The document discusses different network topologies including star, ring, bus, tree, and mesh. It provides details on how each topology connects devices and transmits data, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each type. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub, ring topology connects each device to the next in a circular fashion, and bus topology connects all devices to a single backbone cable. Tree topology combines aspects of bus and star, while mesh topology connects each device to every other device via dedicated links.

1. Name – Kajal
Khandelwal

2. The arrangement of a network which comprises of nodes and
connecting lines via sender and receiver is referred as network
topology.
Basically , it is the shape of Network .
There are two types of network topologies: physical and logical.
Physical topology emphasizes the physical layout of the connected
devices and nodes, while the logical topology focuses on the
pattern of data transfer between network nodes.

4. ​All the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable.
This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected
to the central node. All the data communication in the network
takes place through the hub only.
In establishing a star network , usually twisted pair cable is used.
Other types can be coalxial and fibre optic cable.
All the workstations are directly connected to a central hub with the
help of cables . No two workstations are connected directly to each
other.

6. ADVANTAGES :
* If N devices are connected to each other in star topology, then the
number of cables required to connect them is N. So, it is easy to set
up.
* Each device require only 1 port i.e. to connect to the hub.
DISADVANTAGES :
* If the concentrator (hub) on which the whole topology relies fails, the
whole system will crash down.
* Cost of installation is high.
* Performance is based on the single concentrator i.e. hub.

7. Each device in a ring network is attached to two other devices, and the
last device connects to the first to form a circular network. Each
message travels through the ring in one direction—clockwise or
counterclockwise—through the shared link.

8.  One station is known as monitor station which takes all the
responsibility to perform the operations.
 To transmit the data, station has to hold the token. After the
transmission is done, the token is to be released for other stations
to use.
 When no station is transmitting the data, then the token will circulate
in the ring.
 There are two types of token release techniques : Early token
release releases the token just after the transmitting the data
and Delay token release releases the token after the
acknowledgement is received from the receiver.

9. Terminators/
Repeaters

10. ADVANTAGES :
* The possibility of collision is minimum in this type of topology.
* Cheap to install and expand.
* Short cable length is required , since each computer is connected
to next one.
* No monopoly of any single computer .
DISADVANTAGES :
* Addition of stations in between or removal of stations can disturb
the whole topology.
* Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.

11. Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network
device is connected to single cable. The cable is known as
‘backbone’ or ‘bus’ .
It transmits the data from one end to another in single direction. No bi-
directional feature is in bus topology.

12. ADVANTAGES :
* If N devices are connected to each other in bus topology, then the
number of cables required to connect them is 1 ​which is known as
backbone cable and N drop lines are required.
* Cost of the cable is less as compared to other topology, but it is used
to built small networks.
DISADVANTAGES :
* If the common cable fails, then the whole system will crash down.
* If the network traffic is heavy, it increases collisions in the network. To
avoid this, various protocols are used in MAC layer known as Pure
Aloha, Slotted Aloha, CSMA/CD etc.

13. The tree topology of establishing a network combines characteristics
of both bus and star topology . In this , there are groups of
computers which are connected as star topology and then these
groups are connected to a bus backbone cable directly or through
central hub.
The main cable seems like the stem of a tree and the star networks as
the branches of that tree.

15. ADVANTAGES :
* Extension of bus and star topologies.
* Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
* Easily managed and maintained.
* Error detection is easily done.
DISADVANTAGES :
* Heavily cabled.
* Costly.
* If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
* Central hub fails, network fails.

16. In mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via
particular channel.
 Every device is connected with another via dedicated channels. These
channels are known as links.
 If suppose, N number of devices are connected with each other in
mesh topology, then total number of ports that is required by each
device is ​ N-1. In the Figure 1, there are 5 devices connected to each
other, hence total number of ports required is 4.
 If suppose, N number of devices are connected with each other in
mesh topology, then total number of dedicated links required to
connect them is NC2 i.e. N(N-1)/2. In the Figure 1, there are 5 devices
connected to each other, hence total number of links required is 5*4/2
= 10.

17. Full mesh network with five modes only :

18. ADVANTAGES :
* It is robust.
* Fault is diagnosed easily. Data is reliable because data is transferred
among the devices through dedicated channels or links.
* Provides security and privacy.
DISADVANTAGES :
* Installation and configuration is difficult.
* Cost of cables are high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for
less number of devices.
* Cost of maintenance is high.