapy.
Charged particle interaction with matter
This document discusses charged particle interactions with matter. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including interactions of heavy charged particles like protons, electrons, and light ions. It then explains that charged particle interactions are mediated by Coulomb forces and may involve ionization or excitation of orbital electrons or interactions with atomic nuclei. Different types of interactions like elastic and inelastic collisions are described. Equations for energy loss by heavy charged particles during collisions are shown. The interactions of protons, electrons, neutrons, and light and heavy ions are then discussed in more detail.
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A betatron is a device that accelerates electrons using an expanding magnetic field within a doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber. Electrons are injected into the chamber and accelerated as the magnetic field strength increases over time. This increasing magnetic flux induces an electric field that increases the electrons' energy, allowing them to gain extremely high speeds. The betatron condition requires that the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circular orbit equals 2π times the radius squared times the rate of change of the magnetic field, in order to maintain the electrons' constant orbital radius as they accelerate.
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The document summarizes key topics in the chapter on nuclear physics, including:
1) The structure and properties of the nucleus, including its composition of protons and neutrons.
2) The discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, which helped explain nuclear structure.
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Elementary particles
This document provides an overview of elementary particles. It discusses their classification into baryons, leptons, and mesons. Baryons include protons, neutrons, and heavier hyperons. Leptons contain electrons, photons, neutrinos, and muons. Mesons have masses between baryons and leptons. Each particle is described along with its properties. The document also discusses particles and their antiparticles, and conservation laws related to parity, charge conjugation, time reversal, and the combined CPT symmetry.
Radiation detection and measurement
This document discusses different types of gas-filled and scintillation radiation detectors. It provides information on GM counters, proportional counters, scintillators, photomultiplier tubes, and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Key points include: how GM counters differ from proportional counters in their avalanche chain reactions; common scintillator materials like NaI(Tl) and BGO; how photomultiplier tubes convert light photons to electrical signals and amplify signals through dynode multiplication; and applications of different detector types in nuclear medicine imaging. The document is in a question-answer format where various concepts are explained in response to questions.
Interaction of xrays and gamma rays with matter ii
The document discusses four main mechanisms by which photons interact with matter: coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. It provides details on each mechanism, noting that the photoelectric effect dominates at low energies, pair production at very high energies above 1 MeV, and Compton scattering is predominant at medium energies. It also discusses absorption and transmission of photons in materials, how attenuation coefficients vary with photon energy and material properties like atomic number, and the spatial distribution of secondary radiation produced.
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Geiger muller counting system
A Geiger-Muller counter consists of a gas-filled tube that detects ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. When radiation enters the tube, it ionizes the gas and produces a pulse of current that is counted by a scaler. To prevent additional pulses from a single radiation event, a small amount of quenching gas is added which absorbs excess energy and prevents further ionization of the main gas. The Geiger-Muller counter has a dead time after each detection where it cannot detect additional radiation as it re-establishes the electric field inside the tube.
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Fluoroscopy systems
The document summarizes the key components and parameters of fluoroscopy systems. It discusses the image intensifier, which converts x-ray photons into light photons and uses electrodes to focus electrons onto an output screen. Parameters like conversion coefficient, brightness uniformity, and spatial resolution are described. It also covers the image intensifier's connection to a TV system using cameras like vidicons or CCDs, and how this produces a video signal to display fluoroscopy images on a monitor in real-time.
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nuclear physics,unit 6
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
3. Key concepts include the strong nuclear force, mass defect and binding energy, radioactive decay and half-lives, and the types of radiation involved in different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
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This document discusses various radiation quantities and units used to characterize ionizing radiation. It describes key concepts such as activity, kerma, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, annual limit intake (ALI), and derived air concentration (DAC). The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) help define these quantities and their relationships. Primary quantities like equivalent dose relate radiation risk, while operational quantities like exposure are used for measurements. Tissue weighting factors account for different tissue sensitivities in calculating effective dose from equivalent dose.
Production of x rays & generators
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
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This document summarizes key properties and concepts related to lasers. It discusses how lasers work through the processes of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It explains that lasers require a gain medium with population inversion, which is achieved through pumping. The helium-neon laser is provided as a specific example, describing how it uses helium to excite neon atoms and produce coherent light. Finally, some common medical and industrial uses of lasers are listed.
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This document provides an overview of active methods for neutron detection, including gas filled detectors like ionization chambers and proportional counters, scintillation detectors using materials like lithium iodide and organic scintillators, and semiconductor detectors. It describes the basic detection mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of different methods, and their typical applications in neutron dosimetry and spectrometry.
Chapter 22.3 : Nuclear Radiation
The document discusses key concepts related to nuclear radiation including:
1) Defining the units roentgen and rem used to measure radiation exposure and dose, distinguishing that rem factors in human tissue effects.
2) Describing three common radiation detection devices - film badges, Geiger-Müller counters, and scintillation counters.
3) Outlining applications of radioactive nuclides including radioactive dating, medical uses like cancer treatment, tracing movement in the body, and extending food shelf life.
Photographic emulsion
Emulsion detectors provide high-precision tracking of charged particles using photographic emulsion. They have three key properties:
1. Nuclear emulsion consists of silver halide crystals in a gelatin base that can track particles with sub-micron resolution.
2. When developed, the emulsion reveals particle tracks as black silver grains, allowing reconstruction of interaction vertices and particle identification via grain density.
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[ ] 01_Nuclear_Energy_Overview.pdf 05-May-2009 10:50 1.3M
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This document discusses critical infrastructure security in the energy sector and outlines challenges, threats, and recommendations. It defines critical infrastructure as any facility whose damage or destruction would significantly impact customers, grid reliability, national security, the economy or public health and safety. The document recommends that companies individually define and identify their critical facilities, assess security guidelines, and implement workshops to support industry. It notes recent cyberattacks like Stuxnet and outlines potential weak points and attack strategies at the facility and management levels, including available information on past terrorist attacks on international critical infrastructure related to electricity, oil/gas, water, and transportation.
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This document discusses implementing an electrical network monitoring and control system. It examines challenges with using serial communication links for control and proposes adopting Ethernet as the physical and data link layer protocol. Specifically, it recommends replacing gateway-based architectures with a client-server model to allow multiple systems like DCS and ENMCS to independently communicate with devices like motor protection relays over high-bandwidth Ethernet. This achieves flexible communications, easy engineering access, and responses fast enough for motor control.
Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use
US department of energy
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3 things to consider when installing solar power at home
US department of energy
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The document provides an overview of solar energy planning and zoning in North Carolina. It discusses the growth of the solar industry in the state and defines key solar technology terms. The summary is:
Solar energy development is growing rapidly in North Carolina, driven by falling costs and state incentives. There are two main types: solar photovoltaics (PV) convert sunlight to electricity, while solar thermal uses sunlight as heat. PV systems are composed of cells made into panels and arrays, which can be linked into large solar farms of multiple megawatts. Proper planning and zoning aims to facilitate responsible solar development while addressing potential land use impacts.
sonnen solar tracker 1/2
This document provides technical specifications for three photovoltaic tracking systems (sonnen_system 3_30, 3_40, 3_60) including their dimensions, weight, components, performance specifications, safety features, and monitoring capabilities. The tracking systems use an astronomical control unit and electric drives to track the sun for increased energy yield compared to fixed systems. They integrate with SMA communication and monitoring equipment to enable remote operation and performance monitoring.
SolTrK_data_sheet solar control
The document is a user manual for the SOLTRK control unit, which controls PV tracking systems. It provides instructions for installing, connecting, commissioning and operating the SOLTRK. The SOLTRK automatically tracks the sun's position and aligns PV modules accordingly. It connects to an SMA Sunny WebBox data logger for configuration and monitoring via RS485 communication. The manual includes wiring diagrams, settings, functions and troubleshooting information to support installers and operators.
sonnen solar tracker 2
The document describes a solar tracking system called the sonnen_system that is designed to maximize solar energy collection. It precisely tracks the sun's movement throughout the day to maintain an optimal angle for solar panels, increasing energy yields by up to 45% compared to fixed systems. The sonnen_system uses a robust design and precise controls to reliably produce electricity even in extreme weather conditions, and its modular design allows for monitoring and maintenance from anywhere in the world.
SMA - SUNNY DESIGN 3 and SUNNY DESIGN WEB
This document is the user manual for the Sunny Design 3 and Sunny Design Web software from SMA Solar Technology AG. It provides legal information, descriptions of the product and its functions, system requirements for use, instructions for installation and use, and other guidance. The document is copyright protected and intended to help users design PV projects and systems using SMA's Sunny Design software.
Solar Power Analysis and Design Specifications Houston solar
This document provides a summary of technical assistance provided by SRA International to the City of Houston regarding the development of a 10 MW solar farm on a former landfill. Key points include:
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Terminal High Altitude Area Defense THAAD
Terminal High Altitude Area
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for more:
fbx-t radar element of global defence system
http://www.slideshare.net/hossamzein/fbr
multi mission radar (MMR) - EL/M-2084 FOR IRON DOME
multi mission radar (MMR) - EL/M-2084 FOR IRON DOME
from IAI MELTA
for more detailed info. visit -::-
http://hossamozein.blogspot.com/2011/10/iron-dome.html
القبـة الحـديديـة | IRon DoMe
القبـة الحـديديـة | IRon DoMe
for more details ::
http://hossamozein.blogspot.com/2011/10/iron-dome.html
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neuclear energy النووية
- 1. الطاقة النووية وإستخدامها في السلم دكتور / أبوطالب محمد سعد
- 17. يوجد لليورانيوم الطبيعي ثلاث نظائر يورانيوم 234 0.0055 92 142 245,000 يورانيوم 235 0.711 92 143 704 million يورانيوم 238 99.284 92 146 4.46 billion النظير النسبة قي اليورانيوم الطبيعي عدد البروتونات عدد النيوترونات نصف العمر ( سنة )
- 20. Fission of 235 U The combination of intensely radioactive fission products and long-lived actinides produces the uniquely complicated potential for environmental impact that characterizes the nuclear age .
- 26. A cascade of gas centrifuges at a U.S. enrichment plant.
- 30. الوقود النووى يتألف من رزمة من أنابيب فلزية طويلة مليئة بحُبَيْبات اليورانيوم .
- 32. المكونات الرئيسية للمفاعلات النووية
Editor's Notes
- Control rods are often made of boron or cadmium, which absorbs neutrons readily. Remove the controlling rods part way starts the chain reaction. The reaction is stopped when the rods are pushed in all the way.