This document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS processes signals from the PNS and coordinates actions. The brain is divided into lobes that control different functions. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. The document also outlines types of receptors, common nervous system disorders, and their treatments.

1. University of Sulaimani
College of pharmacy
Nervous system
Prepared by:
Shad Kawa

2. Outline
vIntroduction to nervous system
vClassification
vCentral nervous system (CNS)
ØBrain
ØLobes of brain
vPeripheral nervous system (PNS)
vInteraction between CNS and PNS
vTypes of receptors
vDisorders and treatments

3. Introduction to nervous system
vThe nervous system is the human organ system that coordinates all of
the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions by transmitting signals to
and from different parts of the body.
vThe Signals that sent by the nervous system are electrical signals
called nerve impulses. They are transmitted by special cells called
neurons. Nerve impulses can travel to specific target cells very rapidly.
vNeurons witch the cell of nervous system is composed of dendrites,
axon, cell body.

4. Classification
§ the human nervous system is very complex. It has multiple divisions, beginning
with its two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral
nervous system (PNS)
§ The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord
§ and the PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are bundles of axons from neurons

5. Central nerve system
• CNS is a network of more than 100 billion individual nerve cells that control our
actions, sense our surroundings, and define who we are. The CNS is comprised of
the brain, spinal cord, and retina.
• The CNS takes signals from the peripheral nervous system, processes them, then
creates new signals to coordinate actions of different body systems.
• For example CNS sends signals to skeletal muscle for contraction while you want
to walk.

6. Brain
oThe brain is an amazing three-pound organ that controls all
functions of the body.
oThe brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell,
touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time.
oIt assembles the messages in a way that has meaning for us, and can
store that information in our memory. The brain controls our
thoughts, memory and speech, movement of the arms and legs, and
the function of many organs within our body.
oBrain divided to two halves right brain and left brain

7. Lobes of the brain
The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the
brain into lobes. Each hemisphere has 4 lobes
vFrontal lobe
vOccipital lobe
vTemporal lobe
vParietal lobe

8. Peripheral nervous system
qThe peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that branch out
from the brain and spinal cord. These nerves form the communication
network between the CNSand the body parts
qThe peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into the somatic
nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
qThe somatic nervous system consists of nerves that go to the skin
and muscles and is involved in conscious activities
qThe autonomic nervous system consists of nerves that connect the
CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart, stomach, and intestines.
It mediates unconscious activities.

9. Interaction between CNS and PNS
vSpinal cord connect PNS to the brain or we can say CNS, it carry
signals from brain to PNS and also from PNS to brain, and also spinal
cord can send signal to PNS without brain.
vAn example of interaction of CNS and PNS is when you touch a hot
plate the receptors make signal and the neurons(PNS) transport this
signal to spinal cord and through spinal cord to brain, in brain some
processes occur and another signal form, this formed signal of brain
transport again from spinal cord to neurons around you finger and
the result is you move away you finger and you won’t burn.

11. types of receptors
vChemoreceptors: stimulated by changes in the chemical
concentration of substances
vpain receptors: stimulated by tissue damage.
vThermoreceptors: stimulated by changes in temperature.
vMechanoreceptors: stimulated by changes in pressure or
movement.
vPhotoreceptors: stimulated by light energy.

12. Disorders & treatments
I. Parkinson's disease
II. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
III. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS).
IV. Alzheimer's disease.
V. Huntington's disease.
VI. Peripheral neuropathies.
I. Medicines, possibly given by a drug
pumps (such as those used for people
with severe muscle spasms)
II. Deep brain stimulation
III. Spinal cord stimulation.
IV. Rehabilitation/physical therapy after
brain injury or stroke.
V. Spinal surgery.

14. •Spinal surgery.

15. References
• https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Hu
man_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/11%3A_Nervous_System/11.2%
3A_Introduction_to_the_Nervous_System
• https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/organization/pns.h
tml
• https://biologydictionary.net/central-nervous-system/
• https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm

16. Thank you