Identify Neuron Types

3. Human Body Unit Part X/XIII

7. -Nice neat notes that are legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages -Make visuals clear and well drawn. Please label. Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

8. • RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal. • BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow directions, complete projects as described and answer required questions neatly. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

22. • Your brain receives vast amounts of information all of the time. – We will close our eyes for a second and rely on other messages your brain receives. – For the next thirty seconds be absolutely silent and be ready to report what you… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

23. • Your brain receives vast amounts of information all of the time. – We will close our eyes for a second and rely on other messages your brain receives. – For the next thirty seconds be absolutely silent and be ready to report what you… Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Feel Hear Smell Taste Dream Think

26. • Who thought about keeping their heartbeat going? • Who thought about blinking? • Who thought about their blood pressure? • Who thought about regulating their body temperature? • Who thought about regulating hormones? • Who thought about breathing normal? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

30. • Activity! Ice Cube in your hand again. – Feel the immediate stimulus sent to your brain.

32. • Activity Stimulus! – Very slowly move your finger until it touches your eyelash.

33. • Activity Stimulus! – Very slowly move your finger until it touches your eyelash. – A reflex action will cause your eye to blink.

34. • Activity Stimulus! – Very slowly move your finger until it touches your eyelash. – A reflex action will cause your eye to blink.

35. • Activity Stimulus! – You can now decide to flick the back of your neck with your with your thumb and middle finger causing pain. • This is a conscious voluntary action that you have control over. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

39. • The messages that are constantly traveling through your body are carried by the neuron or nerve cells.

57. • Nervous System (A) Available Sheet.

90. Cell Body Dendrites Myelin sheaths Axon terminals Axon 1 mm to over 1 meter in length Another Axon Neurotransmitters sent to receptors

95. Fingers are dendrites

96. Fingers are dendrites Hand is cell body

97. Fingers are dendrites Hand is cell body Arm is axon

98. Fingers are dendrites Hand is cell body Arm is axon “He’ll need a finely tuned nervous system to hit that shot.”

99. Fingers are dendrites Hand is cell body Arm is axon

108. • You can complete this question.

111. • Activity! Simulation of a neuron / Saltatory conduction. – Whole class is one neuron (myelinated axons) – Students stand at arms length from each other and form a winding line through classroom. – Teacher says “go” to start, and first student gently slaps hand on person next to them. – That person gently slaps the hand on the person next to them and so on down the axon. – Last person in line should toss an object into the air representing the signal going to another neuron. – Teacher will time you. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

122. Down line until last person

123. • Activity! Neurotransmitter. – Each student is a neuron / nerve cell. – Teacher passes out small object to each student that easily fits into hand. – Students should stand in a line at arms length from each other. (Line can curve around room). – Put object in left hand, have right hand open to accept object. – When teacher says go, students at the beginning of the line place their object (Chemical signal) into the dendrites of the student next to them. • That student then passes their object, and so on down the line. – We will time how fast it takes us. Our nervous system can do it in less than seconds. Visual on next slide. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

180. “Oh-no!” “My neurons are telling me we are trying it one more time.”

195. • You can complete this question.

196. • You can complete this question. Learn more about neurons at… http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/cel ls.html

202. • You can now complete this question.

204. • Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons). – The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells. – Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells. – An average brain may have 80-90 billion cells. – Make ten dots on each side of your page – (Please be organized and space them out so they match) – Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

205. • Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons). (Optional) – The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells. – Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells. – An average brain may have 80-90 billion cells. – Make ten dots on each side of your page – (Please be organized and space them out so they match) – Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

233. • Central Nervous System is very complex. Your body is adjusting to constant change. – On the next slide your central nervous system will adjust to the amount of light that enters the retina. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

238. • The Brain: An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

245. • Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull. • Watery layer cushion brain • Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.

246. • Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull. • Watery layer cushions brain • Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.

247. • Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull. • Watery layer cushions brain • Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.

252. • Activity! How a watery layer (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aids in cushioning the brain from impacts. – Draw a face on two raw eggs. – Place one in a clear container with sealing lid slightly larger than the egg. (Shake five times increasing in strength – Observe after each shake) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

253. • Activity! How a watery layer (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aids in cushioning the brain from impacts. – Draw a face on two raw eggs. – Place one in a clear container with sealing lid slightly larger than the egg. (Shake five times increasing in strength – Observe after each shake) – Place the other egg in the same container. This time fill the container with water. Repeat shaking process and make a conclusion about (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

259. • Build a Brain Recipe Provided Sheet.

260. • Activity! Building a Brain. • The brain should be about 3 lbs. (1.35 kg.) and feel like a real brain. – 1 gallon ZipLock Bag – Add 1.5 cups (360 ml) instant potato flakes. – Add 2.5 cup (600 ml) hot water – Add 2 cups (480 ml) clean sand Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

261. • Build a Brain (More difficult) – 2 cups water – 2 cups flour – 4 teaspoons cream of tartar – 1 cup salt – One quarter cup vegetable oil – Cook over low heat until lumpy and then let cool. – Use hands to mold into a brain. Mix first Add in after other ingredients are well mixed Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

262. • Build a Brain (More difficult) – 2 cups water – 2 cups flour – 4 teaspoons cream of tartar – 1 cup salt – One quarter cup vegetable oil – Cook over low heat until lumpy and then let cool. – Use hands to mold into a brain. Mix first Add in after other ingredients are well mixed Use toothpicks and masking tape to create signs for the lobes of the brain on the next slide. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

264. • Parts of the Brain

271. Cerebrum

272. Cerebrum

273. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum

274. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus

277. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum

278. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla

279. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord

280. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area

281. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body.

283. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

288. Big Picture-

289. Big Picture- Record in your journal if you think you are more left, or more right brained.

291. • Activity! Take a left or right brain test. – (Keyword Search: left brain right brain quiz) – http://www.web- us.com/brain/braindominance.htm – http://www.intelliscript.net/test_area/questionnair e/questionnaire.cgi Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

292. • Do you see the dancer turning clockwise or anti-clockwise on the next slide? – If clockwise, then you use more of the right side of the brain. – If counterclockwise, then you use more of the left side of your brain. – I apologize that this image is risqué. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

296. Right Brain

297. Right BrainLeft Brain

299. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities.

300. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body.

308. • Activity! Making a spinal column. • Each table group uses empty spools of thread or other cylinders to create a spinal column. – String is nerves. – Columns are the vertebrae – Info and visual on next slide. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

315. The curves of your spine are important because they allow the spine to support more weight than if it were straight.

316. The curves of your spine are important because they allow the spine to support more weight than if it were straight. Also allows for compression.

320. • Image of cracked spinal column and severed spinal cord.

321. • Paralysis: Inability to move or function; total stoppage or severe impairment of activity

331. • Again! Please wear your seatbelt. – Besides possibly saving you from TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury).

333. • Again! Please wear your seatbelt. – Besides possibly saving you from TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury). – It can also possibly save you from serious and life altering spinal cord injury. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

334. • Video Link! Spinal Cord and Spinal Cord Injury. – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxpb1- okVig&feature=relmfu Learn more about spinal cord injuries at… http://www.apparelyzed.com/spinal_cord_injury.html

336. Cerebrum Corpus Collosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body.

337. • Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions.

338. • Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. – Also controls sleep and awake consciousness.

344. • Visual information that we see on the left gets processed by the right hemisphere. • Information on the right gets processed by the left hemisphere. – The neurons are "crossed" Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

345. • Activity! Seeing the mini hot dog finger. • Touch your pointer fingers together in front of your eye.

346. • Activity! Seeing the mini hot dog finger. • Touch your pointer fingers together in front of your eye. • You should see this at some point.

348. Cerebrum Corpus Callosum Thalmus Cerebellum Medulla Spinal Cord Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body. Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities. 33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body. Controls motor movement, coordination, balance.

351. • Activity! Messing with the cerebellum. – Teacher places a piece of tape on the floor for several meters. – Students try of walk the line looking through the wrong end of binoculars. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

354. • Sense Organs: They respond to changes in light, sound, heat, pressure, and chemicals. • Some common sense organs

359. • Can anyone name the mystery actor below?

363. • Can anyone name the mystery actor below? Owen Wilson

376. • Ben Stiller and Owen Wilson have appeared in 6 movies together.

381. • How are you doing on your bundle. – You should be close to page 25.

389. • Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving • Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli • Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing • Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

394. • Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving • Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli • Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing • Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Learn more about the lobes of the brain at… http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/lob e.html

400. Gently sketch folds, it doesn’t need to be exact.

405. • When you bang the back of you head you often see stars. – These stars are the firing of neurons, which is interpreted by the brain's visual cortex as quick flashes of light. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

413. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place eye on next page beneath your brain. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Use pencil because you will need to erase parts of the circle. -or use very light pen

414. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place eye on next page beneath your brain.

427. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place eye on next page beneath your brain. Tear Duct

428. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place eye on next page beneath your brain. Tear Duct The tear glands protect and water your eyes by washing away unwanted particles.

430. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing.

442. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Iris

452. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Iris Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

453. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Iris Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor

454. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Iris Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

455. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Iris Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Most of the focusing occurs here (Fixed)

456. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Iris Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Fluid Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

457. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

463. • Activity! – Dark Classroom: Observe the size of the pupils of the person next to you. • They should be large to let in light? – Outside: Head outside into the light and let your eyes adjust. • Did the pupils become smaller to let in less light? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

464. • Activity! – Dark Classroom: Observe the size of the pupils of the person next to you. • They should be large to let in light? – Outside: Head outside into the light and let your eyes adjust. • Did the pupils become smaller to let in less light? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

465. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Fluid Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

466. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Fluid Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

467. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Fluid Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

468. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

486. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

487. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

499. • Concavo-convex

500. • Concavo-convex

501. • Which a concave polygon?

502. • Which a concave polygon?

518. • Which is nearsightedness, and which is far sightedness?

520. Farsightedness

521. Farsightedness Nearsightedness

522. Farsightedness Nearsightedness

527. • Cataract: A clouding of the lens of the eye.

529. • Cataract: A clouding of the lens of the eye. “C’mon Boy.”

533. • Glaucoma: Eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. – Increased pressure from aqueous humor. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

534. • Glaucoma: Eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. – Increased pressure from aqueous humor. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

538. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

539. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

540. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects. Fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

541. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

542. • Diabetes: Can cause Retinopathy which damages the eye.

543. • Diabetes: Can cause Retinopathy which damages the eye.

544. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

545. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

546. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula small area in the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

547. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula small area in the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball

548. • Rod and Cones: The two types of photoreceptors in the eye.

549. • Rod and Cones: The two types of photoreceptors in the eye. – Rods are more numerous (120 million) and work well in dim light. • That is why you don’t really see colors at night.

550. • Rod and Cones: The two types of photoreceptors in the eye. – Rods are more numerous (120 million) and work well in dim light. – Cones see color (6-7 million – macula) and don’t work well in dim light. • That is why you don’t really see colors at night.

551. • Which is a rod and which is a cone?

558. Cone

559. Cone

560. Cone Rod

562. • Activity! Night Vision

563. • Activity! Night Vision – Our eyes have a large range. They can see in very bright, and very dark conditions.

564. • Activity! Night Vision – Our eyes have a large range. They can see in very bright, and very dark conditions. – Rhodopsin which is found in rods is the key to night vision.

565. • Activity! Night Vision – Our eyes have a large range. They can see in very bright, and very dark conditions. – Rhodopsin which is found in rods is the key to night vision. • It is the chemical that the rods use to absorb photons and perceive light. 

567. • When you expose your eyes to bright light, the rhodopsin breaks down into retinal and opsin. • If you then turn out the lights and try to see in the dark you can’t because cones need a lot of light and there is no rhodopsin so the rods don’t work. • Over the course of several minutes, however, the retinal and opsin recombine back into rhodopsin, and you can see again.

570. • Activity! Night Vision • You must go to a room in the building that is complete darkness. • Just pulling the blinds won’t work, bring a towel to cover up the light that may shine under the door. • Everyone enters bright room and immediately covers right eye with hand so that single photon is not allowed to enter that eye. Left is allowed to see the brightness. • After 7+ minutes, teacher will shut off the lights. • Take your right hand off your eye and cover your left, then alternate back and fourth between covering your right eye and then your left while looking around.

577. • Summary. • The Rhodopsin built-up in you right eye that was covered to help you see in the dark. At the same time the rhodopsin was being broken down by light. When the lights went out, you had one eye adjusted to night vision, and one eye that was not.

578. • Summary. • The Rhodopsin built-up in your right eye that was covered to help you see in the dark. At the same time the rhodopsin was being broken down by light. When the lights went out, you had one eye adjusted to night vision, and one eye that was not.

582. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula small area in the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

583. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula small area in the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Optic Nerve Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

584. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve.. Macula small area in the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Optic Nerve conducts visual impulses to the brain from the retina. Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

585. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place next to other eye drawing. Lens helps to focus light on the retina Pupil Acqueous Humor Cornea Clear, Light passes through, Protects, fixed focus. Sclera (Clear Membrane) Retina back of the eye, formed of light- sensitive nerve endings that carry the visual impulse to the optic nerve. Macula small area in the retina that provides our most central, acute vision. Optic Nerve conducts visual impulses to the brain from the retina. Vitreous Humor Gives our eyes color, enlarging in dim light and contracting in bright light. known as the pupil. Vitreous is transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

626. • A quick step by step drawing of an eye. – Place eye on next page beneath your brain. Tear Duct

638. Learn more at… http://www.lensshopper.com/eye-anatomy.asp or http://www.tedmontgomery.com/the_eye/

702. • You can now lightly color these pictures and provide informative text in the white space.

703. Atom Molecule Cell Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Individual orm ollows function Homeostasis: The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.regardless of outside conditions. Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. – Humans have some 75-100 Trillion Name the major bones shown below. Use your resource sheets •Long Bones •Flat Bones •Irregular Bones •Short Bones –Spongy Bone –Compact Bone Tendon Ligament Name these muscles Fast Food  Name them Villi

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