Structural-functionalism, as developed by Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton, views society as an interdependent system of social institutions that function together. Parsons introduced the AGIL model for societal stability, while Merton contributed concepts like manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions. Although the theory faces criticism for its emphasis on stability and neglect of social conflict, it continues to influence sociological thought.

1. STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM:
TALCOTT PARSONS & ROBERT
MERTON

2. INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM
• A sociological perspective that sees society as a complex
system
• Emphasizes the interdependence of social institutions
• Society functions through social structures that work
together

3. TALCOTT PARSONS' THEORY
• • Developed the AGIL Model for societal stability:
• - A (Adaptation): Economic system adjusts to environment
• - G (Goal Attainment): Political system sets and achieves
goals
• - I (Integration): Social system maintains harmony
• - L (Latency): Cultural system preserves values
• • Society functions like a living organism with interdependent
parts

4. ROBERT MERTON’S
CONTRIBUTIONS
• • Extended functionalism by introducing:
• - Manifest & Latent Functions: Intended vs. unintended
consequences of social actions
• - Dysfunctions: Negative effects of social structures
• - StrainTheory: How societal pressure leads to deviance
• • Functional alternatives: Different ways to fulfill societal
needs

5. CRITICISM OF STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONALISM
• • Overemphasizes social stability and order
• • Ignores social conflicts and inequalities
• • Fails to explain social change effectively
• • Assumes all social structures have positive functions

6. CONCLUSION
• • Structural Functionalism remains a key perspective in
sociology
• • Parsons and Merton shaped our understanding of social
structures
• • Despite criticism, their theories provide insights into
societal stability
• • Modern sociology incorporates both functionalist and
conflict perspectives