Nervous system of fishes. lagler ichthyologypptx
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The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives and integrates sensory information and coordinates voluntary and involuntary motor activity. It is protected by three layers of meninges and nourished by a network of blood vessels. The peripheral nervous system comprises the cranial and spinal nerves along with their ganglia and sensory receptors throughout the body. It is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
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Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspects
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
The central nervous system,,,ext
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain contains structures like the cerebral cortex that control functions like thinking and producing language. The midbrain regulates sensory processes and body movement. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla, which are involved in motor control, balance, and vital functions. The spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the body and transmits motor and sensory signals.
C Ns Discuss Ist
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains neurons, neuroglial cells, and neurotransmitters that communicate messages between neurons. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum contains the left and right hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum coordinates movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricular system. Blood flows to the brain through internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Assesment of neurological system
The document discusses the assessment of the neurologic system through physical examination. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then details the anatomy and physiology of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the cranial nerves and reflexes. Physical assessment techniques are provided to evaluate nervous system functioning, including tests for mental status, motor skills, sensation, and reflexes.
Central Nervous system CNS
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. It contains four interconnected ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain contains the cerebrum and limbic system. The cerebrum is made up of grey matter and white matter and is involved in voluntary movement and complex functions. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are covered by three layers of meninges. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is made up of four lobes that control functions like movement, sensation, thought, and memory. The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, which relay sensory information and control autonomic functions respectively. The midbrain relays information between the brain and spinal cord. The hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla, which coordinate movement, relay information, and control vital functions. The spinal
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The diencephalon includes structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It contains nuclei that relay specific sensations like vision, hearing, and somatosensation. The hypothalamus controls autonomic functions and regulates behaviors related to hunger, thirst, temperature, sleep, and reproduction. It also controls the pituitary gland. The epithalamus includes the pineal gland and habenular nucleus. The subthalamus contains the subthalamic nucleus and is involved in motor control.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the central nervous system and its parts. It describes the three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) that protect the CNS. It then discusses the structures and functions of the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebral cortex. It also outlines the somatic sensory and motor pathways, as well as the autonomic nervous system including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Brain strom
The document discusses various topics related to the central nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and brain stem. It provides information on the following:
- The brain is the most complex organ containing billions of neurons.
- The brain stem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The medulla and pons contain nuclei that relay signals and control autonomic functions. The midbrain is involved in eye movement, hearing, and posture.
- The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance by comparing motor input and output and relaying adjustments to the cortex through the red nucleus.
- Other parts of the central nervous system discussed include the hypothalamus, th
Concepts of psycho biology
Psychobiologist study the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that are responsible for human behavior and try to understand how the brain functions in order to understand why humans behave the way we do.
Nervous system of fish; a detailed study
Diving into the Depths: Unraveling the Wonders of the Fish Nervous System
Beneath the sparkling surface of oceans and rivers unfolds a hidden world of silent ballet, electrifying signals, and exquisite sensory perception. Here, where sunlight fades into an emerald gloom, the fish nervous system reigns supreme, an invisible conductor orchestrating the lives of countless aquatic marvels. Unlike the grand orchestration of our own, their symphony plays out in a condensed score, yet resonates with complexity and wonder.
A Streamlined Masterpiece:
While mammals boast a three-part nervous system, the fish world operates on a streamlined architecture. Their central nervous system (CNS), nestled within the skull, combines processing power and communication lines into one streamlined unit. The brain, though smaller than ours, acts as the command center, analyzing sensory information and issuing instructions through a network of nerves that course through their slender bodies. The spinal cord, running along the back like a luminous highway, relays messages between brain and muscle, ensuring their every fin flick and twitch is precisely coordinated.
Sensing the Secrets of the Water:
Unbeholden to the limitations of terrestrial sight and sound, fish have honed their senses to excel in the aquatic realm. Their vision, often keen and adaptable, paints the underwater world in vivid hues, letting them track prey, navigate through coral reefs, and avoid lurking predators. Smell and taste take on amplified roles, with exquisite chemoreceptors detecting dissolved chemicals like a gourmet savoring the finest spices. They can sniff out food, sense danger, and even detect potential mates with a precision that puts our noses to shame.
But the water offers secrets beyond these familiar senses. The lateral line system, a series of sensory cells lining their bodies, acts like an underwater radar. By detecting subtle changes in water pressure, they sense approaching predators, navigate currents, and even communicate with each other in ways we can only dream of understanding. And for some, like the majestic sharks, the world hums with an electric symphony. Electroreception allows them to perceive the faintest electrical fields, aiding in hunting, guiding through murky waters, and even revealing the hidden emotions of their kin.
Masters of Movement:
Fish dance through the water with an effortless grace that belies the intricate calculations powering their every movement. The cerebellum, housed within the brain, acts as a master choreographer, fine-tuning muscle coordination for balance and smooth swimming. The optic tectum, a specialized area dedicated to vision, processes visual information with lightning speed, allowing them to track prey and avoid obstacles in the blink of an eye. Every fin beat, every twist and turn, is orchestrated by the symphony of nerves relaying signals from brain to muscle, translating thought into fluid motion.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the diencephalon and its major structures - the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. It describes the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord, including grey and white matter. It discusses the ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals through the spinal cord. Finally, it provides an overview of reflex action and the components of the reflex arc.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspects
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
The central nervous system,,,ext
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain contains structures like the cerebral cortex that control functions like thinking and producing language. The midbrain regulates sensory processes and body movement. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla, which are involved in motor control, balance, and vital functions. The spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the body and transmits motor and sensory signals.
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The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains neurons, neuroglial cells, and neurotransmitters that communicate messages between neurons. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum contains the left and right hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum coordinates movement. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricular system. Blood flows to the brain through internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Assesment of neurological system
The document discusses the assessment of the neurologic system through physical examination. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then details the anatomy and physiology of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the cranial nerves and reflexes. Physical assessment techniques are provided to evaluate nervous system functioning, including tests for mental status, motor skills, sensation, and reflexes.
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Thank you for the presentation. I have learned about the structure and functions of the cerebrum.
Fight or flee artifact
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the central nervous system and its parts. It describes the three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) that protect the CNS. It then discusses the structures and functions of the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebral cortex. It also outlines the somatic sensory and motor pathways, as well as the autonomic nervous system including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Brain strom
The document discusses various topics related to the central nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and brain stem. It provides information on the following:
- The brain is the most complex organ containing billions of neurons.
- The brain stem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The medulla and pons contain nuclei that relay signals and control autonomic functions. The midbrain is involved in eye movement, hearing, and posture.
- The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance by comparing motor input and output and relaying adjustments to the cortex through the red nucleus.
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A Streamlined Masterpiece:
While mammals boast a three-part nervous system, the fish world operates on a streamlined architecture. Their central nervous system (CNS), nestled within the skull, combines processing power and communication lines into one streamlined unit. The brain, though smaller than ours, acts as the command center, analyzing sensory information and issuing instructions through a network of nerves that course through their slender bodies. The spinal cord, running along the back like a luminous highway, relays messages between brain and muscle, ensuring their every fin flick and twitch is precisely coordinated.
Sensing the Secrets of the Water:
Unbeholden to the limitations of terrestrial sight and sound, fish have honed their senses to excel in the aquatic realm. Their vision, often keen and adaptable, paints the underwater world in vivid hues, letting them track prey, navigate through coral reefs, and avoid lurking predators. Smell and taste take on amplified roles, with exquisite chemoreceptors detecting dissolved chemicals like a gourmet savoring the finest spices. They can sniff out food, sense danger, and even detect potential mates with a precision that puts our noses to shame.
But the water offers secrets beyond these familiar senses. The lateral line system, a series of sensory cells lining their bodies, acts like an underwater radar. By detecting subtle changes in water pressure, they sense approaching predators, navigate currents, and even communicate with each other in ways we can only dream of understanding. And for some, like the majestic sharks, the world hums with an electric symphony. Electroreception allows them to perceive the faintest electrical fields, aiding in hunting, guiding through murky waters, and even revealing the hidden emotions of their kin.
Masters of Movement:
Fish dance through the water with an effortless grace that belies the intricate calculations powering their every movement. The cerebellum, housed within the brain, acts as a master choreographer, fine-tuning muscle coordination for balance and smooth swimming. The optic tectum, a specialized area dedicated to vision, processes visual information with lightning speed, allowing them to track prey and avoid obstacles in the blink of an eye. Every fin beat, every twist and turn, is orchestrated by the symphony of nerves relaying signals from brain to muscle, translating thought into fluid motion.
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Nervous system of fishes. lagler ichthyologypptx
- 1. Presented by: Faisal Sadiq
- 2. Cerebrospinal system brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves. Autonomic system ganglia, nerve fibers, sympathetic and parasympathetic parts
- 3. Forebrain: Telencephalon metencephalon cerebral hemispheres and tween brain Mid brain mesencephalon optic lobes Hind brain Metencephalon mylencephalon cerebellum and medulla
- 5. The most anterior region involved in olfactory reception Olfactory lobe on each side followed by olfactory bulb. Olfactory nerve or cranial nerve 1 enters this region In elasmobranches and bony fishes, terminal nerve 0 also.
- 6. a constriction behind telencephalon also known as tween brain 1. Saccus dorsalis form the roof of the cavity within diencephalon. 2. Pineal and parapineal organs; also known as epiphysial organs located slightly right and left side of the midline respectively.
- 7. 3. Epitheliamic region; it consists of thalamus and hypothalamus as important conmponents
- 8. These are linked to reception of diffuse light stimulus Pineal organ is well developed in vertically migrating fishes Hatchet fishes, catfishes and halfbeaks Its secretory roles it may be endocrine functions In sharks and bony fishes, only pineal organ is present
- 9. Thalamus serves as relay centre for transfer olfactory impulses to thalamo-medullar and thalemo-spinal tract. Hypothalamus affects the endocrine system through pituitary gland.
- 10. It is relatively large in fishes. It consists of dorsal optic tactum, which appear two optic lobes in dorsal view and ventral tagmatum. It correlate visual impressions with muscular responses. For example facing prey or swimming to moving objects.
- 11. In metencephalon, cerebellum devalope from underlying large medulla as dorsal outgrowth of 4th ventricle. Its prominent functions are swimming equilibration, maintenance of muscular tonus, orientation in space.
- 12. Also known as brainstem. Medulla oblongata is its main component. It is a centre to which lead the sensory nerves except those of smell and sight.
- 13. Cross section of spinal cord shows a central region of gray substance consisting of nerve cells and a surrounding area of white matter consisting of myelinated nerve fibers. In centre of the gray matter is central canal. Gray matter resemble letter X with paired dorsal and ventral horns. Dorsal horn receives somatic and visceral sensory fibers and ventral horn contain motor nuclei.