The document is a comprehensive guide on network analysis and synthesis, covering various electrical engineering topics including circuit elements, Kirchhoff’s laws, methods for analyzing circuits, and network theorems. It details key concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, inductance, capacitance, and energy sources, along with how these elements interact in both series and parallel configurations. Additionally, it provides information on different types of circuit components and laws governing electrical circuits.

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Network Analysis and Synthesis
A. ANAND KUMAR
Advisor to
Dean Academics and Dean Quality
K.L. University
Green Fields, Vaddeswaram
Guntur District
Andhra Pradesh
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BOOK ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 1 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
CHAPTER 2 METHODS OF ANALYSING CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 3 NETWORK THEOREMS.
CHAPTER 4 SINGLE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 5 STEADY STATE AC ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 6 RESONANCE
CHAPTER 7 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 8 COUPLED CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 9 TRANSIENTS
CHAPTER 10 GRAPH THEORY
CHAPTER 11 FOURIER ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 12 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
CHAPTER 13 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
CHAPTER 14 NETWORK FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER 15 TWO-PORT NETWORKS
CHAPTER 16 FILTERS, ATTENUATORS AND EQUALIZERS
CHAPTER 17 NETWORK SYNTHESIS

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Chapter 1
Circuit Elements and
Kirchhoff’s Laws

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VOLTAGE
• Potential difference in electrical terminology is known as
voltage.
V = W/Q or v = dw/dq
• It is denoted by either V or v.
• The unit of voltage is volt.
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb

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CURRENT
• Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge (or
electrons) in a conductive or semi conductive material.
I = Q/T
• The unit of current is ampere.
• Types of Current
– Direct current
– Alternating current

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RESISTANCE
• Resistance opposes the flow of current.
R = r(l/a)
where r is a constant of proportionality, known as resistivity
of the material. The unit of resistivity r is W-m.
• The unit of resistance is ohm (W).
• I = V/R or i = v/R

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CONDUCTANCE AND CONDUCTIVITY
• Conductance is defined as the reciprocal of resistance.
G = 1/R
• The unit of conductance is siemens.
• s = 1/r is called the conductivity or specific conductance
of a conductor.

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OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT
• For open circuit R =  and I = 0
• For short circuit R = 0 and V = 0

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OHM’s LAW
• Ohm’s law states that the current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference between its two ends
• From Ohm’s law, V  I
i.e.,
V = IR

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INDUCTANCE
• Inductance is defined as the ratio of flux linkage to the
current flowing through the coil.
• The unit of inductance is henry
• It is represented by the symbol H

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CAPACITANCE
• Capacitance is the property of a capacitor to store an
electric charge when its plates are at different potentials.
• It is denoted by C.
• The unit of capacitance is farad, denoted by F.

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ENERGY AND POWER
• Energy is nothing but stored work.
• The unit of energy is joule (J).
• Power is the rate of doing work.
• It is denoted by P or p
• The unit of power is watt (W).

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NETWORK ELEMENTS
• Active and Passive Elements
• Bilateral or unilateral elements
• Linear or Nonlinear Elements
• Lumped or Distributed Elements

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ENERGY SOURCES
• Electrical energy sources are categorized into voltage
sources and current sources.
• The electrical energy sources may also be classified as
independent sources or dependent sources
(a) Independent Energy Sources (b) Dependent Energy Sources

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ENERGY SOURCES
Independent Sources
• Voltage source: An ideal voltage source is a two-terminal network element
• Current source: An ideal current source is a two-terminal network element
Dependent Sources
• Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS): A voltage controlled voltage
source is a four- terminal network component
• Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS): A current controlled voltage
source is a four-terminal network component
• Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS): A voltage controlled current
source is a four-terminal network component
• Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS): A current controlled current
source is a four- terminal network component

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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
• The algebraic sum of all branch voltages around any closed
path in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time.

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SERIES CONNECTION OF RESISTORS
In series combination:
• The current is same through all the resistors.
• The voltage across each resistor is different (assuming
each resistor to be of a different value).

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POWER IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
The total power supplied by the source in a series
resistive circuit is equal to the sum of the powers in
each resistor in series, i.e.,
Ps = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pm

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KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
• The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a node
(junction point) in an electric circuit at any instant is equal
to zero.

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PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTORS
• In a parallel circuit, same voltage is applied across each
resistor, but the current through each is different (if the
resistors are of different values).

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POWER IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• Total power supplied by the source in any parallel
resistive circuit is equal to the sum of the powers in each
resistor in parallel, i.e.,
Ps = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pm

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INDUCTORS
• The inductors can also be connected in series as well as in
parallel.
ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR

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CAPACITORS
• The capacitors can also be connected in series or in
parallel.

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