1. A hub works on a single collision and broadcast domain while a switch works on per-port collision and a single broadcast domain. FQDN uniquely identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy. LMHOSTS files must be manually configured and updated like HOSTS files but resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses.
2. The main qualities of an effective network are performance, reliability, and security. 10Base2 uses thin coaxial cable up to 100m, 10Base5 uses thick coaxial cable up to 500m, and 10BaseT uses twisted pair cabling.
3. Anonymous FTP allows users to connect without a login/password using "anonymous" or "guest" as the login and their email
The document discusses Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol that is well-suited for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and applications where connectivity and bandwidth are limited. MQTT allows devices to publish telemetry data (sensor readings) to a broker which then delivers it to subscribers. It supports different quality of service levels to ensure reliable delivery. Key features include low bandwidth usage, publish/subscribe messaging, and support for mobile and embedded devices. Common uses of MQTT include connecting devices in applications like smart homes and industrial IoT.
This document discusses virtualization and homomorphic encryption in cloud computing. Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on the same server at the same time by creating virtual versions. It improves hardware utilization and saves costs. Homomorphic encryption allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it first, preserving data privacy. While some encryption schemes allow limited mathematical operations, fully homomorphic encryption remains an area of research.
CLUSTER BASED FIDELITY TO SECURE DSDV PROTOCOL AGAINST BLACK HOLE ATTACKSpijans
In this paper, we introduce and discuss an approach that will be used to secure the DSDV routing protocol in an ad-hoc network. Due to mobility and absence of infrastructure, nodes are more vulnerable to several malicious attacks. The secure routing is essential to transmit packets from source to the destination. Our approach consists to model and manage fidelity concept in an ad-hoc clustering architecture. Clustering makes it possible to group the mobile nodes and to send data simultaneously to the each group. Our security model thus aims to integrate mechanisms against black hole attacks, forcing cooperation between nodes and detecting failing behaviors. The nodes present in the clusters will work more efficiently and the message passing within the nodes will also get more authenticated from the cluster heads. The simulation of our proposed algorithm is carried out using NS2 network simulator by evaluating some network performances such as average delay, throughput of communication and packets loss.
This document provides an overview of network security concepts across different layers of the network protocol stack. It discusses security issues and common attacks at layers 2-7, as well as approaches to mitigate risks, including port security, VLANs, DHCP snooping, IP spoofing prevention, firewalls, TLS, VPNs, and honeypots. Protocol tunneling techniques like SSH port forwarding and DNS tunneling are also covered as ways to bypass network access controls.
An enhanced ip traceback mechanism for tracking the attack source using packe...IAEME Publication
The document discusses an enhanced IP traceback mechanism (EITM) to more efficiently trace the source of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. EITM aims to reduce the number of packets required for traceback by improving existing linear and remainder packet marking schemes. It analyzes challenges in tracing attackers due to the stateless nature of the internet and proposes that an effective traceback scheme minimizes required packets. The main goal is a mechanism that needs a number of packets almost equal to the number of hops to reconstruct the attack path more efficiently.
This document provides a summary of key topics in network security including IP addressing, IP spoofing, fragmentation, ICMP messages, and ways these can be abused or pose risks. Specific vulnerabilities discussed include ping flooding using spoofed source addresses for amplification attacks, overlapping IP fragments that can crash systems, and abusing ICMP unreachable messages to poison routing tables or disrupt connectivity. Safe practices like egress filtering and carefully handling fragmented packets are recommended.
A Survey: DDOS Attack on Internet of ThingsIJERD Editor
Internet of Things refer as interconnection of smart object, included from small coffee machine to
big car, communicate with each other without human interactions also called as Device to Device
communications. In current emerging world, all of the devices become smarter and can communicate with other
devices as well. With this rapid development of Internet of Things in different area like smart home, smart
hospital etc. it also have to face some difficulty to securing overall privacy due to heterogeneity nature. There
are so many types of vulnerability but here in this paper we put concentration on Distributed Denial of Service
attack (DDoS). DoS is attack which can block the usage for authentic user and make network resource
unavailable, consume bandwidth; if similar attack is penetrated from different sources its call DDoS. To prevent
from such attack it need mechanism that can detect and prevent it from attack, but due to small devices it has
limited power capacity. So that mechanism must be implemented at network entrance. In this paper we discuss
different DDoS attack and its effect on IoT.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract DTN (Delay Tolerant Network) is a new concept in the field of wireless networks. It enables communication in challenged environment where traditional network fails. Unlike other ad hoc wireless network it does not demand for end to end node connectivity. DTN is based on store carry and forward principle. This mechanism is implemented using bundle protocol. DTN nodes have capabilities such as radio interface, movement, persistent storage, message routing and energy consumption .Here a node might accumulate a message in its buffer and carry it for limited time, waiting till a suitable forwarding opportunity is acquired. Multiple message duplication into the network is done to increase delivery probability. The main objective of DTN Routing is to build a powerful network between various nodes (mobile devices, planetary vehicles etc) so that good delivery probability and less delay are obtained. This unique mechanism poses a security challenge. A sophisticated attack observed is black hole attack in which malicious intermediate node are present in network that can provide attacked forged metrics to another node. The aim of this work is to simulate and analyze routing protocol of DTN when nodes enter in environment with black hole attack. The work has been carried out with ONE (opportunistic network environment) simulator. The performance of routing protocols (RAPID and Spray and Wait) are tested for different number of attacking nodes. The analysis indicates there is decrease in delivery probability, hop count average and buffer time average. But latency average first increases and then start decreasing. The overhead ratio increases using Spray and Wait Protocol but with RAPID protocol, it decreases with increasing black hole attacking nodes. Index Terms: DTN, ONE, etc.
The document discusses Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol that is well-suited for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and applications where connectivity and bandwidth are limited. MQTT allows devices to publish telemetry data (sensor readings) to a broker which then delivers it to subscribers. It supports different quality of service levels to ensure reliable delivery. Key features include low bandwidth usage, publish/subscribe messaging, and support for mobile and embedded devices. Common uses of MQTT include connecting devices in applications like smart homes and industrial IoT.
This document discusses virtualization and homomorphic encryption in cloud computing. Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on the same server at the same time by creating virtual versions. It improves hardware utilization and saves costs. Homomorphic encryption allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it first, preserving data privacy. While some encryption schemes allow limited mathematical operations, fully homomorphic encryption remains an area of research.
CLUSTER BASED FIDELITY TO SECURE DSDV PROTOCOL AGAINST BLACK HOLE ATTACKSpijans
In this paper, we introduce and discuss an approach that will be used to secure the DSDV routing protocol in an ad-hoc network. Due to mobility and absence of infrastructure, nodes are more vulnerable to several malicious attacks. The secure routing is essential to transmit packets from source to the destination. Our approach consists to model and manage fidelity concept in an ad-hoc clustering architecture. Clustering makes it possible to group the mobile nodes and to send data simultaneously to the each group. Our security model thus aims to integrate mechanisms against black hole attacks, forcing cooperation between nodes and detecting failing behaviors. The nodes present in the clusters will work more efficiently and the message passing within the nodes will also get more authenticated from the cluster heads. The simulation of our proposed algorithm is carried out using NS2 network simulator by evaluating some network performances such as average delay, throughput of communication and packets loss.
This document provides an overview of network security concepts across different layers of the network protocol stack. It discusses security issues and common attacks at layers 2-7, as well as approaches to mitigate risks, including port security, VLANs, DHCP snooping, IP spoofing prevention, firewalls, TLS, VPNs, and honeypots. Protocol tunneling techniques like SSH port forwarding and DNS tunneling are also covered as ways to bypass network access controls.
An enhanced ip traceback mechanism for tracking the attack source using packe...IAEME Publication
The document discusses an enhanced IP traceback mechanism (EITM) to more efficiently trace the source of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. EITM aims to reduce the number of packets required for traceback by improving existing linear and remainder packet marking schemes. It analyzes challenges in tracing attackers due to the stateless nature of the internet and proposes that an effective traceback scheme minimizes required packets. The main goal is a mechanism that needs a number of packets almost equal to the number of hops to reconstruct the attack path more efficiently.
This document provides a summary of key topics in network security including IP addressing, IP spoofing, fragmentation, ICMP messages, and ways these can be abused or pose risks. Specific vulnerabilities discussed include ping flooding using spoofed source addresses for amplification attacks, overlapping IP fragments that can crash systems, and abusing ICMP unreachable messages to poison routing tables or disrupt connectivity. Safe practices like egress filtering and carefully handling fragmented packets are recommended.
A Survey: DDOS Attack on Internet of ThingsIJERD Editor
Internet of Things refer as interconnection of smart object, included from small coffee machine to
big car, communicate with each other without human interactions also called as Device to Device
communications. In current emerging world, all of the devices become smarter and can communicate with other
devices as well. With this rapid development of Internet of Things in different area like smart home, smart
hospital etc. it also have to face some difficulty to securing overall privacy due to heterogeneity nature. There
are so many types of vulnerability but here in this paper we put concentration on Distributed Denial of Service
attack (DDoS). DoS is attack which can block the usage for authentic user and make network resource
unavailable, consume bandwidth; if similar attack is penetrated from different sources its call DDoS. To prevent
from such attack it need mechanism that can detect and prevent it from attack, but due to small devices it has
limited power capacity. So that mechanism must be implemented at network entrance. In this paper we discuss
different DDoS attack and its effect on IoT.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract DTN (Delay Tolerant Network) is a new concept in the field of wireless networks. It enables communication in challenged environment where traditional network fails. Unlike other ad hoc wireless network it does not demand for end to end node connectivity. DTN is based on store carry and forward principle. This mechanism is implemented using bundle protocol. DTN nodes have capabilities such as radio interface, movement, persistent storage, message routing and energy consumption .Here a node might accumulate a message in its buffer and carry it for limited time, waiting till a suitable forwarding opportunity is acquired. Multiple message duplication into the network is done to increase delivery probability. The main objective of DTN Routing is to build a powerful network between various nodes (mobile devices, planetary vehicles etc) so that good delivery probability and less delay are obtained. This unique mechanism poses a security challenge. A sophisticated attack observed is black hole attack in which malicious intermediate node are present in network that can provide attacked forged metrics to another node. The aim of this work is to simulate and analyze routing protocol of DTN when nodes enter in environment with black hole attack. The work has been carried out with ONE (opportunistic network environment) simulator. The performance of routing protocols (RAPID and Spray and Wait) are tested for different number of attacking nodes. The analysis indicates there is decrease in delivery probability, hop count average and buffer time average. But latency average first increases and then start decreasing. The overhead ratio increases using Spray and Wait Protocol but with RAPID protocol, it decreases with increasing black hole attacking nodes. Index Terms: DTN, ONE, etc.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Accelerated broadcast authentication with signature amortization for wsnseSAT Publishing House
This document proposes a novel broadcast authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks that uses elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) with signature amortization. It splits broadcast messages into blocks and extends each block with an authenticator, generating extended blocks. A single ECDSA signature authenticates an entire group of messages by authenticating the authenticator in the first extended block, which then authenticates subsequent blocks and messages. However, ECDSA signature verification is slower than generation. To address this, the scheme uses cooperation among sensor nodes, allowing nodes with high energy to share intermediate verification results to accelerate the process. Simulation results show this reduces overhead and verification delay significantly compared to traditional approaches.
This document provides a tutorial on pointers and arrays in C. It begins with an introduction to variables in C and how they relate to memory addresses. It then defines pointers as variables that store memory addresses and explains pointer operators like dereferencing (*) and address of (&). The document demonstrates these concepts through examples using integer variables and pointers. It also discusses how pointer arithmetic allows incrementing and decrementing pointers based on the size of the type they point to.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is encryption software that allows users to securely exchange messages and files electronically. It was created by Phil Zimmermann and provides both confidentiality of messages through encryption and authentication of messages through digital signatures. PGP selects strong cryptographic algorithms, integrates them into an easy-to-use application, and makes the software freely available. It has grown popular due to its wide availability across different platforms, use of secure encryption algorithms, broad applicability, and development outside of government control. PGP provides services like encryption, digital signatures, compression, encoding messages for email compatibility, and segmentation of large messages.
Modern-day computer security relies heavily on cryptography as a means to protect the data that we have
become increasingly reliant on. The main research in computer security domain is how to enhance the
speed of RSA algorithm. The computing capability of Graphic Processing Unit as a co-processor of the
CPU can leverage massive-parallelism. This paper presents a novel algorithm for calculating modulo
value that can process large power of numbers which otherwise are not supported by built-in data types.
First the traditional algorithm is studied. Secondly, the parallelized RSA algorithm is designed using
CUDA framework. Thirdly, the designed algorithm is realized for small prime numbers and large prime
number . As a result the main fundamental problem of RSA algorithm such as speed and use of poor or
small prime numbers that has led to significant security holes, despite the RSA algorithm's mathematical
soundness can be alleviated by this algorithm.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) provides confidentiality and authentication services for email and file storage. It uses algorithms like RSA, IDEA, and SHA-1. PGP grew due to being free, secure, widely applicable, and not controlled by any organization. It provides services like encryption, digital signatures, compression, and encoding messages into a format compatible with email. When sending a PGP message, it is signed, compressed, encrypted if needed, and encoded. The recipient decodes, decrypts if needed, decompresses, and verifies the signature. S/MIME is similar to PGP and provides encryption and digital signatures for email. [/SUMMARY]
This document discusses security issues and techniques for various types of wireless networks. It begins with an overview of general wireless network security goals and mechanisms like encryption standards. It then focuses on specific wireless technologies, examining threats and security protocols for WLANs, cellular networks, ad hoc networks, and sensor networks. Key points covered include the evolution of WLAN security from WEP to WPA/WPA2 in response to vulnerabilities, authentication and encryption methods used in 3G cellular networks like UMTS, and addressing security at different layers for ad hoc and sensor networks. The document concludes by discussing security issues related to wireless user mobility.
Sen 214 simple secure multicast transmissionSenetas
This document discusses how to securely transmit multicast traffic when encrypting at the data link layer. It describes how Senetas Ethernet encryptors use group encryption and key management to encrypt multicast traffic without the need for an external key server. The encryptors automatically discover multicast groups, distribute and update encryption keys, and allow new members to securely join groups. This approach avoids vulnerabilities of insecure multicast and provides confidentiality without compromising efficiency or performance of multicast delivery.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the Rivest Cipher version 6 (RC6) algorithm to provide message authentication and source privacy in wireless sensor networks. It discusses challenges with existing symmetric and public key approaches to message authentication in wireless sensor networks due to their high computational overhead and lack of scalability. The proposed approach aims to achieve efficient hop-by-hop message authentication, identity privacy, and location privacy using RC6 encryption. It evaluates RC6 in terms of computational overhead, energy consumption, message delay, and memory consumption compared to other techniques.
Efficient packet marking for large scale ip trace back(synopsis)Mumbai Academisc
This document proposes a new probabilistic packet marking (PPM) approach for large-scale IP traceback that improves efficiency and accuracy of traceback and provides incentives for ISPs to deploy traceback. The approach uses a new IP header encoding scheme to store a router's full identification in a single packet, eliminating issues from fragmented IDs. It also does not disclose router IP addresses, alleviating security concerns for ISPs. The approach can control the distribution of marking information to potentially create revenue as a value-added service for ISPs.
MQTT is a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol that is ideal for IoT and M2M communication contexts where low bandwidth and small code footprint are important. It involves devices publishing messages to a broker which then distributes them to subscribers of relevant topics. Key features include the use of topics to filter messages, support for wildcards, assured delivery, and retain flags to persist last messages on a topic. The protocol involves devices connecting to a broker and publishing or subscribing to topics using simple and efficient messaging formats.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes improvements to the probabilistic packet marking (PPM) algorithm for detecting the path of distributed denial-of-service attacks. The PPM algorithm allows routers to mark attack packets with identification information based on a predetermined probability. However, its termination condition is not well-defined, which can result in an incorrectly constructed attack path. The paper proposes a modified PPM algorithm called rectified PPM (RPPM) that defines a precise termination condition to guarantee the constructed attack path is correct with a specified level of confidence. An experimental framework is designed to test the RPPM algorithm under different packet marking probabilities and network structures.
The document describes the Hummingbird ultra-lightweight cryptographic algorithm targeted for resource-constrained devices. It presents the hybrid model of Hummingbird which combines a block cipher and stream cipher. The algorithm uses a 256-bit key, 80-bit internal state, and 16-bit blocks. It consists of four 16-bit block ciphers and registers that encrypt plaintext blocks through consecutive operations. Simulation results show it encrypting a sample plaintext into ciphertext on an FPGA with lower area requirements than other lightweight algorithms. The algorithm is suitable for high-security embedded applications with limited resources.
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) allow private network communication over a public network like the internet. The document discusses VPN topology, types of VPNs including remote access, intranet, and extranet VPNs. It covers VPN components such as security protocols, appliances, and management. Finally, it discusses the productivity and cost benefits of VPNs, such as extending connectivity, boosting employee productivity, and reducing costs compared to private lines.
Speedy ip trace back(sipt) for identifying sadhanSadan Kumar
The document proposes a new method called Speedy IP Traceback (SIPT) to identify denial-of-service attacks. SIPT works by having routers insert the media access control (MAC) address of the client and the router's IP address into packets. This allows the destination to identify the attacker's boundary router and MAC address, tracing the attack path. Traditionally, mechanisms like ingress filtering, link testing, and packet marking have been used but have not kept pace with evolving attacks. SIPT provides a more direct way to find the router connected to the attacker.
CISCO - CCNA 200-120
These notes will be the basis for more detailed revision.
These "CCNA 200-120" Revision Notes consist of concise summaries or outlines of topics covered, lists of essential information needed.
This document provides instructions for completing Laboratory #2, which involves performing a vulnerability assessment scan using Nessus. The key steps include using ZenMap GUI to perform an IP host, port, and services scan as a baseline, then using Nessus to conduct a more thorough vulnerability assessment scan on the targeted IP subnet. Students will compare the results of the two scans and identify any critical vulnerabilities, then provide recommendations for remediation. The overall goal is to help students learn how to identify risks, threats and vulnerabilities on a network.
Here is a draft proposal for migrating the Windows XP machines in the new LSDG research group to Linux:
Proposal to Migrate LSDG Desktops from Windows XP to Linux
Introduction
The new LSDG research group at Linx LLC will be using desktop operating systems. Currently, some machines in the larger Linx LLC organization run Windows XP and Windows 7. As LSDG will be a separate research group, we need to consider the best desktop OS choice for their needs and the longevity of the machines.
Analysis
Windows XP is no longer supported by Microsoft, so continuing to use it poses major security risks. Without updates and patches, XP machines are vulnerable to exploits. Support for Windows 7 will also end
The document provides answers to various questions related to computer networks and networking concepts. It defines key terms like subnets, DNS, clients and servers. It describes the OSI model layers and transmission technologies. It also explains concepts like IP addresses, MAC addresses, switches, routers, firewalls, DHCP and more.
The document discusses network design using TCP/IP. It covers IP addressing, subnet masks, default gateways, and subnetting. It also discusses network security methods like IP packet filtering, encryption, authentication, and IPSec. Optimizing the subnet design, IP performance, remote subnets, and quality of service can create an effective network infrastructure.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Accelerated broadcast authentication with signature amortization for wsnseSAT Publishing House
This document proposes a novel broadcast authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks that uses elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) with signature amortization. It splits broadcast messages into blocks and extends each block with an authenticator, generating extended blocks. A single ECDSA signature authenticates an entire group of messages by authenticating the authenticator in the first extended block, which then authenticates subsequent blocks and messages. However, ECDSA signature verification is slower than generation. To address this, the scheme uses cooperation among sensor nodes, allowing nodes with high energy to share intermediate verification results to accelerate the process. Simulation results show this reduces overhead and verification delay significantly compared to traditional approaches.
This document provides a tutorial on pointers and arrays in C. It begins with an introduction to variables in C and how they relate to memory addresses. It then defines pointers as variables that store memory addresses and explains pointer operators like dereferencing (*) and address of (&). The document demonstrates these concepts through examples using integer variables and pointers. It also discusses how pointer arithmetic allows incrementing and decrementing pointers based on the size of the type they point to.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is encryption software that allows users to securely exchange messages and files electronically. It was created by Phil Zimmermann and provides both confidentiality of messages through encryption and authentication of messages through digital signatures. PGP selects strong cryptographic algorithms, integrates them into an easy-to-use application, and makes the software freely available. It has grown popular due to its wide availability across different platforms, use of secure encryption algorithms, broad applicability, and development outside of government control. PGP provides services like encryption, digital signatures, compression, encoding messages for email compatibility, and segmentation of large messages.
Modern-day computer security relies heavily on cryptography as a means to protect the data that we have
become increasingly reliant on. The main research in computer security domain is how to enhance the
speed of RSA algorithm. The computing capability of Graphic Processing Unit as a co-processor of the
CPU can leverage massive-parallelism. This paper presents a novel algorithm for calculating modulo
value that can process large power of numbers which otherwise are not supported by built-in data types.
First the traditional algorithm is studied. Secondly, the parallelized RSA algorithm is designed using
CUDA framework. Thirdly, the designed algorithm is realized for small prime numbers and large prime
number . As a result the main fundamental problem of RSA algorithm such as speed and use of poor or
small prime numbers that has led to significant security holes, despite the RSA algorithm's mathematical
soundness can be alleviated by this algorithm.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) provides confidentiality and authentication services for email and file storage. It uses algorithms like RSA, IDEA, and SHA-1. PGP grew due to being free, secure, widely applicable, and not controlled by any organization. It provides services like encryption, digital signatures, compression, and encoding messages into a format compatible with email. When sending a PGP message, it is signed, compressed, encrypted if needed, and encoded. The recipient decodes, decrypts if needed, decompresses, and verifies the signature. S/MIME is similar to PGP and provides encryption and digital signatures for email. [/SUMMARY]
This document discusses security issues and techniques for various types of wireless networks. It begins with an overview of general wireless network security goals and mechanisms like encryption standards. It then focuses on specific wireless technologies, examining threats and security protocols for WLANs, cellular networks, ad hoc networks, and sensor networks. Key points covered include the evolution of WLAN security from WEP to WPA/WPA2 in response to vulnerabilities, authentication and encryption methods used in 3G cellular networks like UMTS, and addressing security at different layers for ad hoc and sensor networks. The document concludes by discussing security issues related to wireless user mobility.
Sen 214 simple secure multicast transmissionSenetas
This document discusses how to securely transmit multicast traffic when encrypting at the data link layer. It describes how Senetas Ethernet encryptors use group encryption and key management to encrypt multicast traffic without the need for an external key server. The encryptors automatically discover multicast groups, distribute and update encryption keys, and allow new members to securely join groups. This approach avoids vulnerabilities of insecure multicast and provides confidentiality without compromising efficiency or performance of multicast delivery.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the Rivest Cipher version 6 (RC6) algorithm to provide message authentication and source privacy in wireless sensor networks. It discusses challenges with existing symmetric and public key approaches to message authentication in wireless sensor networks due to their high computational overhead and lack of scalability. The proposed approach aims to achieve efficient hop-by-hop message authentication, identity privacy, and location privacy using RC6 encryption. It evaluates RC6 in terms of computational overhead, energy consumption, message delay, and memory consumption compared to other techniques.
Efficient packet marking for large scale ip trace back(synopsis)Mumbai Academisc
This document proposes a new probabilistic packet marking (PPM) approach for large-scale IP traceback that improves efficiency and accuracy of traceback and provides incentives for ISPs to deploy traceback. The approach uses a new IP header encoding scheme to store a router's full identification in a single packet, eliminating issues from fragmented IDs. It also does not disclose router IP addresses, alleviating security concerns for ISPs. The approach can control the distribution of marking information to potentially create revenue as a value-added service for ISPs.
MQTT is a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol that is ideal for IoT and M2M communication contexts where low bandwidth and small code footprint are important. It involves devices publishing messages to a broker which then distributes them to subscribers of relevant topics. Key features include the use of topics to filter messages, support for wildcards, assured delivery, and retain flags to persist last messages on a topic. The protocol involves devices connecting to a broker and publishing or subscribing to topics using simple and efficient messaging formats.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes improvements to the probabilistic packet marking (PPM) algorithm for detecting the path of distributed denial-of-service attacks. The PPM algorithm allows routers to mark attack packets with identification information based on a predetermined probability. However, its termination condition is not well-defined, which can result in an incorrectly constructed attack path. The paper proposes a modified PPM algorithm called rectified PPM (RPPM) that defines a precise termination condition to guarantee the constructed attack path is correct with a specified level of confidence. An experimental framework is designed to test the RPPM algorithm under different packet marking probabilities and network structures.
The document describes the Hummingbird ultra-lightweight cryptographic algorithm targeted for resource-constrained devices. It presents the hybrid model of Hummingbird which combines a block cipher and stream cipher. The algorithm uses a 256-bit key, 80-bit internal state, and 16-bit blocks. It consists of four 16-bit block ciphers and registers that encrypt plaintext blocks through consecutive operations. Simulation results show it encrypting a sample plaintext into ciphertext on an FPGA with lower area requirements than other lightweight algorithms. The algorithm is suitable for high-security embedded applications with limited resources.
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) allow private network communication over a public network like the internet. The document discusses VPN topology, types of VPNs including remote access, intranet, and extranet VPNs. It covers VPN components such as security protocols, appliances, and management. Finally, it discusses the productivity and cost benefits of VPNs, such as extending connectivity, boosting employee productivity, and reducing costs compared to private lines.
Speedy ip trace back(sipt) for identifying sadhanSadan Kumar
The document proposes a new method called Speedy IP Traceback (SIPT) to identify denial-of-service attacks. SIPT works by having routers insert the media access control (MAC) address of the client and the router's IP address into packets. This allows the destination to identify the attacker's boundary router and MAC address, tracing the attack path. Traditionally, mechanisms like ingress filtering, link testing, and packet marking have been used but have not kept pace with evolving attacks. SIPT provides a more direct way to find the router connected to the attacker.
CISCO - CCNA 200-120
These notes will be the basis for more detailed revision.
These "CCNA 200-120" Revision Notes consist of concise summaries or outlines of topics covered, lists of essential information needed.
This document provides instructions for completing Laboratory #2, which involves performing a vulnerability assessment scan using Nessus. The key steps include using ZenMap GUI to perform an IP host, port, and services scan as a baseline, then using Nessus to conduct a more thorough vulnerability assessment scan on the targeted IP subnet. Students will compare the results of the two scans and identify any critical vulnerabilities, then provide recommendations for remediation. The overall goal is to help students learn how to identify risks, threats and vulnerabilities on a network.
Here is a draft proposal for migrating the Windows XP machines in the new LSDG research group to Linux:
Proposal to Migrate LSDG Desktops from Windows XP to Linux
Introduction
The new LSDG research group at Linx LLC will be using desktop operating systems. Currently, some machines in the larger Linx LLC organization run Windows XP and Windows 7. As LSDG will be a separate research group, we need to consider the best desktop OS choice for their needs and the longevity of the machines.
Analysis
Windows XP is no longer supported by Microsoft, so continuing to use it poses major security risks. Without updates and patches, XP machines are vulnerable to exploits. Support for Windows 7 will also end
The document provides answers to various questions related to computer networks and networking concepts. It defines key terms like subnets, DNS, clients and servers. It describes the OSI model layers and transmission technologies. It also explains concepts like IP addresses, MAC addresses, switches, routers, firewalls, DHCP and more.
The document discusses network design using TCP/IP. It covers IP addressing, subnet masks, default gateways, and subnetting. It also discusses network security methods like IP packet filtering, encryption, authentication, and IPSec. Optimizing the subnet design, IP performance, remote subnets, and quality of service can create an effective network infrastructure.
This document discusses several topics related to computer networks:
1. It defines a network as a collection of nodes that communicate and share resources.
2. It lists the seven layers of the OSI reference model and defines bandwidth and latency.
3. It discusses several data encoding systems, framing approaches, protocols, and technologies including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, transceivers, and WI-Max.
Analysis Of Internet Protocol ( IP ) DatagramsEmily Jones
Here are the key points about wireless sensor networks:
- WSN consist of small, low-cost sensors that can sense and monitor various environments and phenomena. They communicate wirelessly to form dense networks.
- The sensors have limited processing, storage and power capabilities. They must operate autonomously for long periods with small batteries or energy harvesting.
- WSN enable ubiquitous sensing and monitoring without being constrained by wires. They provide more flexibility in deployment compared to wired networks.
- Common applications of WSN include environmental/habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, traffic control, and industrial/machine monitoring.
- Key technical challenges in WSN include limited power/energy, dynamic network topology, fault tolerance
Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has been providing medical care to the local community since 1975. As technology has advanced, the hospital now relies heavily on computer networks and digital systems. However, the hospital's current network infrastructure is outdated and in need of improvements to support modern medical equipment and ensure patient data security. Updating the network will require installing new wired and wireless networks, migrating systems to the cloud, and training staff on cybersecurity best practices. The goal is to implement a reliable and secure network to deliver high-quality care now and in the future.
IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocols. IPv4 is the current version but IPv6 is needed to replace it due to IPv4 running out of available addresses. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, vastly increasing the number of available addresses. IPv6 also includes improvements in areas like security, quality of service, and mobility support. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is ongoing but not yet complete, as both protocols need to coexist during the changeover period.
1. Serial0 is up but the line protocol is down, indicating a potential issue with the cable or configuration settings not matching on both ends.
2. Static IP addresses are manually assigned while dynamic IP addresses are assigned by a DHCP server from its IP range, and have a lease duration after which the address may change.
3. Protocols establish rules and standards for moving data across a network, such as routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP that determine the best path between networks.
The document provides information to help understand the differences between Windows XP Home and Professional editions. Key differences include:
- XP Pro includes features like backup software, dynamic disks, IIS, and encrypted file system that XP Home does not have.
- XP Pro supports up to two processors while XP Home only supports one.
- XP Pro allows systems to be domain members and supports group policies, while XP Home does not.
- Only XP Pro supports upgrades from Windows 2000/NT and will have a 64-bit version for Itanium systems.
This document discusses Ludwig Prandtl's contributions to modern fluid dynamics. It notes that Prandtl introduced the concept of the boundary layer, which is a thin layer of fluid near a solid surface where velocity changes from zero at the surface to the free stream value. Prandtl also explained flow separation using friction within the boundary layer. His work formed the basis of modern fluid mechanics by distinguishing inner and outer regions of flow.
IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
If you want to purchase the content e-mail me on dulith1989@gmail.com
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), networking devices (hubs, switches, routers), network topologies (bus, star, ring), IP addressing, and Active Directory. Some key points include:
- A network allows connected computers to share resources and communicate. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
- Networking devices like hubs, switches, and routers are used to connect computers in a network and enable communication. Hubs broadcast data to all ports while switches transmit only to the target computer. Routers connect different network types.
- Popular network top
This document provides summaries of networking concepts and terms. It defines key networking components like links, routers, LANs and WANs. It also describes networking standards and protocols such as the OSI model, TCP/IP, VPNs and NAT. Various other networking topics are covered like topologies, IP addressing, firewalls, cabling and security.
Routers forward data packets between networks while switches operate at the data link layer and forward packets within a local area network. Hubs simply broadcast all incoming data to all ports. The document provides answers to common CCNA interview questions about networking fundamentals like IP addressing, routing, switching, protocols and Cisco router components.
lecture note 2023 up10 stud2.ppt for anspeterhaile1
This document discusses network devices and components used to connect devices on a network. It describes physical components like end devices, intermediary devices, and network media. It also explains logical components like network interfaces, clients, servers, and different types of network devices and their functions, including switches, routers, gateways, and access points. The document also covers network topologies, representations, and the process of subnetting networks to create smaller broadcast domains.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "CCNA Practice Questions (Exam 640-802) Third Edition" by Jeremy Cioara. The book contains practice questions and answers to help readers study and prepare for the CCNA certification exam. It is divided into two parts that cover the ICND1 and ICND2 exam objectives. Each part contains multiple chapters that review topics like networking fundamentals, routing, switching, WAN technologies and network security. The document lists the chapter titles and topics covered in each one to help readers understand the scope of the material in the book.
Adhoc mobile wireless network enhancement based on cisco devicesIJCNCJournal
This document discusses enhancing the performance of ad hoc wireless networks using Cisco devices. It proposes using Cisco routers and access points to create a three-layer ad hoc network with endpoints, intermediate coordinators, and a core router layer for improved processing, reliability, cost, power consumption, and accessibility. It then outlines various protocols and configurations that could be implemented using Cisco devices, including NAT, ACLs, DHCP, and wireless security settings. Diagrams and tables show an example network topology and device IP addresses and configurations.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
1. 1. Differentiate between hub and switch.
a.) Hub is a layer 1 device while Switch is layer 2 device.
b.) Hub works on single collision and single broadcast domain while switch works on per port
collision and single broadcast domain.
2. What is FQDN?
- FQDN is the abbreviation for Fully Qualified Domain Name.
- It contains both the hostname and a domain name.
- It uniquely identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy
3. Tell us something about LMHOSTS files.
- It is a text file that resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses.
- It can be compared with the HOSTS file which is a static method of resolving domain names
into IP addresses.
- LMHOSTS files must be manually configured and updated.
4. What are the main qualities of an effective and efficient
network?
a. Performance
b. Reliability
c. Security
5. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs?
10Base2 - It is an Ethernet term which means a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that
uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum
of 2 segments.
10Base5
- It is an Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses
baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment.
10BaseT
- It is an Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses
baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.
6. What is anonymous FTP? What is its use?
2. - It is an FTP that enables the users to connect to a host without a valid login and password.
- The login used is anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user's ID.
- It enables a large number of users to access the files on the host without needing to set up a
login for all of them.
- It exercises a strict control over the areas an anonymous user can access.
7. Which factors mark the reliability of the network?
a. Frequency of failure
b. Downtime / Time taken for recovery.
8. Name the factors that tell us about the security of the
network.
a. Virus attacks on the system.
b. Unauthorized access to the system.
9. Define Bandwidth and Latency?
- Bandwidth/ Throughput – It means the number of bits which can be transmitted over the
network in a specified time.
- Latency – It is the time taken by a message to travel from one side to another.
Bandwidth and latency describe the performance of a network.
10. What is point to point link?
- Direct connection between two computers on a network is called as point to point link.
- No other network devices other than a connecting cable are required for point to point
connection.
- The cable connects the NIC card of both the devices.
11. When is a switch said to be congested?
- Sometimes a switch receives the packets faster than they can be accommodated in the shared
link. These packets are stored in the memory for sometime.
- However, after sometime the buffer space will exhaust and some packets will start getting
dropped off.
- The switch is called as congested in this state.
12. Explain a.) Uni-casting, b.) Multicasting and c.)
Broadcasting
3. a.) Uni-casting - Message is sent from a source to a single destination node.
b.) Multicasting - Message is sent from a source to some subsets of other nodes.
c.) Broadcasting - Message is sent from a source to all the nodes in the network.
13. What are the various types of Multiplexing?
The various types of multiplexing are:
a. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
b. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
i. Synchronous TDM
ii. Asynchronous TDM
c. Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
14. Which layers of OSI are referred to as network support
layers?
The following 3 layers of OSI are referred to as network support layers:
a. Physical Layer
b. Data link Layer and
c. Network Layers
15. Which layers of OSI are referred to as user support
layers?
The block of user support layers consists of:
a. Session Layer
b. Presentation Layer and
c. Application Layer
16. What does the Data Link Layer do?
- The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer to a reliable link.
It takes care of:
a. Node to node delivery.
b. Framing
c. Physical Addressing
d. Flow Control
e. Error Control
f. Access Control
17. What is NIC?
4. - NIC stands for Network Interface Card.
- It is a peripheral card attached to a PC to helps it connect to a network.
- The MAC address of the card helps the network in identifying the PC.
18. What are the responsibilities of Network Layer?
- The Network Layer aids in source-to-destination delivery of packet across multiple networks.
- It performs:
a. Logical Addressing
b. Routing
19. Name the various error detection methods.
The various error detection methods are:
a. Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC)
b. Longitudinal Redundancy Check (VRC)
c. Cyclic Redundancy Check (VRC)
d. Checksum
20. . What is Bit Stuffing?
- Bit stuffing means adding one extra 0 whenever five consecutive 1s follow a 0.
- This is done so that the pattern 0111110 is not mistaken for a flag.
21. How does dynamic host configuration protocol aid in
network administration?
- In a large set up where it is difficult to manually configure the IP address of each system,
dynamic host configuration protocol comes very helpful.
- Using this protocol, the administrator can create a pool of IP addresses which are called scopes.
These can be then dynamically assigned to the systems.
Routing and Switching
What are Brute Force Attacks?
Brute forcing is a mechanism which is used by an attacker to break the encryption of data by
applying a set of various key.............
Read Answer
How do you use RSA for both authentication and secrecy?
5. RSA is a public key encryption algorithm. The RSA algorithms are...........
Read Answer
Can you differentiate among encoding, encryption and hashing?
Encoding: Basically encoding is used to protect the integrity of data as it crosses through
communication network to keep its original message.............
Read Answer
If you have to generate a hash function then what characteristics are needed in a secure hash function?
A secure hash function should have the following characteristics:................
Read Answer
What is digital signature? Differentiate between Physical and Digital Signature
A digital signature is an electronic analogue of a written signature; the digital signature can be
used to provide assurance...........
Read Answer
What is Authentication Header and how it provides the protection to IP header?
Basically Authentication Header protects IP header and provides the complete authenticity to the
IP packets.............
Read Answer
Explain SSL Protocol. How does it protect internet users from various threats?
The SSL protocol (Secure Socket Layer protocol) was originally developed by Netscape, to
ensure security of data transported.............
Read Answer
What is PIX firewall security? How does it differ from a firewall?
PIX (Private Internet Exchange)...........
Read Answer
What are Malware? Explain different types of Malware
Malware is a software program which is developed to destroy a computer system..............
Read Answer
What are replay attacks? Give an example of replay attack
Replay attacks are the network attacks in which an attacker spies the conversation between the
sender and receiver..........
Read Answer
6. If you have to ‘encrypt’ as well as ‘compress’ data during transmission then which would you do first and
why?
Data should be transmitted over any communication network in such a way that the data integrity
and authenticity.............
Read Answer
What is the goal of Information Security in an organization?
Mainly there are three Information security goals in an organization: Confidentiality, Integrity
and Availability..............
Read Answer
What is Symmetric-Key cryptography and Asymmetric-Key cryptography?
Symmetric-Key Cryptography: Symmetric-key cryptography uses a single key for both
encryption and decryption. Encryption and decryption algorithm are inverse of each
other.............
Read Answer
Explain the services provided by IP (Internet Protocol) - Addressing, Fragmentation, Packet timeouts and
options
Latest answer: Addressing: For the purpose of delivering datagram packets, IP needs to know
about the address of the destination. By including the host addressing, this task is carried out by
IP. As IP operates in an internet, its systems are designed to accept the addressing of devices
which are unique.............
Read answer
Explain the classes of IP address
Latest answer: IP addresses are organized into classes. For convenience of humans, IP
addresses are expressed in the decimal format. Every number in each class is represented as
binary to computers..................
Read answer
Define Broadcast, Unicast and Multicast.
Latest answer: Unicast: A term used in communication to describe a piece of information to
send from one point to another. There are only sender and receiver................
Read answer
What is Network Mask?
Latest answer: A network mask is used for determination of what subnet an IP address belongs
to. An IP address has network address and the host address.................
Read answer
7. Define Subnetting.
Latest answer: A subnet describes a set of networked computers which have common IP
address routing prefix..................
Read answer
What is the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)?
Latest answer: User datagram protocol allows computer applications to send messages as
datagram packets from source to destination on an Internet Protocol,..................
Read answer
Explain TCP Windowing concept.
Latest answer: TCP Windowing is a concept that is used for avoiding congestion in the network
traffic..................
Read answer
What is the Domain Name System (DNS)? What are the advantages of it?
Latest answer: A hierarchical naming system for computer systems, services or for that matter
any resource participating in the internet...................
Read answer
What is the TTL (Time to Live)? Why is it required?
Latest answer: TTL is a value in data packet of Internet Protocol. It communicates to the
network router whether or not the packet should be in the network for too long or
discarded.................
Read answer
Explain the use of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Latest answer: Internet Control Message Protocol is one of the important protocols in the
Internet Protocol suite. It is mainly used in operating system of networked computers..................
Read answer
What is the use of IGMP protocol?
Latest answer: Internet Group Management Protocol: - It allows internet hosts to participate in
multicasting. The IGMP messages are used to learn which hosts is part of which multicast
groups..............
Read answer
What are Ping and Tracert?
8. Latest answer: Ping and tracert are the commands used to send information to some remote
computers to receive some information. Information is sent and received by packets..............
Read answer
Explain RSVP. How does it work?
Latest answer: Resource Reservation protocol is used to reserve resources across a network. It
is used for requesting a specific Quality of Service (QoS) from the network...............
Read answer
Explain the concept of DHCP.
Latest answer: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used assigning IP addresses to
computers in a network. The IP addresses are assigned dynamically...............
Read answer
What are the differences between a domain and a workgroup?
Latest answer: In a domain, one or more computer can be a server to manage the network. On
the other hand in a workgroup all computers are peers having no control on each other.............
Read answer
Explain how NAT works.
Latest answer: Network Address Translation translates and IP address used in a network to
another IP address known within another network. A NAT table is maintained for global to local
and local to mapping of IP’s................
Read answer
What is PPP protocol? Explain PPP packet format.
Latest answer: Point to Point protocol helps communication between 2 computers over a serial
cable, phone line or other fiber optic lines. E.g. Connection between an Internet Service Provider
and a host................
Read answer
What is IP Spoofing and how can it be prevented?
Latest answer: IP spoofing is a mechanism used by attackers to gain unauthorized access to a
system. Here, the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the
message is coming from a trusted host...............
Read answer
Explain IP datagram, Fragmentation and MTU.
Latest answer: IP datagram can be used to describe a portion of IP data. Each IP datagram has
set of fields arranged in an order. The order is specific which helps to decode and read the stream
9. easily..............
Read answer
What is an application gateway?
Latest answer: An application gateway is an application program that runs on a firewall
between two networks. An application gateway is used for establishing connection between
client program and destination service..................
Read answer
Explain Circuit Level Gateway.
Latest answer: A circuit level gateway is used to find if a session in TCP handshaking is
legitimate or not. It can be considered as a layer between application layer and transport
layer..................
Read answer
What is 'Gateway Of Last Resort'?
A Gateway of Last Resort or Default gateway is a route used by the router when no other known
route exists to transmit the IP packet. Known routes are present in the routing table.................
Read answer
What are switches? Explain the concepts of Layer-3 switches.
Latest answer: It is a device that connects multiple network segments.
A switch analyzes the MAC address and then determines where to send the data..............
Read answer
What is Router? Explain components of Routers.
Latest answer: The way switches connect multiple computers, a router connects multiple
networks. Routers comprise of data consisting of large tables of networks and
addresses..................
Read answer
Overview of OSI layer.
Latest answer: OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection
The OSI reference model gives an overview of the layered communications and computer
network protocol design...................
Read answer
Explain different layers in the OSI model.
Latest answer: Application Layer: Closest to the end user, Interact directly with the software
application.
10. Presentation Layer: Translates application to network format, and vice versa, Works to transform
data into the form that the application layer can accept, Formats and encrypts data to be sent
across a network.........................
Read answer
Explain the concept and capabilities of Unicast IP Addresses.
Latest answer: It is an IP address that uniquely identifies a host in a network.
The datagram with a unicast IP address is received and processed by only a single host.
Read answer
What is IP Multicasting?
Latest answer: It is an IP address that identifies a particular group of hosts in network.
This group of hosts is called a multicast group..............
Read answer
Explain the classes of IP addresses. Why do we need them?
Latest answer: Class A:
Range: from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255.
Leftmost bit: 0.
First 8 bits: netid.
Remaining 24 bits: hostid..............
Read answer
What is Subneting? Explain the advantages of using Subneting.
Latest answer: Subneting is dividing a network into several subnets.
This is usually done for the following purposes:..................
Read answer
What is Superneting? Explain the concept of custom Subneting.
Latest answer: Supernetting or Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) : It is a way to
aggregate multiple Internet addresses of the same class..............
Read answer
What is VLSM, Variable length subnet masking?
Latest answer: VLSM is a means of allocating IP addressing resources to subnets according to
their individual need rather than some general network-wide rule................
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What is Data Fragmentaion? Explain how Data Fragmentaion works.
11. Latest answer: Fragmentation occurs when storage space is used inefficiently due to which
storage capacity and performance is reduced................
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Explain the concepts and capabilities of IP Datagram.
Latest answer: Data transmitted over an internet using IP is carried in messages called IP
datagrams. Like all network protocol messages, IP uses a specific format for its
datagrams...................
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What is MAC address?
Media Access Control address is an identifier for assigned to most network adapters or Network
Interface Cards by the manufacturer for the purpose of identification...............
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Describe the Packet Format of ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)?
The fields of the packet format of ARP are as follows:
-Hardware type: It is a 16-bit field . Each LAN has been assigned an integer based on its type.
For example, Ethernet is given the type 1.
-Protocol type: This is a 16-bit field defining the protocol. For example, the value of this field for
IPv4 protocol is 0800.
-Hardware length: This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the physical address in bytes. For
example, for Ethernet the value is 6.
-Protocol length: This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the logical address in bytes. For
example, for IPv4 protocol the value is 4.
-Operation: This is a 16-bitfield defining the type of packet. Two packet types are defined: ARP
request (1), ARP reply (2).
-Sender hardware address: This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the
sender. For example, for Ethernet this field is 6 bytes long.
-Sender protocol address: This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP)
address of the sender. For the IP protocol, this field is 4 bytes long.
-Target hardware address: This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the
target. For example, for Ethernet this field is 6 bytes long.
-Target protocol address: This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP)
address of the target. For IPv4 protocol, this field is 4 bytes long.
What are the advantages of IPv6 over IPv4?
the next generation IP, or IPv6 has some advantages over IPv4 that can be summarized as
follows:
- Larger Address Space: An IPv6 address is 128 bytes long where IPv4 has 32-bit address only,
this is a huge increase in the address space.
- Better Header Format: IPv6 uses a new header format which simplifies and speeds up the
12. routing process because most of the options do not need to be checked by routers.
- New Options: IPv6 has new options to allow for additional functionalities.
- Allowance for extension: In IPv6 new technologies can easily embedded.
-Support For Resource Allocation: In IPv6, flow label has been added to enable the source to
request special handling of the packet. This mechanism can be used to support traffic such as
real-time audio and video.
-Support For More Security: The encryption and authentication options in IPv6 provide
confidentiality and integrity of the packet.
What are the different design goals of ATM?
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the cell relay protocol.
The Design Goals of ATM are as follows:
- A technology is needed to take advantage of high rate transmission media and less susceptible
to noise degradation for maximizing the data rates.
-The system must interface with existing systems and provide wide-area inter-connectivity
between.
-The implementation of design must be cheaper enough so that everyone can afford it. If ATM is
to become the backbone of international communications, as indeed, it must be available at low
cost to every user who wants it.
-The new system must be able to work with and support the existing telecommunication
hierarchies.
- The new system must be connection-oriented to ensure accurate and predictable delivery.
- One objective is to move as many of the functions to hardware as possible (for speed) an
eliminate as many software functions as possible (again for speed).