This document outlines the Nepali concepts of man (heart-mind), dimaag (brain-mind), jiu (physical body), and saato (spirit) that make up a person. It describes each component, including that the dimaag monitors thoughts and behaviors to ensure social conformity, while dimaag problems can lead to social stigma. Loss of social status (ijiat) through inappropriate behavior is called bejjat and causes social exclusion. Fear can cause the saato to leave the body, increasing vulnerability to illness.

1. Man (heart-mind)Man (heart-mind)
Dimaag (Brain-mind)Dimaag (Brain-mind)
Jiu (Physical Body)Jiu (Physical Body)
Saato (spirit)Saato (spirit)
Maanchhe
(Person) Iijat
(Social self)
Iijat
(Social self)
Samaj
(Society)

2. Iijat (Social Self)
• Maintained by a functioning dimaag that
filters behavior to fit caste hierarchy and
social norms. Loss of iijat (bejjat) is marked by
social marginalization or even social death,
which could include banishment from a town
or village, for the individual and their family.

3. Dimaag (Brain-mind)
• Monitors thoughts and desires from the heart-mind in
order to regulate socially appropriate actions and
desires.
• People who do not follow appropriate gender or caste
norms, are violent, have anger issues, or have severe
mental illness are said to have dimaag problems.
• Dimaag problems are heavily stigmatized, which could
cause sufferers to hide symptoms to avoid social
exclusion.
• The stigma around dimaag problems could affect the
family in multiple ways, such as difficulty finding
partners for arranged marriages, job loss, and rejection
from social life.

4. Man (heart-mind)
• In charge of memory, emotion, worries, and
anxiety.
• Short-term man problems are commonplace
and carry no social stigma.
• However, prolonged heart-mind problems can
lead to brain-mind problems.

5. Jiu (physical body)
• The site of physical suffering and pain.
• When the jiu is ill or injured, it can create
worries in the man and dimaag.
• The jiu can be affected by angha betha
(disease) or laago (spirit possession).

6. Saato (Spirit)
• Fear can shock the saato out of the body
(saato gayo), making the body susceptible to
attacks by witchcraft (boksi laagyo) or a ghost
(bhut laagyo) as well as physical illness.
• Individuals lose their saato as they age and get
closer to death.
• Dimaag problems make individuals more
susceptible to saato gayo because of
decreased control of fear.

7. Saato (Spirit)
• Fear can shock the saato out of the body
(saato gayo), making the body susceptible to
attacks by witchcraft (boksi laagyo) or a ghost
(bhut laagyo) as well as physical illness.
• Individuals lose their saato as they age and get
closer to death.
• Dimaag problems make individuals more
susceptible to saato gayo because of
decreased control of fear.