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The document discusses error detection and correction in data link layers of networks. It describes three types of errors: single bit errors, multiple bit errors, and burst errors. It then explains four common error detecting codes: parity checking, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), and check sums. For error correction, it outlines backward error correction and forward error correction, and provides an example of how Hamming code can be used to detect and correct single bit errors by adding parity bits to data words.
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![[Error]
2
The data can be corrupted during transmission (from source to receiver). It
may be affected by external noise or some other physical imperfections. In
this case, the input data is not same as the received output data. This
mismatched data is called “Error”.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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The document discusses various functions and protocols of the data link layer, including:
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java-2
The document discusses various Java programming concepts including data types, print, println, printf, Scanner input, arithmetic operators, JOptionPane, text styles, and Object Oriented Programming (OOP). It was prepared by Mir Omranudin Abhar and includes their email address.
Software-0
This document discusses software and is divided into three parts. Part 1 introduces software and some basic concepts. Part 2 discusses programming. Part 3 covers software costs. The document was prepared by Mir Omranudin Abhar and provides a basic overview of software, programming, and costs at a high level.
Net 1
This document provides an introduction to networks. It defines a network as connecting two or more devices to communicate and share resources and information. A network consists of both hardware and software - the hardware carries signals between points, while the software enables expected network services. The document then categorizes networks by size (PAN, LAN, etc.), architecture (peer-to-peer, client/server), topology (bus, ring, star, etc.), delivery schemes (unicast, broadcast, etc.), network devices (NICs, hubs, switches, routers), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex) and other network concepts.
Net 2
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. The main difference between ad-hoc and infrastructure networks is that ad-hoc networks are decentralized and devices communicate directly with each other in a peer-to-peer fashion, while infrastructure networks have an access point that devices connect to and the access point facilitates communication between devices.
2. Packet Tracer, Boson NetSim and GNS3 are network simulation software used to design, test and simulate computer networks. Packet Tracer is meant for beginners to learn networking concepts. Boson NetSim and GNS3 are more advanced and allow configuring real network devices to simulate complex networks for certification preparation or research purposes.
3. Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery
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Net 6
- 1. NETWORK DATA LINK LAYER-ERROR CORECTION AND DECTECTION 1 6 Prepared by: Mir Omranudin Abhar Email : MirOmran@Gmail.com Fall ,2019
- 2. [Error] 2 The data can be corrupted during transmission (from source to receiver). It may be affected by external noise or some other physical imperfections. In this case, the input data is not same as the received output data. This mismatched data is called “Error”.
- 3. [Error]-[Types Of Errors] 1. Single bit errors 2. Multiple bit errors 3. Burst errors 3
- 4. [Error]-[Types Of Errors]- [Single bit errors] 4 In a frame, there is only one bit, anywhere though, which is corrupt.
- 5. [Error]-[Types Of Errors]- [Multiple bit errors] 5 Frame is received with more than one bits in corrupted state.
- 6. [Error]-[Types Of Errors]- [Burst errors] 6 Frame contains more than1 consecutive bits corrupted.
- 7. [Error]-[Error Detecting Codes] 7 Types of Error detection 1. Parity Checking 2. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 3. Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC) 4. Check Sum
- 8. [Error]-[Error Detecting Codes]- [Parity Checking] 8 1. Even Parity 2. Odd Parity
- 9. [Error]-[Error Detecting Codes]- [Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)] 9
- 10. [Error]-[Error Detecting Codes]- [Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)] 10 X Y X ⊕ Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
- 11. [Error]-[Error Detecting Codes]- [Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC)] 11
- 12. [Error]-[Error Detecting Codes]- [Check Sum] 12 Sender
- 13. [Error]-[Error Detecting Codes]- [Check Sum] 13 Recevier
- 14. [Error]-[Error Correction ] 14 Error Correction can be handled in two ways: 1. Backward error correction: Once the error is discovered, the receiver requests the sender to retransmit the entire data unit. 2. Forward error correction: In this case, the receiver uses the error- correcting code which automatically corrects the errors.
- 15. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 15 The key to the hamming Code is the use of extra parity bits to allow the identification of a single error. Example : 10011010 Now we are going to create data word including parity bits. All bit positions that are powers of 2 is our parity bits(ie: 1,2,3,4,16 etc)
- 16. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 16 Example : 10011010
- 17. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 17 Example : 10011010
- 18. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 18 Example : 10011010
- 19. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 19 Example : 10011010 Error : 10011110
- 20. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 20 Example : 10011010 Error : 10011110 Detection and Correction
- 21. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 21 Example : 10011010 Error : 10011110 Detection and Correction
- 22. [Error]-[Error Correction]- [Hamming Code] 22 Example : 10011010 Error : 10011110 Detection and Correction
- 27. Question .1 در مورد تکنالوژی Wifi معلومات ید؟هبد .2 تفاوت بنی رمزگذاری WPA , WEP & WPA2 در تکنالوژی wifi در ست؟چی 27